Pakistani President Gen. Pervez Musharraf speaks at an Aug. 12 conference. Experts polled called Pakistan the nation most likely to supply a nuclear weapon to terrorists (Getty Images). Pakistan Said Most Likely to Give Nuclear Tech to Terrorists By Jon Fox Global Security Newswire WASHINGTON —Pakistan is the nation most likely to transfer nuclear technology to terrorists in the next three to five years, according to a bipartisan survey of foreign policy experts released yesterday (see GSN, Feb. 14)...Full Story

Plaintiffs In Anthrax Vaccine Lawsuit Are Named By Elaine M. Grossman Global Security Newswire WASHINGTON — Eight plaintiffs have publicly identified themselves for the first time in a lawsuit filed last December against the U.S. government for its alleged failure to properly certify the anthrax vaccine (GSN, July 6)...Full Story

Russian Bombers Not Carrying Nukes, General Says A Russian air force general said today that strategic bombers flying routine long-range missions for the first time since end of the Cold War are not equipped with nuclear weapons, ITAR-Tass reported (see GSN, Aug. 20)...Full Story

	Tuesday, August 21, 2007

War on Terror Reaches U.S. Chicken Farms Tens of thousands of U.S. poultry farmers could be required to register with the Homeland Security Department under a proposed antiterrorism rule, the Associated Press reported  yesterday (see GSN, March 3, 2003). New regulations would require registration by anyone in possession of 7,500 pounds or more of propane gas, which is used to heat chicken houses during winter. “It would affect almost all of us,” said poultry farmer Jenny Rhodes. “I could think of a lot easier, better targets” for acts of terrorism than poultry farms, said Richard Lobb, spokesman for the National Chicken Council, which joined other poultry industry organizations in opposing the regulations. As many as 40,000 farms could be required to register and conduct a risk assessment of their propane tanks, AP reported.  Rhodes called the forms “hellacious.”  The regulations could go into effect by the end of this month. Registration would help Homeland Security collect important information on dangerous chemicals stored around the nation, said department spokesman Russ Knocke.  He said the online registration process would take only “a couple hours.” The new listing would “contribute to a more universal picture of the types of hazardous chemicals out there,” Knocke said. Several lawmakers have questioned the plan. “Given the serious threats that are currently facing our country and the limited resources of the Department of Homeland Security, please explain why this initiative is a good use of federal dollars,” Senators Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.), Ben Cardin (D-Md.) and Tom Carper (D-Del.) said this month in a letter to Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff.  Both Delaware and Maryland have significant poultry sectors (Kristen Wyatt, Associated Press/Capitalonline.com, Aug. 20). Back to top

Pakistan Said Most Likely to Give Nuclear Tech to Terrorists By Jon Fox Global Security Newswire WASHINGTON —Pakistan is the nation most likely to transfer nuclear technology to terrorists in the next three to five years, according to a bipartisan survey of foreign policy experts released yesterday (see GSN, Feb. 14). In the poll, conducted in late June by the Center for American Progress, 74 percent of the more than 100 respondents picked Pakistan, while 42 percent identified North Korea.  Experts were asked to pick the top two countries mostly likely to conduct such a transfer. The results are nearly a complete reversal from the findings of a similar survey conducted by the center at the beginning of 2007.  During that poll 73 percent of largely the same group of experts felt North Korea would most likely be behind a nuclear transfer to terrorists and 44 percent selected Pakistan. Since the January poll, North Korea has entered into a denuclearization agreement as a result of the six-party talks, while the domestic political situation in Pakistan has become more tumultuous. If the government of Pakistani President Gen. Pervez Musharraf were to fall, however, the majority of experts thought it was unlikely that terrorists would be able to gain access to the country’s nuclear arsenal.  About one-third of those polled thought that was a likely scenario (see GSN, Aug. 6). The seeming contradiction between voting Pakistan most likely to transfer nuclear technology to terrorists and the majority of those responding indicating that nuclear weapons would not go loose in the event of Musharraf falling was not addressed in the survey report. There were a couple of places where the responses seemed to conflict from one section to another, but it is important to remember that experts considered each question individually, said Caroline Wadhams, a senior policy analyst at the Center for American Progress. There were a number of instances in the survey where experts expressed a higher degree of optimism about North Korea than last time around, she said.  In general those polled saw U.S. policy toward Pyongyang in a much less negative light during this poll. Thirty-five percent of respondents, who included foreign policy thinkers from across the political spectrum, also selected Pakistan as the country most likely to become the next stronghold for al-Qaeda.  Just 22 percent selected Iraq. While experts seemed to agree that Pakistan could pose a potentially thorny problem for the United States, there was little consensus on how to deal with an al-Qaeda buildup in that country. “This was precisely the difficultly the administration hoped to avoid by forging this close alliance and relationship with Pakistan.  That obviously hasn’t worked in that it may have imprisoned us in not being able to take actions that we might take against other countries,” said Bruce Hoffman, a professor in Georgetown University’s security studies program and one of the experts polled. Efforts by the United States to hurt al-Qaeda in Pakistan could backfire given the fragility of the Musharraf government, leading to serious questions about the fate of the country’s nuclear weapons, Hoffman said.  “That’s exactly the point:  there aren’t many good options.” About a quarter of the respondents suggested putting more pressure on Musharraf to crack down on extremist groups, some suggested increasing U.S. aid to the country, some recommended injecting U.S. troops into the western provinces of country, and some said there was simply nothing effective the United States could do. “We were also struck by the fact that everyone seemed to be pointing to how dire the situation is with Pakistan was and the experts seemed to be pointing for the need for a policy change, but the experts were all over the map about what we do about it,” Wadhams said.  “I think that just highlights the dilemma that U.S. policy-makers are facing.” Regarding Iran, 68 percent of those polled thought that the current government in Tehran poses a threat to the United States but that the situation could be contained through diplomacy.  Ten percent said Iran was a threat that requires immediate U.S. military action and 8 percent suggested military strikes against Iran’s nuclear facilities (see related GSN story today). Two-thirds of experts polled favored a “grand bargain” that resolved the nuclear standoff, the issue of state-sponsored terrorism, human rights and recognition of Israel all at once.  Nearly 60 percent also supported continuing the current administration policy of pushing U.N. sanctions against Tehran. Eighty percent said that the sanctions efforts should continue but the United States should also directly engage Iran in bilateral dialogue over the nuclear issue. A majority, 59 percent, opposed formally designating the Revolutionary Guard Corps as a terrorist organization, a step that would trigger additional sanctions.  This is a step the Bush administration has decided to pursue, according to reports. Back to top       Russian Bombers Not Carrying Nukes, General Says A Russian air force general said today that strategic bombers flying routine long-range missions for the first time since end of the Cold War are not equipped with nuclear weapons, ITAR-Tass reported (see GSN, Aug. 20). “All such planes are provided with training missiles,” said Maj. Gen. Anatoly Zhikharev, deputy commander of long-range aviation for the Russian air force.  “Continuous alert missions were resumed on Aug. 17 on decision of the supreme commander in chief and president of the Russian Federation after an interval, which had lasted from 1992,” he said.  “They are being flown in difficult conditions, including prereconnaissance, refueling in the air, and opposition to fighters of NATO and other countries.” “We have continued the Soviet times tradition and are flying missions in the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, over the Norwegian, Northern and Japanese seas, and also beyond the North Pole and over the Aleutian Islands,” Zhikharev said. He said that “Russian pilots are not intruding into foreign airspace.” “There is nothing aggressive in respect to other countries,” he said, adding that pilots must fly regular missions to remain in practice.  “Two crew rotations a week are needed to keep the pilots trained and this is a normal regime for the air force” (ITAR-Tass, Aug. 21). Back to top       Indian Prime Minister Defends U.S. Nuclear Deal Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh responded to critics of a pending U.S.-India nuclear cooperation agreement yesterday by emphasizing the need to find cheaper energy sources, the Associated Press reported (see GSN, Aug. 20). “When we aim for a 10 percent (economic) growth rate, we must recognize the critical importance of energy security,” Singh said without referring directly to the nuclear deal, which has garnered vehement protests from Indian lawmakers who believe it could undermine New Delhi’s nuclear weapons program. “Our government is committed to the development of nuclear energy,” Singh said in a speech. Communist parties that make up a key part of the government’s ruling coalition have been particularly vocal recently in opposing the deal.  Protests by communist lawmakers forced India’s parliament to adjourn early again yesterday. Opposition to the deal is not expected to cause Singh’s government to collapse, but analysts said it has hurt the administration and could prevent India from increasing cooperation with the United States and enacting economic liberalization reforms. “The ambition of the current regime is to restructure Indo-U.S. relations in a strategic sense — and they now look much less capable of being able to do so,” said Mujibir Rehman, a political science professor at Jamia Millia University in New Delhi (Matthew Rosenberg, Associated Press/Washington Post, Aug. 20). India has not yet begun negotiating with the International Atomic Energy Agency on a safeguards agreement required for the deal, the Hindustan Times reported yesterday.  India must open its civilian nuclear sites to monitoring to receive access to U.S. nuclear material and technology. An agreement is not anticipated to be ready for consideration by the agency’s governing board at its planned meeting from Sept. 10 to 14 in Vienna.  The next board session is scheduled from Nov. 22 to 23. Indian officials could begin high-level discussions with the agency when Indian Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Anil Kakodkar attends the agency’s general conference in Vienna from Sept. 17 to 21, the Times reported (Ambit Baruah, Hindustan Times I, Aug. 20). India’s left-wing parties said yesterday they would abandon the ruling coalition should the government move ahead on talks with the U.N. nuclear watchdog, the Times reported (Sharma/Patranobis, Hindustan Times II, Aug. 21). Indian lawmakers today demand that the government recall its ambassador to the United States, who likened them to a “headless chicken” for opposing the deal, Agence France-Presse reported. “It has been approved here by the president, and there it’s been approved by the Indian Cabinet,” the Web site Rediff India Abroad quoted ambassador Ronen Sen as saying.  “So why do you have all this running around like a headless chicken?” Parliament’s upper and lower houses were adjourned amid protests today, and Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee called the comments “totally unwarranted and unacceptable.” Sen later said his comments were referring to media coverage of the nuclear deal. “My comment about running round like [a] headless chicken looking for a comment here or a comment there was a tactless observation on some of my media friends and most certainly not with reference to any honorable [member of parliament],” he said (Agence France-Presse I/Yahoo!News, Aug. 21). Meanwhile, a Pakistani official suggested yesterday that his nation would likely follow an Indian nuclear test with a test blast of its own, AFP reported. Indian officials have said that a civilian nuclear cooperation deal with the United States would not impinge on New Delhi’s right to conduct nuclear tests.  U.S. officials have contradicted that statement. “We take seriously the assertions by the India leadership about the possibility of resuming nuclear tests,” said Pakistani Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Tasnim Aslam. “Resumption of nuclear tests by India would create a serious situation obliging Pakistan to review its position and to take action, appropriate and consistent with our supreme national interest,” she said. Both countries last conducted nuclear tests nine years ago.  Neither has joined the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Agence France-Presse II/Spacewar.com, Aug. 20). Back to top       Iran, IAEA Continue Nuclear Talks Iran and the U.N. nuclear watchdog continued talks in Tehran today intended to help resolve fears regarding Iran’s nuclear program, Agence France-Presse reported (see GSN, Aug. 20). At the discussions which began yesterday, International Atomic Energy Agency officials hope to agree on an “action plan” for Iran to provide IAEA inspectors with better access to nuclear sites and more information on controversial elements of its nuclear program. Iranian nuclear negotiator Ali Larijani warned yesterday that a new round of U.N. Security Council sanctions would disrupt Iran’s cooperation with the agency. “If they (world powers) take an irrational move, then Iran's cooperation with the agency as well as the talks will be sterile,” Larijani told state media yesterday. "If they take the wrong path this will arouse a reaction from Iran.  The path taken so far will end and Iran will take its next steps,” he said (Stuart Williams, Agence France-Presse/Yahoo!News, Aug. 21). U.S. officials said yesterday that Iran’s cooperation with IAEA officials has not been significant enough to prevent the Security Council from considering new sanctions against the country, Reuters reported. Iran has to some degree increased transparency in an effort to avoid new sanctions following the passage of two U.N. sanctions resolutions since December 2006, diplomats said. The United States has maintained that Iran must also halt uranium enrichment activities, which could yield a nuclear bomb ingredient, before the United Nations would consider suspending sanctions.  Iran has insisted it would not stop enriching uranium. “We intend to push it (tougher U.N. sanctions) very, very hard and we certainly will never agree that because Iran has some meetings with the IAEA, we should stop all of our efforts,” said U.S. Undersecretary of State Nicholas Burns. “We don't trust Iran.  No one trusts Iran,” Burns said yesterday in a radio debate (Reuters/Yahoo!News, Aug. 21). Back to top       Latest North Korea Talks Conclude in Moscow The latest round of working-level talks on North Korea’s nuclear program ended today in Moscow, Reuters reported (see GSN, Aug. 20). The two-day meeting on security in Northeast Asia is among several working groups set to address various issues related to full six-party negotiations aimed at shuttering Pyongyang’s nuclear program. “We had some very useful discussions amongst the six parties.  These were working discussions, no conclusions, but we will be making some recommendations to the heads of delegations for further consideration,” said U.S. delegation chief Blair Hall. “These discussions were full, they were open and given in a very cooperative spirit.  The mood was very positive,” he said. Both Hall and Russian delegation head Vladimir Rakhmanin declined to disclose details of the discussions. “(At the last meeting) in Beijing we met around one table probably for about an hour and a half while this time we were around this table for two days,” Rakhmanin said.  “If you look at this from the outside you might say:  ‘So what?  But if you understand the complexity of this problem it is a very big plus sign” (Reuters/New York Times, Aug. 21). A successful outcome to talks planned for next week on U.S.-North Korean diplomatic relations could lead Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to visit Pyongyang, a South Korean official said yesterday. “Considering the example of Assistant Secretary of State Christopher Hill’s Pyongyang visit, it is also possible to consider a similar visit by Secretary Rice,” said Lee Su-hoon, chairman of the Presidential Committee on the Northeast Asian Cooperation Initiative. “Should Rice visit the North, the two sides will be able to discuss a prompt solution to the nuclear problem, a completion of the nuclear disablement by the year end and the steps toward normalizing U.S.-N.K. relations,” he said (Lee Joo-hee, The Korea Herald, Aug. 21). North Korea is looking to be removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism as one reward for denuclearization.  However, such a move could anger Japan and U.S. conservatives, the Associated Press reported. “There’s a point at which you look too eager” to resolve the nuclear standoff, said John Bolton, who has become a vocal critic of U.S. policy on Iran and North Korea since exiting his post as ambassador to the United Nations. “It would be impolitic at best, and really craven at worse, to proceed to take North Korea off the list of state sponsors of terrorism until the Japanese were completely satisfied that their concerns about their citizens were being met,” Bolton added. Tokyo wants North Korea to resolve the issue of abductions of Japanese citizens before it is removed from the U.S. list, said Selig Harrison, director of the Asia program at the Center for International Policy (Foster Klug, Associated Press/Yahoo!News, Aug. 21). Back to top

Plaintiffs In Anthrax Vaccine Lawsuit Are Named By Elaine M. Grossman Global Security Newswire WASHINGTON — Eight plaintiffs have publicly identified themselves for the first time in a lawsuit filed last December against the U.S. government for its alleged failure to properly certify the anthrax vaccine (GSN, July 6). An amended complaint describes the eight as active-duty, reserve or National Guard service members, civilians or defense contractors subject to taking the vaccine.  Those in uniform include three individuals currently deployed to Iraq and range from low-ranking enlisted personnel to a lieutenant colonel. Each has “been ordered, or will imminently be ordered, to take [anthrax vaccine] as part of the military duties or employment obligations, or have been administered [the vaccine] in violation of FDA’s mandated shot sequence protocol,” according to the document, filed Aug. 15 at the U.S. District Court in Washington. The lawsuit claims the plaintiffs represent a “class” of “similarly situated” individuals subject to taking the anthrax vaccine throughout the defense community. The Defense Department inoculates selected service members and defense personnel considered at risk of exposure to an adversary’s airborne delivery of anthrax spores.  The vaccine program began in 1998 during the Clinton administration. The complainants initially filed the lawsuit anonymously, challenging the validity of a Food and Drug Administration ruling in 2005 that the Defense Department could use the existing vaccine to prevent inhaled anthrax.  They allege the vaccine has not been demonstrated safe, effective and appropriate for protecting humans against the inhaled form of the disease, and is now being used in violation of agency rules. The suit is the second of two lodged since 2003 against the government’s anthrax program.  The first case, dubbed “Anthrax I,” resulted in a court injunction against the Pentagon’s mandatory program of shots for defense personnel deemed at risk for anthrax exposure because of their assignment or location (GSN, Oct. 28, 2004). The ban was lifted in February 2006, shortly after the Food and Drug Administration issued a “final rule and order” certifying the vaccine for Pentagon use (GSN, Dec. 16, 2005). As of early this year, the military services resumed administering anthrax shots on a mandatory basis for personnel deployed to designated high-threat areas, which include Iraq and other Persian Gulf nations, Afghanistan and South Korea.  Other individuals subject to involuntary inoculations include those whose position or assigned mission might increase their potential risk of exposure to a bio-weapon, such as key civilian officials or emergency response personnel. Those declining the shots have risked punitive action or dishonorable discharge from the service. However, critics allege the Pentagon’s widespread use of the vaccine is not based on sound science. The second lawsuit, “Anthrax II,” alleges the FDA decision was invalid and the Defense Department is administering shots in a manner inconsistent with the approved drug license. The plaintiffs seek to have the drug declared “unapproved for its applied use” under the federal law that governs the administration of vaccines to U.S. troops.  They want the court to issue another permanent injunction barring the Pentagon’s use of the vaccine until it is properly licensed. To bolster their request for anonymity in Anthrax II, the litigants cited a concern that the government might retaliate against those who oppose the vaccine program. However, U.S. District Judge Rosemary Collyer — in her first ruling on the case — in June supported the government’s insistence that the plaintiffs reveal their identities as a matter of “fairness” and “openness.”  She called complainants’ fears of government reprisal “vague and unsubstantiated.” Collyer invited the plaintiffs appeal her decision to a higher court, drop the lawsuit, or proceed with the case by revealing their identities. They opted to file an amended complaint with their names attached.  In last week’s filing, the litigants identified themselves as: Air Force Lt. Col. Thomas Rempfer, an Air National Guard officer attached to the 214th Reconnaissance Group at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz.; Navy Lt. Cmdr. Joshua Cohen, attached to Carrier Strike Group Three and stationed at Bremerton, Wash.; Navy Reserve Lt. Cmdr. Gareth Harris, assigned to HSC-84 in Norfolk, Va.; Army Staff Sgt. Kevin Ferrara, attached to the 38th Construction and Training Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, and currently deployed to Iraq; Army Spc. Shameka Edwards, assigned to B Company, 299th FSB, Schweinfurt, Germany, and currently stationed in Iraq; Army Pfc. Eric Gearhart, attached to the 86th Signal Battalion, 11th Signal Brigade, at Fort Huachuca, Ariz., and currently serving in Iraq; Navy Airman Michael Palmer, attached to the USS Kitty Hawk currently in Atsugi, Japan; and Merchant Marine Seaman James Hailstone, attached to the U.S.N.S. 1st Lt. Jack Lummus. Through one of their attorneys, John Michels, the plaintiffs this week declined to provide additional comment about the case. Back to top       Biotech Firm Receives Major Anthrax Test Contract A California biotechnology firm has received a contract of up to $200 million to provide anthrax test cartridges and related material for Biohazard Detection Systems used at U.S. Postal Service facilities, the Associated Press reported last week (see GSN, Jan. 11, 2006). The Postal Service has installed hundreds of the Northrop Grumman anthrax detectors at mail-processing sites around the country.  The test cartridges and “GeneXpert” modules provided by Sunnyvale-based Cepheid since 2003 are the “foundation” for the system, the company said in a press release. The deal with North Grumman covers the fiscal years 2007 to 2011.  The number of anthrax tests to be delivered would be determined annually, starting with an anticipated fiscal 2008 order of 2 million cartridges (Associated Press, Aug. 16). Back to top       U.K. Health Workers Conduct Smallpox Exercise Health care workers in Wales are scheduled to conduct an exercise today on treating a patient infected with smallpox, the Western Mail reported (see GSN, July 6). In what could be the first Welsh exercise simulating a terrorism incident involving smallpox, students in the University of Glamorgan’s disaster health care masters program are expected to care for a panicky patient showing early symptoms of the deadly disease.  Wearing protective suits and breathing masks, they must treat the patient in isolation at the school’s Glyn Taf campus.  The program is designed to prepare nurses and other emergency responders to handle a resurgence of smallpox.  Smallpox has been eliminated in nature.  However, samples of the virus remain stored in Russia and the United States and the disease is considered a bioterror threat. “These health professionals will never have been exposed to smallpox — the first time they will encounter it, it will be real,” said Jeff Evans, a senior disaster health care lecturer. “Although there are policy and procedures in place, the worst-case scenario for health professionals is to get a phone call saying there is a patient with smallpox,” he said. “Smallpox is a highly emotive illness which makes people worried and it makes people scared,” Evans added. While smallpox continues to inspire feelings of fear, experts have questioned its effectiveness as a terrorist tool because it is not easily spread, the Mail reported.  At the disease’s most contagious stage, its human carrier is usually immobile and unable to spread the virus. “Smallpox is not the most readily spread disease so the question any potential terrorist would have to ask is do they want smallpox or something that gives more bang for their buck,” said Roland Salmon, a consultant epidemiologist for the National Public Health Service in Wales. “Psychologically, smallpox would give a good return as it certainly demoralizes, causes panic and is a very nasty illness, but a bioterrorist may want to choose something else,” he said (Madeleine Brindley, Western Mail/icWales). Back to top

“Chemical Ali” Back in Court Fifteen former Iraqi officials, including Ali Hassan “Chemical Ali” al-Majid, are being tried for crimes against humanity for the deaths of as many as 100,000 Shiites reportedly killed when the Hussein regime crushed a 1991 uprising, Agence France-Presse reported (see GSN, July 16). The rebellion occurred in the wake of the 1991 Gulf War.  Despite his loss, then-Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein maintained sufficient weaponry and military forces to kill an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Shiites. This is the third trial of former Iraqi leaders following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion.  Hussein was hanged in December 2006 after being convicted of ordering 148 residents of Dujail killed after he survived an assassination attempt in the village. Al-Majid was sentenced to death earlier this year following the second trial, for his role in the deaths of tens of thousands of Iraqi Kurds during the Anfal campaign of the 1980s.  The former defense minister and Hussein cousin acquired his nickname by ordering use of chemical weapons against the Kurds. The death sentences handed down to al-Majid and two other men — all of whom are being tried in this case — are under appeal; a decision is expected soon, AFP reported.  If the death sentences stand, the charges in this case would be dropped and the men would be put to death within 30 days (Jay Deshmukh, Agence France-Presse/Yahoo!News, Aug. 21). Back to top

U.S. Missile Defenses a “Big Mistake,” Russia Warns The Russian military chief of staff has warned that it would be a “big mistake” for the Czech Republic to allow the United States to deploy a missile defense radar on Czech territory, the London Telegraph reported today (see GSN, Aug. 17). Gen. Yuri Baluyevsky told the Czech defense minister that Prague should wait to decide on the radar until the United States completes its 2008 presidential election. Baluyevsky said that Czech consideration of the U.S. missile defense proposal was based on political maneuvering rather than military thinking, and he responded to criticism of recent moves by Moscow to project Russian military power internationally. “There are unfounded allegations that Russia is attempting to disrupt the peace and tranquility of Western Europe,” he said (Sally Peck, London Telegraph, Aug. 21). Back to top

Australia Considers “Dirty Bomb” Response Technique The Australian Defense Department is studying a new technique that could aid the emergency response to a “dirty bomb” explosion, according to a press release issued today (see GSN, Oct. 26, 2005). “Recombination luminescence,” now being developed by the department’s Defense Science and Technology Organization, would measure radiation levels left by the detonation of a radiological weapon.  That would help determine the correct treatment for victims of the incident. “DSTO is proactively developing ways of measuring radiation exposure because the amount of radiation will determine the type of treatment to be applied,” Peter Lindsay, parliamentary secretary to the defense minister, said in the press release. The system “measures electrons trapped in the crystal structure of building materials where they have been forced by exposure to radiation,” the release states. “The number trapped is proportional to the radiation dose,” DSTO scientist Barnaby Smith said in the release (Peter Lindsay release, Aug. 21). Back to top

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