U.S. Plans I:  Acquisitions Model Creating Congressional Confusion

By Joe Fiorill
Global Security Newswire

HUNTSVILLE, Ala. — A White House-backed “new model” for acquisitions is posing problems for U.S. missile defense development and complicating congressional support for missile defense, a top Defense Department acquisitions official said yesterday.

As a result, said Kent Stansberry, “For the time being, we’re going to set aside our [new] acquisition model.”  Stansberry is deputy director for defense systems in the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics.

The new approach, which involves assigning responsibility for different aspects of the missile defense program to different agencies, “gives rise to a number of problems,” Stansberry said at the Space and Missile Defense Conference here.

In an approach championed in recent years by U.S. President George W. Bush and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, the U.S. Missile Defense Agency is to have responsibility for research, development, testing and evaluation of missile defense technology, while the various armed services would be responsible for deploying and operating the final missile defense systems.

“Moving things from MDA into a service” in this way, though, means giving the service responsibility for systems it did not develop or test, Stansberry said.  Ideally, he said, programs would experience a “birth-to-death” shepherding by a single agency through all stages of their existence.

“This is an area that has been an increasing challenge, a challenge to take our theory of the acquisition process and put it into practice,” said Stansberry.

So far, the model of migration from the Missile Defense Agency to a service applies only to one example, the combining of the Patriot Advanced Capability-3 and the Medium Extended Air Defense System programs, which is being taken over by the Army (see GSN, Aug. 15).  Stansberry said the move has fed congressional confusion about, and opposition to, the new model, with various congressional authorization and appropriations measures calling for responsibilities to be divvied up in a host of different ways.

Meanwhile, the United States is planning to deploy a number of elements in coming months that will serve both operational and testing purposes, a situation that further complicates implementation of the new acquisitions model.

Among other problems in missile defense acquisitions, Stansberry cited increasing technical complexity as the Defense Department tries “to integrate things in a scope and depth that are unprecedented,” as well as an uncertain and shifting threat landscape.

He also blamed “political baggage” for slowing the process, saying “there were hardly any neutral people on the subject” during the Cold War, and that much current opposition to missile defense stems from that period.

“People begin to believe shortsighted views about limitations and restrictions, and they get repeated so often that they become conventional wisdom. … I see it diminishing every day, but it is still a part of the landscape that we have to deal with,” he said.

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U.S. Plans II:  MDA Considering Hundreds of Proposals for New Systems

The U.S. Missile Defense Agency is considering hundreds of proposals for new ways to improve U.S. missile defense efforts, an industry official said yesterday (see GSN, Aug. 19).

For example, more than 200 ideas are being considered for 2008-2009, said Jim Evatt, Boeing senior vice president and general manager for missile-defense systems.  While many of the proposals are classified, Evatt said, he indicated that the list was wide-ranging, including ideas such as new radar and airborne infrared systems (Marc Selinger, Aerospace Daily, Aug. 20).

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U.S. Plans III:  United States, Denmark to Resume Radar Discussions Next Month

The United States and Denmark are expected to resume discussions next month on upgrading a radar station in Greenland for use in the planned U.S. missile-defense system, Inside Missile Defense reported today (see GSN, April 25).

The Danish Parliament has yet to decide whether to accept a U.S. plan to upgrade an early warning system at the Thule Air Base in Greenland.  Most Greenlandic officials and Greenlanders, however, oppose the upgrade, according to Inside Missile Defense.  While able to govern its domestic affairs under home rule, Greenland’s foreign and defense policy are administered by Denmark.

In a report released earlier this year, the Danish government indicated that it was likely to support the U.S. radar upgrade request.  “It could be in Denmark’s own political interest to respond positively to Washington’s request, and it is not excluded that we in the long term might also want to be protected by a missile defense,” the report said (Jeremy Feiler, Inside Missile Defense Aug. 20).

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U.S. Plans IV:  Boeing Developing Miniature Cruise Missile

U.S. defense contractor Boeing has begun work to develop a miniature cruise missile that could be used against enemy ballistic missile launchers, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported this week (see GSN, June 12).

Boeing has started on a prototype of a 1,000-pound cruise missile with a range of 1,000 miles that could be fired from an F/A-22 stealth fighter, according to Aviation Week.  The prototype’s first flight is scheduled to occur by early 2006.

The miniature cruise missile is set to fly at a speed of Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 25,000 feet, said Carl Avila, director of advanced tactical missile programs for Boeing Phantom Works.  The missile will carry enough submunitions to attack two or three targets, he said (David Fulghum, Aviation Week & Space Technology, Aug. 18).

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Japan:  Proposed Missile Defenses Would Build Incrementally, Official Says

Japan’s proposed missile defense system would not initially be able to fully protect the country, but could still serve to deter a possible North Korean attack, a Japanese Defense Agency official said today (see GSN, Aug. 11).

Technical and funding problems would prevent Japan from deploying enough missile interceptor batteries to protect the entire country at the start of the system, a Defense Agency spokesman said.  As a result, officials are holding discussions to decide which sections of Japan to defend first, the spokesman said.  One possibility is that the Defense Agency will focus initially on protecting urban areas and strategic locations by deploying interceptor batteries at six locations, according to the Associated Press.

“Some insist that first Tokyo, Osaka or big cities should be covered, but there are all kinds of discussions,” the official said.  “There has to be some kind of compromise because the number of missiles is extremely limited,” the official said.

The proposed missile defense system is also expected to include at least one Aegis-equipped naval destroyer to track incoming ballistic missiles, AP reported.  Even a limited missile defense system is seen as having a deterrent effect against North Korea, the Defense Agency spokesman said.

“Japan wants a diplomatic solution to the nuclear problem, but at the same time we need a deterrence,” the spokesman said.  “Always at least one ship would be in operation,” the spokesman said (Associated Press/China Post, Aug. 19).

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U.S. Plans:  Raytheon Receives Standard Missile Contract

The U.S. Defense Department awarded a three-year contract to defense contractor Raytheon to develop and produce the Standard Missile-3 for the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system, Aerospace Daily reported today (see GSN, Aug. 18).

The contract, which will be worth as much as $881.4 million, covers engineering, production and testing of five initial missiles and the manufacture of an unspecified number of additional missiles.  Raytheon will also conduct missile research and development work with Japan.

The Pentagon wants to field the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system by 2005 (Marc Selinger, Aerospace Daily, Aug. 19).

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U.S. Plans I:  Missile Interceptor Booster Test Successful

A booster vehicle developed for use in the U.S. Ground-based Midcourse Defense program was successfully launched Saturday from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California (see GSN, Aug. 15).

The booster, developed by Orbital Sciences Corp., reached an altitude of 1,165 miles and traveled over the Pacific Ocean for 3,300 miles (Orbital release, Aug. 17).

Orbital spokesman Barron Beneski said the company is still examining the data from the launch, but initial signs looked good.

“From what we can tell, all mission objectives were achieved,” Beneski said.  “It looked like a good launch,” he said (Nora Wallace, Santa Barbara News-Press, Aug. 17).

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India:  New Delhi Increases Efforts to Develop Indigenous Missile Defense System

India has increased its efforts to develop an indigenous missile-defense system by requesting information from the United States on its Patriot missile interceptor and U.S. approval for involvement in the U.S-Israeli Arrow missile-defense system, Sify.com reported yesterday (see GSN, Aug. 8).

India has requested “technical information” on the Patriot interceptor, which is expected to aid in the development of the Trishul missile, which has been slated to fill a missile-defense role, according to Sify.com.  Indian Defense Ministry officials said they were “hopeful of an early response from Washington” (Sify.com, Aug. 17).

Meanwhile, India has decided to cease development of a second missile interceptor, the medium-range Akash missile, according to Agence France-Presse.  Technical problems and cost escalations due to development delays led to the decision to cancel the program (Agence France-Presse/Straits Times, Aug. 18).

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U.S. Plans II:  Pentagon Chooses Alaskan Island to Base X-Band Radar

Adak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain off the coast of Alaska has been chosen as the site for the Sea-Based X-Band Radar system, a component in the planned U.S. missile defense system, military officials said Friday (see GSN, July 24).

Adak was among six sites considered for the X-Band Radar.  It was selected because of the infrastructure already present on the island and its far northwest location, Missile Defense Agency spokesman Rick Lehner said.  The island’s western location was preferable because it will give the radar system more time to distinguish real ballistic missile warheads from decoys, Lehner said.

The island once supported both U.S. Army and Navy operations, so it already has a 7,900-foot runway, a deep-water port and other useful facilities.

“It was just a very good place for us geographically and operationally,” Lehner said (Mary Pemberton, Associated Press/Juneau Empire, Aug. 17).

The X-Band Radar is scheduled to begin operation in 2005, according to Agence France-Presse.  Tracking data from the system will be transmitted to ground-based missile interceptors deployed at Fort Greely, Alaska, and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California (Agence France-Presse/SpaceWar.com, Aug. 15).

Area residents near Everett, Wash., another of the six sites that was considered for the X-Band Radar, have expressed relief that their city was not picked, according to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (see GSN, June 19).

“I think we’re all breathing a sigh of relief today,” Representative Rick Larsen (D-Wash.), whose district includes Everett, said in a press release.  “Our local communities made it clear they did not want SBX in their back yard,” he said (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Aug. 16).

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U.S. Plans I:  Sea-Based Defense Against Boosting Missiles Could Work, Scientist Says

By David Ruppe
Global Security Newswire

WASHINGTON — A prominent scientist yesterday contended that developing missile defenses against intercontinental missiles that are in the boost phase could be feasible in some cases, challenging some conclusions drawn in a recent high-profile technical study.

In a panel presentation at the U.S. military’s National Defense University yesterday, physicist Richard Garwin of the Council on Foreign Relations said he agreed with the recently published calculations of a report by the American Physical Society, calling the report an “excellent job, technically” (see GSN, Aug. 15).

However, Garwin said he differed on some of its “implications,” in particular that U.S. land- or sea-based interceptors would not have sufficient time to intercept missiles launched from North Korea or Iran.

The APS study concludes that sea- and land-based boost-phase missile defenses currently pursued by the Bush administration for defending the U.S. homeland generally would not be feasible, and space-based defenses might be prohibitively costly.

The report concludes that the three to four minutes needed for an enemy rocket to launch into space would probably provide the United States with insufficient opportunity to destroy it unless U.S. sea- or land-based forces were prepositioned as close as 400 kilometers to the enemy missiles.

That would mean, the report calculates, that U.S. missiles would need to be fired from China or Russia — an unlikely scenario — to defend effectively against North Korean-launched missiles as they headed toward the United States.  In addition, the United States would need to place missiles in Central Asia to intercept an Iranian missile launch, the report says.

To solve the problem, “interceptors would have to be built substantially larger and capable of higher performance than any that have yet been built or deployed,” the report says.

Plus, there also would be a risk the U.S. interceptors could be mistaken for missiles attacking China or Russia, the report says.

Firing Earlier

Garwin challenged those conclusions by arguing that a U.S. ship could fire on a suspected attacking missile soon after its launch, even before knowing precisely where to aim the interceptors.

“Before there is a firing solution, we could cover the uncertainty by firing two interceptors,” he said.

Garwin said it would not be necessary to wait for a solution because there would be no risk that the U.S. interceptors would strike anything but a ballistic missile and, if unsuccessful, they could be destroyed in mid-air to avoid casualties on the ground, he said.

“The question is, what is the downside risk of launching an interceptor in error?  The only thing it can kill is a boost-phase rocket,” he said.

The APS report presumes that an exact firing solution would be needed before launching an interceptor, requiring possibly 45 to 65 seconds after launch, and that more time would be used to make and communicate the decision on whether or not to fire, factoring the possibility that the targeted launch may be for peaceful purposes, such as launching a satellite into space.

Garwin previously has written that countries such as North Korea and Iran would probably give notification prior to a peaceful launch to avoid such an incident.

“At worst, the United States would destroy a satellite launch and pay for it,” he wrote in an Arms Control Today article.

With respect to positioning a defense against an Iranian launch, Garwin further said it might not be too difficult to base U.S. interceptors in Central Asia.

“That’s not so unlikely as it sounded in the past, because Turkmenistan has been for some time an ally of ours [with respect to military activities in] Afghanistan,” he said.

Panel moderator Hans Binnendijk, director of NDU’s Center for Technology and Security Policy, said the APS report tended to “understate” the potential that a sea-based option could be effective against a North Korean liquid-fueled missile launch.

“At least in this one case, which turns out to be the most likely case, the conclusion would be that there is real capability,” he said.

Other Differences

Garwin also disagreed with the judgment that that a missile-defense launch might be mistaken as an attack on Russia or China.

“If we wanted to launch a nuclear missile against Russia or China … it is very unlikely we would take the opportunity to launch it from a ship off North Korea or from someplace in the Caspian Sea,” he said.

Garwin challenged the APS conclusion that it might take 10 years to deploy an effective surface-based boost-phase missile-defense system, saying the technology for faster rockets exists but has not been used for boost-phase and that a defense could be available in five years.

The APS report concludes, “We see no means for deploying an effective boost-phase defense against ICBMs within 10 years.”

Various Disadvantages to Boost-Phase Approach

Garwin’s comments were not universally supportive of the boost-phase approach.

He said deploying interceptors in space, another option considered by the Bush administration, would be inferior to basing them on the Earth’s surface, citing the difficulties of positioning enough multiton interceptors in orbit to ensure that some would always be in place over a target country.

The approach would be “vastly more expensive” than terrestrial-based interceptors, he said.

He also said there was a disadvantage to the boost-phase approach in general: that a successful intercept would not necessarily disable a nuclear warhead or biological weapons bomblets on an enemy missile, raising the possibility that they would land on a populated area.

The APS study called such a munitions “shortfall” on a populated area or other country a “key problem inherent in boost-phase defense.”

Garwin said though that it might still be considered a success, saying the trajectory of the warhead would probably be changed by the intercept, causing it to fall on a less-populated area than on a targeted major city, potentially decreasing the damage by a factor of 100.

“We should do so well with the other military capabilities we deploy,” he said.

Garwin said North Korea or Iran would probably not attack the United States using an intercontinental ballistic missile in the first place.

“That would not be the delivery means of choice,” he said.

More likely scenarios would be a shorter-range attack from a vessel off the U.S. coast or a weapon smuggled in a shipborne container, he said.

The APS study concludes that existing technology intended for sea-based boost-phase defenses could be effectively used against such shorter-range missile threats, where interceptors are positioned within 10 kilometers of a launched threat.

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U.S. Plans II:  Missile Interceptor Booster Test Delayed, Set for Saturday

The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has delayed until tomorrow a planned test of a booster vehicle developed for use in the U.S. Ground-based Midcourse Defense program, according to Defense Daily (see GSN, Aug. 6).

The test of the booster, developed by Orbital Science Corp., had originally been scheduled for today, but was delayed because of software problems, Defense Daily reported.  To reboot the software required recertification from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California and the Western Test Range and resulted in the one-day delay, agency spokesman Rick Lehner said yesterday (Kerry Gildea, Defense Daily, Aug. 15).

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U.S. Plans III:  Army to Detail Proposal in October for Patriot, MEADS Program Merger

This fall, the U.S. Army is expected to provide more details on its proposal to merge the Patriot missile interceptor program and the Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) program, Aerospace Daily reported today (see GSN, June 9).

Michael Wayne, acting defense undersecretary for acquisition, technology and logistics, has called on the Army to present a detailed plan in October for the merger of the two programs, according to a Pentagon “information paper” released yesterday. 

The proposal is expected to contain information on how to the Army will fund the combined program in the fiscal 2005-2009 future years defense program, according to Aerospace Daily (Marc Selinger, Aerospace Daily, Aug. 15).

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