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Arms Control, Disarmament, Defense and
Security Issues of China
A Selected Bibliography: Volume 2
Journal Articles
1985-2003
Complied by Xiaodong Li (ACDIS Library, Program in
Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
[Original Version]
Updated by EANP Staff, 2003
INTRODUCTION
This volume contains entries of journal articles published since 1985. Topics covered by the bibliography include arms control, disarmament, security, and defense issues of China with focus on China's weapons proliferation. Entries on each topic are listed in descending order of year and then alphabetically by the main entry (title or author). The citation of each entry consists of standardized bibliographic descriptions. The bibliography only covers materials published in the English language.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Arms Control and Disarmament
General Surveys
2003
Medeiros, Evan S., and M. Taylor Fravel, "China's New Diplomacy," Foreign affairs. 82, no. 6, (2003), p. 22 (14 pages).
2001
Chen, Huaifan, "The impact of international arms control on East Asian security," Peace 61, pp. 2-6, December 2001.
2000
Gill, Bates and Medeiros, Evan S., “Foreign and Domestic Influences on China's Arms Control and Nonproliferation Policies,” The China quarterly, number 161, p. 66, 2000.
1999
Hu, Weixing, "Nuclear Nonproliferation," in Yong Deng and Fe-Ling Wang (eds.), In the Eyes of the Dragon, (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
“Russia, China Take Dim View of US-Backed Theater Missile Defense System for Far East,” The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, volume 51, number 5 (1999) p. 22.
1997
“China gets Defensive on Missile Cuts,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 160, number 43, 1997 p. 29, 1997.
Jan, Hung-yi, “The PRC's Policies Toward Nonproliferation Regimes,” Issues & Studies, volume 33, number 11, p. 112, 1997.
Mingquan, Zhu. “The Evolution of China’s Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy,” The Nonproliferation Review, (Winter 1997).
Naidu, M. V., “China on Nuclear Disarmament and Nuclear Test: Quotations and Criticisms,” Peace Research, volume 29, number 3, p. 1, August 01, 1997.
1996
Gill, Bates and Mathew Stephenson. “Search for Common Ground: Breaking the Sino-US Non-proliferation Stalemate,” Arms Control Today, (September, 1996).
Johnston, Alastair Iain. “Learning versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in Chinese Arms Control Policy in the 1980s and 1990s,” China Journal, (January, 1996).
Yun, Wu. “China’s Policies Towards Arms Control and Disarmament: From Passive Responding to Active Leading,” Pacific Review, volume 9, number 4, (1996).
1995
“China: Arms Control and Disarmament,” Beijing Review
volume 38, number 48, (Nov. 27- Dec. 3 1995), p. 10-25.
ABSTRACT: China’s arms control and disarmament operations and modernization program promotes peace and development of mankind. A balanced national defense is to be maintained without the increase of weapons of mass destruction. The People’s Liberation Army of China has decreased the military personnel by one million. Defense technology in China is applied toward national economic development and production of arms within limits. China supports the global policies and agreements on arms control and disarmament.
Chodakewitz, Susan B; Jermano, Jill L, “China: What Kind of Nonproliferation Participant?" Strategic Review, volume 23, Number 2, p. 76, 1995.
Davis, Zachary S, “China's Nonproliferation and Export Control Policies: Boom or Bust for the NPT Regime?” Asian Survey, volume 35, number 6, p. 587, 1995.
Garrett, Banning N. and Bonnie S. Glaser. “Chinese Perspectives on Nuclear Arms Control,” International Security, volume 20, number 3, (Winter 1995/1996), p. 43-78.
ABSTRACT: Explores the thinking behind China’s official positions on arms control issues, particularly views on interdependence versus self-help in security matters; based on interviews with Chinese military and civilian analysts and officials. Includes views on the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty (CTBT), no-first-use of nuclear weapons pledges, and five-power arms reduction talks.
Johnston, Alastair Iain. “China’s New ‘Old Thinking’: the Concept of Limited Deterrence,” International Security, volume 20, (Winter 1995/1996), p. 5-43.
ABSTRACT: Chinese nuclear arms policy remains focused on the preservation of territorial integrity and foreign policy autonomy, defense of Communist political power and growth of ‘major power’ status. However, China is leaning towards a new concept of ‘limited deterrence.’ Unfortunately, the country does not yet have the necessary operational capabilities to implement the concept.
1994
“China Calls for a Nukes-free World,” Beijing Review, volume 37, number 45, (7 November, 1994), p. 4.
ABSTRACT: Hou Zhitong, China’s Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs, stated at the UN General Assembly on Oct 21, 1994, that China supports the steps taken by the international community for nuclear disarmament and the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. Hou favors the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. He asserted that China would not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states.
Godwin, Paul H. B. and John J. Schulz, “China and Arms Control: Transition in East Asia,” Arms Control Today, volume 24, (November, 1994), p. 7-11.
ABSTRACT: China’s half-hearted participation in the arms control measures in the post-Cold War world economy and efficient indigenous defense establishment can be related to its experiences in the century of humiliation, marked by unequal treaties and oppression by hostile powers. China has established friendly relations with all countries, though its policy of pretending to be a strong military power while not having the potential has resulted in the negation of its friendly foreign policy as other countries become wary of its military power. It has stated its reluctance to participate in global arms control and has clearly proved this attitude in its dealing with the ASEAN Regional Forum.
Olsen, Edward A. and David Winterford, “Multilateral Arms Control Regimes in Asia: Prospects and Options,” Asian Perspective, volume 18, (Spring/Summer 1994), p. 5-37.
ABSTRACT: Examines sources of post-cold war tensions in the region and the likely impact of multilateral regional arms control upon Asia-Pacific international relations. Some focus on Soviet cold war arms control proposals, China’s role in Southeast Asia, Korean peninsula security, and US policies.
Secretary Christopher; Chinese Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Qian, “The U.S. and China: Curbing Missile And Nuclear Weapons Proliferation,” US Department of State Dispatch, volume 5, number 42, p.701, October 17, 1994.
1993
Li, Daoyu. “Foreign Policy and Arms Control: The View from China,” Arms Control Today, volume 23, number 10, (December, 1993), p. 9-12.
ABSTRACT: China’s limited nuclear weapons are only for self-defense and it is committed to nuclear non-proliferation. China’s foreign policy is guided by principles of world peace and progress and is opposed to forming military and political power blocs. China also believes all weapons of mass destruction, nuclear, conventional, biological and chemical, ought to be eliminated. With the objective of achieving peace and stability in relations with its neighbors, China has held negotiations and signed various agreements with India and many republics of the former USSR.
1992
“China Puts Forward Proposal for Nuke Armament,” Beijing Review, volume 35, number 45, (9 November 1992), p. 13-16.
ABSTRACT: China abrogates the complete destruction of all nuclear weapons to promote and maintain world peace, security and development. It proposes an international agreement regarding the use of nuclear weapons, the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, the withdrawal of deployed nuclear weapons in other countries and a ban of the use of outer space studies to develop weapon systems. The Chinese government recognizes every country’s right to take a stand on this issue. It also reiterates its commitment to promoting peace and security in the Asia Pacific region and in the world.
Lewis, John W., and Hua Di, “China’s Ballistic Missile Programs: Technologies, Strategies, Goals,” International Security, volume. 17, number 2 (Fall 1992), p. 5-40.
1991
“Arms Talks Provide a Useful Forum,” Beijing Review, volume 34, number 26, (1 July 1991), p. 30.
Segal, Gerald. “A New Order in Northeast Asia,” Arms Control Today, volume 21, (Spring 1991), p. 14-19.
ABSTRACT: Current status of formal and informal arms control agreements among the Soviet Union, China, and the Koreas.
II. Nuclear Arms
Control and Disarmament
A. Nuclear Weapons and Proliferation B.
Nuclear
Testing and CTBT C. Peaceful
Uses of Nuclear Energy
A. Nuclear Weapons and Proliferation
1.
General Surveys
2.
Nuclear Sales to India and Pakistan 3.
Nuclear Exports to Iran,
Iraq and Syria
4.
China and the
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
2003
Goldstein, Lyle J., "When China was a 'rogue state': the impact of China's nuclear weapons program on US-China relations during the 1960s," Journal of Contemporary China 12, no. 37 (2003), pp. 739-764.
Wright, David and Lisbeth Gronlund, "Estimating China's Production of Plutonium for Weapons," Science and Global Security 11, number 1 (2003), pp. 61-80.
2000
Roberts, Brad, Robert Manning, and Ronald Montaperto, "China: The Forgotten Nuclear Power," Foreign affairs, 79, no. 4, (2000), p. 53 (11 pages).
1999
Hirsch, Theodore M. and Bonnie D. Jenkins, “Arms Control and Disarmament,” The International Lawyer, volume 33, number 2 (Summer 1999), p. 473.
1998
Yuan, I, “US-China Nonproliferation Cooperation: Debacle or Success? A
constructivist/Neorealist
Debate,” Issues & Studies, volume 34, number 6, p. 29, 1998.
1996
Johnston, Alastair I., “Learning Versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in
Chinese Arms Control
Policy in the 1980s and 1990s,” China Journal, number 35 (January 1996),
p. 27-61.
Suttmeier, Richard P. and Peter C. Evans, “China Goes Nuclear,” China
Business Review
(September-October 1996), p. 16-21.
Wallerstein, Mitchel B., “China and Proliferation: A Path Not Taken?”
Survival, volume 38, number 3
(Autumn 1996), p. 58-66.
1995
Caldwell, John and Alexander T. Lennon, “China’s Nuclear Modernization Program,” Strategic Review, volume 23, (Fall 1995), p. 27-37.
ABSTRACT: Examines China’s current and potential atomic weapons capabilities and military strategy; impact on regional and international security; implications for the US.
China State Council Information Office, “China: Arms control and Disarmament” (PRC white paper; November 1995), in Beijing Review, number 48, November 27-December 3, 1995.
Gronlund, Lisbeth. et al. “China and a Fissile Material Production Cut-Off,” Survival, volume 37, number 4, (Winter 1995), p. 147-68.
ABSTRACT: The success of the convention on prohibition of fissile material production largely depends on China’s participation. The production cut-off can become an important nuclear disarmament measure if China agrees to sign the treaty. China’s decision will depend on its nuclear-weapons program and its security concerns regarding the weapons programs of other countries. The United States and Russia can encourage China’s participation by keeping their stocks under international safeguards and reducing their nuclear weapons.
McLauchlan, Greg. “Nuclear Politics on the Pacific Rim,” Peace Review, volume 7, number 2, (Summer 1995), p. 149-154.
ABSTRACT: The contested terrain of nuclear politics on the Pacific Rim is examined. For the past fifty years, the Pacific Rim has been one of the world’s most militarized regions. That legacy has produced a variety of nuclear politics postures among the many countries in the area. The US has exerted considerable pressure to extend the nuclear nonproliferation treaty while simultaneously expanding the targets of US nuclear forces, & has thus wasted a historic opportunity to push the world toward a non-nuclear future. North Korea has pursued nuclearization in the face of harsh US economic sanctions & has threatened to withdraw from the nonproliferation treaty. Strong pressure from China & Japan has forced the US to back off from its hard-line stance, but tensions in the area remain. Japan, the only nation that has experienced nuclear attack, has renounced nuclear weapons & could be a strong regional force for nonproliferation, but many of the legal & institutional underpinnings of Japan’s push toward non-nuclear peace have begun to wither away. The nuclear future of the region is in doubt. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
US Department of State Dispatch, volume 6, number 17, (24 April 1995), p. 354-6.
ABSTRACT: For their mutual economic good, China and the US must maintain open markets. For greater national and international security, problems between the two nations such as policy on nuclear nonproliferation must be negotiated.
White, Gerard. “Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control: Should the United States Government Substantially Change Its Foreign Policy Toward the People’s Republic of China?” Congressional Digest, volume 74, number 8-9, (August-September 1995), p. 218-21.
ABSTRACT: The US should link its most favored nation agreement with China to nuclear proliferation issues to force the latter to desist from supplying nuclear weapons to developing countries. Through this policy, the US can prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and guarantee global peace.
1994
“China Proposes Nuclear Package,” Beijing Review, volume 37, number 41, (10 Oct. 1994), p. 29-33.
ABSTRACT: Chinese vice-premier Qian Qichen’s address at the 49th session of the United Nations General Assembly underlined the need for total destruction of nuclear weapons and stated the Chinese government’s stand on nuclear, economic and social policies. He said that all countries possessing nuclear weapons must make an unconditional pledge not to initiate their use and not to threaten non-nuclear states. He also said that China was against protectionism and discrimination in international trade.
Holloway, Nigel. “Goodwill Proliferates: U.S. and China Sign Missile, Nuclear Accords,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 157, number 42, (20 Oct. 1994), p. 20.
ABSTRACT: China and the US have signed accords on limiting nuclear proliferation and restricting the export of missiles. The nuclear agreement states that the two nations will work together to support a ban on ‘the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons.’ That statement may convince North Korea to be more accommodating. In the missile statement, China for the first time agreed to the accepted definition of a violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime, a topic that has caused the US to cut off some trade to it.
Hughes, David. “U.S. Study Details Nuclear Weapons: National Resources Defense Council Report on Great Britain, France and China,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, volume 140, number 16, (18 April 1994), p. 43.
ABSTRACT: An NRDC study of nuclear-weapons inventories and future plans in China, France and the UK was aimed at promoting openness in negotiating future treaties. One surprise was the level of US help France received in perfecting its weapons. Details of each country’s programs are provided.
Lockwood, Dunbar. “The Status of U.S., Russian and Chinese Nuclear Forces in Northeast Asia,” Arms Control Today, volume 24, number 9, (Nov. 1994), p. 21-5.
ABSTRACT: The nuclear strategies and the deployment of nuclear weapons by the US, Russia and China in Northeast Asia will play a major role in the arms control and stability of the region and influence the nuclear strategies of weaker nations. The US policy in East Asia has been marked by the withdrawal of tactical nuclear weapons and oldest strategic weapons from the region. Russia’s forces have also reduced the bombers and dismantled land-based missiles. China, on the other hand, has built its nuclear forces but is not likely to start a nuclear conflict in the region.
Shuey, Robert, and Shirley A. Kan, “Chinese Missile and Nuclear Proliferation: Issues for Congress,” CRS Issue Brief, 29 June 1994, p. 1-15.
Sutter, Robert G., “Chinese Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control Plicies: Implications and Options for the United States,” CRS report (Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 1994).
“The U.S. and China: Curbing Missile and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation.” (Statements by Warren Christopher and Qian Qichen) US Department of State Dispatch, volume 5, number 42, (17 Oct. 1994), p. 701-3.
ABSTRACT: The United States and China are seeking to resolve differences over the Missile Technology Control Regime, which covers the export of missiles. The two countries are also seeking to control the spread of fissionable nuclear materials.
1993
Butler, Steven and Julie Corwin. “Pacific Thunderclaps: Nuclear Weapons and Arms Buildup in Eastern Asia,” U.S. News & World Report, volume 114, number 24, (21 June 1993), p. 41-5.
ABSTRACT: The balance of power in Eastern Asia is shifting rapidly, as several nations build up their nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals. North Korea backed down from its threat to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, but China is increasing military spending.
Cao, Hongxing. et al. “Climate Effects of Nuclear War in China,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, volume 5, (1993), p. 230-240.
ABSTRACT: By utilizing simulations of climatic response to nuclear smoke, which were made by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, climate change in China induced by a large-scale nuclear war is analyzed. Remarkable climate change in China following nuclear smoke injections is found. The surface air temperature decreases dramatically around all China, surface cooling is 13 degrees C averaging over whole China in July and maximum cooling is 23.4 degrees C, 3 degrees C cooling in January and maximum 8 degrees C for the 150 Tg smoke injection (equivalent to the base-line nuclear war). However, the change in temperature is heterogeneous, implying that the rise in temperature happens over some parts of China.
Hersh, Seymour M., “On the Nuclear Edge,” The New Yorker, 29 March 1993, p. 56-73.
ICT (International Campaign for Tibet), Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Waste on
the Tibetan Plateau
(Washington, D.C.: ICT, 1993).
1992
Fieldhouse, Richard, “China’s Role in Proliferation,“ Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 2, number 2 (Fall 1992), p. 537-557.
Hua Di, M. Granger Morgan, and Herbert Wulf, “The Arms Trade and Proliferation of Ballistic Missiles in China,” in PSIS (Program in Science and International Security), Proceedings (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1992), p. 1-17.
“NPC Decides to Join Nuclear Arms Pact,” Beijing Review volume 35, number 2, (13 Jan. 1992), p. 9-11.
Strauss, Marshall. “China the Next Great Proliferator,” Nuclear Times, volume 10, number 1, (Spring 1992), p. 20- 24.
ABSTRACT: China has been engaging in the profit-motivated proliferation of nuclear weapons while maintaining a facade of cooperation with international efforts to control nuclear arms. China has also developed a military-industrial complex for the export of arms. The children of China’s communist rulers control this operation and a large part of the profits are kept outside the country, presumably in preparation for an escape to another country. The US should support pro-democracy elements in China to end the abuse by China’s elite and stop its role in arms proliferation.
Zhao, Xiaowei. “The Threat of a New Arms Race Dominates Asian Geopolitics,” Global Affairs, volume 7, (Summer 1992), p. 29-40.
ABSTRACT: Impact of Chinese military policy and arms sales, focusing on proliferation of nuclear and missile technology. Assistance to North Korea and exports to South and Southwest Asia.
1991
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Bending Rules: Industrialized Countries Question China’s Cooperation With Developing Countries on Nuclear Projects,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 151, number 20, (16 May 1991), p. 15.
Nelan, Bruce W. “For Sale: Tools of Destruction,” Time, volume 137, number 16, (22 April 1991), p. 44.
Nuclear Sales to India and Pakistan
2003
Jain, Sushil Kumar, "Power Cycle Analysis of India, China, and Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics," International Political Science Review, 24, no. 1 (2003), pp. 113-122.
2002
Hagerty, Devin, "China and Pakistan: Strains in the Relationship," Current History, 101 (September, 2002), pp. 284-289.
1996
Doherty, Carroll J. “Business Stakes are High in Sanctions Debate; Administration and Some Lawmakers Want to Avoid Cutting Off Loans for Beijing Over Nuclear Issue,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, volume 54, number 13, (30 March 1996), p. 891-3.
ABSTRACT: China’s alleged sale of nuclear-related equipment to Pakistan jeopardizes $10 billion in loans and other financing awaiting approval by the Import- Export Bank, the chief US guarantor of credit for overseas sales. A 1994 nuclear non-proliferation law requires President Clinton to cut off the credit, and frantic efforts by administration officials have uncovered no alternatives. The dispute merely presages debates congressional debates in the summer of 1996 over China’s trade status.
Holloway, Nigel and Ahmed Rashid. “Sparks For Tinder: Reports that China Exported Nuclear Technology to Pakistan have Strained an Already Tense Sino-U.S. Relationship,” Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 159, number 8, (22 Feb. 1996), p.14-7.
ABSTRACT: Reports that China provided nuclear aid to Pakistan have created tension between the US and China and may indirectly threaten the tenuous peace between China and Taiwan. The foreign ministers from China and Pakistan deny the reports that China provided machinery for concentrating uranium to Pakistan. If the reports are confirmed, the Clinton administration could levy strict economic sanctions against China for violating the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Such sanctions, however, could jeopardize the US’s attempts to discourage China from attacking Taiwan.
Medeiros, Evan S. “U.S. Considers Sanctions on China for Weapons, Technology Transfers,” Arms Control Today, volume 26, number 1, (Feb. 1996), p. 21-3.
ABSTRACT: US intelligence sources revealed in Feb 1996, that China sold 5,000 ring magnets to Pakistan, which could be a violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The ring magnets are used to produce highly- enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. The Clinton administration is weighing the possibility of imposing economic sanctions on China and Pakistan, but is trying to balance the advantages of sanctions against US business interests in China. China has also been accused of selling C-802 cruise missiles to Iran, a violation of a 1992 pact.
“Row Over? America, China and Pakistan,” The Economist, volume 339, number 7966, (18 May 1996), p. 37-9.
ABSTRACT: The US dropped plans to boycott of Export-Import Bank loans to China after an official proclamation that China will no longer aid any un-safeguarded nuclear facility. The US had protested the delivery of Chinese ring magnets to Pakistan, which were suspected of being for nuclear-fuels production.
“U.S. Halts Funding Over China Nuclear Sales,” Facts on File, volume 56, number 2882, (29 Feb 1996), p. 115.
ABSTRACT: Sale of nuclear technology by China to Pakistan causes the Export-Import Bank to delay loan processing for one month while sanctions are considered
1995
“China’s Broken Promises: The World Needs to make it Keep Them,” The Economist, volume 336, number 7922, (8 July 1995), p. 17-9.
ABSTRACT: China signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty in 1992, and vowed to abide by the
Missile-Technology Control Regime in 1994, but there is
some evidence the nation has not adhered to these agreements. It has violated
the test ban treaty and sold uranium to India.
McDonald, Hamish. “Nuclear Pay-Off: China to Supply Enriched Uranium to India,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 158, number 3, (19 Jan. 1995), p. 22.
ABSTRACT: The Jan 5, 1995, announcement of a transfer of nuclear fuel from China to India highlights the growing ties between the two nations following a 1993 high-level visit. The fuel will help power the Tarapur plant near Bombay, which operates under international auspices. Most of India’s plants use enriched uranium that can be reprocessed to make plutonium for atomic weapons, and are not subject to international controls. The transfer took place a few days before US Defense Secretary William Perry’s visit.
1992
Cheung, Tai Ming and Salamat Ali. “Nuclear Ambitions; Pakistan Deal Bolsters China’s Defense Industry,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 3, (13 Jan. 1992), p. 12.
1991
Chellaney, Brahma “South Asia’s Passage to Nuclear Power,” International Security, volume. 16, (Summer 1991), p. 43-72.
ABSTRACT: Potential impact on regional and global security of the acquisition of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan; analysis of conceptual approaches to nonproliferation. With particular reference to the existing nuclear arsenals of the Soviet Union and China.
1990
“One Crackdown Leads to Another: US Nuclear Technology Sanctions Against China,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 46, number 1, (Jan.-Feb. 1990), p. 3.
Nuclear Exports to Iran, Iraq, and Syria
1996
Timmerman, Kenneth R. “Does Iran Have the Bomb: Iran No Longer Pretends Not to Be Developing Nuclear Weapons; But New Information About Sales By Russia And China, and Much More, Suggests that the Mullah Regime is a Lot Closer than Anyone Thought,” American Spectator, volume 29, (Feb. 1996), p. 28-30.
ABSTRACT: Examines events and indicators of Iran’s nuclear weapons capability, since 1984.
1995
Medeiros, Evan S. “China, Russia Plan to Go Ahead With Nuclear Reactor Sales to Iran,” Arms Control Today, volume 25, number 4, (May 1995), p. 23.
ABSTRACT: The Clinton administration has failed to convince China and Russia to reconsider the sale of nuclear technology to Iran. Both countries refused to give in to the US government’s plea, despite being offered classified intelligence information showing Iran’s intention to use the technology to develop nuclear arms. However, China and Russia did promise to establish bilateral working-level groups to pursue negotiations with the US. Moreover, China has pledged that the nuclear reactors to be sold to Iran will be placed under UN Atomic Energy Agency.
1993
George, Alan. “No Hidden Agenda: Syria to Establish First Nuclear Reactor Imported From China,” The Middle East, number 229, (Dec. 1993), p.10.
ABSTRACT: Syria will install its first nuclear reactor imported from China, at a location 30 kilometers south east of Damascus by the end of 1994. The reactor is similar to Canada’s Slowpoke with a mass of 985 grams. Syria plans to use the nuclear installation for agricultural, geological and medical purposes. The Syrian Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1976. The dir-general is the US-trained physicist Assad Loutfi. Syria’s nuclear program is entirely pacific.
1992
“China Nuclear-Plant Pact Announced,” Facts on File, volume 52, number 2704, (17 Sept. 1992), p. 692-4.
1991
Cheung, Tai Ming and Salamat Ali. “Strategic Triangle: China Strengthens Relations With Iran And Pakistan,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 154, number 46, (14 Nov. 1991), p. 11-3.
“China Fuels Iraq’s Nuclear Power: China’s Sale of a Nuclear Power Plant to Iraq,” New Scientist, volume 131, number 1776, (6 July 1991), p.15.
China and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
2000
Scheinman, Lawrence, "Politics and pragmatism: the challenges for NPT 2000,"Arms Control Today, April 2000
1995
Du, Gengqi. “NPT Treaty at Crossroads: Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty,” Beijing Review volume 38, number 17, (24 April 1995), p. 19-22.
ABSTRACT: The Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty is up for renewal in 1995 and all but 15 UN members will meet between Apr 17 and May 22, 1995 to review the treaty. The treaty has resulted in preventing almost all horizontal proliferation and enhanced international security. However, because it has not controlled vertical proliferation, non-nuclear countries are critical of the treaty’s favoritism of nuclear countries.
Holloway, Nigel. “Trick or Treaty? That Depends on Whether You’ve Got the Bomb or Not: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 158, number 21, (25 May 1995), p.16-8.
ABSTRACT: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty conference in New York, which ended on May 12, 1995, resulted in a unanimous decision to indefinitely extend the Treaty though some of the 175 nations felt pressured into that position. China was one of the strong supporters of nuclear disarmament, gaining it credibility in the diplomatic circles, but its decision to test a nuclear device only three days later has undermined any gains. Many Asian nations, especially those without nuclear capabilities, felt universality suffered under the decision.
Mendelsohn, Jack and Dunbar Lockwood. “Article VI Activities of Britain, France and China,” Arms Control Today, volume 25, number 2, (March 1995), p. 12.
ABSTRACT: Britain, France and China, all signatory of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968, have made open announcements for negotiating a comprehensive test ban by 1996. Article VI of the treaty pledges good faith negotiation. Though the three countries have brought about considerable changes in their policy and are keeping a check on their nuclear activities, still it has been opined that the countries continue to modernize their nuclear forces.
1994
“Proper Priorities Needed for the NPT,” Nature, volume 368, number 6469, (24 March 1994), p. 275.
ABSTRACT: Sustaining the support of China for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is more important than forcing North Korea to accept an inspection team from the International Atomic Energy Agency to scrutinize its plutonium samples at the risk of a Chinese veto in the UN Security Council. The divided opinion of the signatories of NPT over North Korea’s attitudes toward outside interference in its national nuclear scenario runs the risk of a vertical split in the nuclear policemen of the world.
1993
Friedland, Jonathan. et al. “Knocking Heads. Japan Enters South Asian Nuclear Debate: India, Pakistan, China and the Non-Proliferation Treaty,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, number 15, (15 April 1993), p. 12.
ABSTRACT: Japan is wielding its economic aid to cajole India and Pakistan into accepting the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to draw China into multilateral talks on security in South Asia. Japan hopes that its large contributions to the region, which amounted to $1.6 billion in 1991, will ensure the success of this new initiative. The Japanese government would like to bring all three countries together to discuss security issues including the nuclear question.
1992
“China Accedes to Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,” Beijing Review volume 35, number 13, (30 March 1992), p. 16.
ABSTRACT: China has agreed to abide by the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. On Mar 9, 1992, Foreign Minister Qian Qichen turned over to British Prime Minister John Major China’s Instrument of Accession to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The US, UK and the former USSR are the other signatories to the treaty. The decision to abide by the treaty was agreed upon by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Dec 29, 1991. Provisions of the instrument are discussed.
Wolfsthal, Jon B. “China Nears NPT Membership, U.S. to Drop Missile Sanctions,” Arms Control Today, volume 22, number 1, (Jan.-Feb. 1992), p. 46.
ABSTRACT: China is expected to sign the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) before the end of Mar 1992. The country’s National People’s Congress agreed to comply with the NPT in a Dec 29, 1991 vote. With the signing of the treaty, China would be prevented from exporting nuclear weapons and weapons technology to non-NPT signatories. China has also agreed to conform with International Atomic Energy Agency regulations concerning nuclear technology exports. The US is reportedly preparing to lift sanctions against the country in exchange for Chinese compliance with the Missile Technology Control Regime.
B. Nuclear Testing and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
1997
Gerardi, Greg and Fisher, Richard, “China’s Missile
Tests Show More Muscle,” Jane’s Intelligence
Review, March 1997.
1996
“China Halts Nuclear Testing,” Beijing review, Volume 39, Number 34, p. 5, 1996.
Collina, Tom Zamora. “Crunch Time in Geneva: Final Negotiations for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Underway,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 52, number 3, (May-June 1996), p. 10-3.
ABSTRACT: Final negotiations will resume in May 1996 in Geneva, Switzerland, to complete the Comprehensive Test Ban treaty for its presentation to the United Nations in Sep 1996. China and India could hold up completion of the treaty because of goals each country has set.
Holloway, Nigel. “Bargaining Counter: U.S. Offers China a Nuclear Carrot,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 159, number 13, (28 March 1996), p. 20.
ABSTRACT: While the US bolsters Taiwan against China’s military exercises, officials of the two countries are meeting at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. US officials at the conference continue to lobby against China’s insistence on allowing ‘peaceful nuclear explosions,’ offering instead computer software to help model the explosions. The software could help China ensure the reliability of its nuclear weapons, without helping it to make more advanced ones. Backers of the effort, launched in Oct 1994, call it the lesser of two evils.
Horgan, John. “‘Peaceful’ Nuclear Explosions: China’s Interest in this Technology May Scuttle the Test-Ban Treaty,” Scientific American, volume 274, number 6, (June 1996), p.14-6.
ABSTRACT: China’s emerging interest in peaceful nuclear explosives (PNEs) could impede passage of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. China seeks an exclusion of PNEs for purposes such as diverting freshwater to the Gobi desert, but critics note that any nuclear explosion can provide useful information about nuclear weapons.
Norris, Robert S. and William M. Arkin. “Known Nuclear Tests Worldwide, 1945-1995,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 52, number 3, (May-June 1996), p. 61.
ABSTRACT: France decided to test six nuclear weapons in 1995 and 1996 despite widespread public opposition, and stated it would sign the comprehensive test ban once the testing was complete. China also tested nuclear weapons in 1995. Statistics about the number of nuclear weapons tests are listed.
“Nuclear Controls: Tightening,” The Economist, volume 339, number 7970, (15 June 1996), p. 40-2.
“Testing,” The Economist, volume 339, number 7970, (15 June 1996), p. 4.
ABSTRACT: China’s nuclear testing has been strongly criticized by Japan, which has adopted a resolution to combat the process, cancelled its financial aid to China and is reportedly planning to appeal for a United Nations resolution calling for the termination of all testing. Sino-Japanese relations are deteriorating due to the unnecessarily severe steps taken by Japan. Japan, which remained silent on the nuclear testing conducted by other countries, especially the United States, is reacting excessively towards China.
1995
“China Conducts Nuclear Tests: Japan Cuts Aid in Protest,” Facts on File, volume 55, number 2857, (31 August 1995), p. 632.
ABSTRACT: China announced Aug 17, 1995, that it had conducted an underground nuclear weapons test.
Goodwin, Irwin. “Despite Nuclear Tests By France and China, Prospects Rise for Comprehensive Test Ban,” Physics Today, volume 48, number 10, (Oct. 1995), p. 51-4.
ABSTRACT: Pres. Bill Clinton supported a ‘zero threshold’ nuclear test ban on Aug. 11, 1995. His decision has boosted the chances that the five global nuclear powers will end a long-running deadlock at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, Switzerland.
Johnson, Rebecca. “Rearranging Deck Chairs on the Titanic: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - CTBT – Undermined,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 51, number 5, (1995), p.11-3.
ABSTRACT: The breaking of the nuclear test moratorium by Jacques Chirac’s France with its planned testing in the S Pacific has seriously hampered the CTBT. The US has offered plans to increase the threshold for testing above the original four pounds. The concerns of non-nuclear countries are also discussed.
Ren, Xianfang. “Japan: Big Fuss Over Nuclear Tests,” Beijing Review volume 38, number 42, (16 Oct. 1995), p. 22.
ABSTRACT: Seismologists believe the test occurred around Lop Nor, Xinjiang. Japan cut off foreign aid to China on Aug 29,1995, in protest of the test. China says it will halt testing when a worldwide ban is imposed.
1994
“China Conducts Nuclear Test: October 1994 Underground Test in Lop Nor Despite Moratorium on Testing by Four Leading Nuclear Nations,” Facts on File, volume 54, number 2813, (27 Oct. 1994), p. 804-6.
Gupta, Vipin, “The Status of Chinese Nuclear Weapons
Testing,” Jane’s Intelligence Review,
January 1994.
Naeye, Robert. “China Calls: Seismic Waves from an Underground Nuclear Explosion in China Reveal the Earth’s Inner Structure,” Discover, volume 15, number 1, (Jan. 1994), p. 36.
ABSTRACT: An underground nuclear explosion in China in May 1992 sent seismic waves through the earth that revealed an anomaly on the border of the earth’s core and mantle. Measurements of a primary wave that had split in two indicated a rock-like structure 200 miles square and 80 miles deep.
Shen, Dingli. “Toward a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: A Chinese perspective,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 50, number 2, (March-April 1994), p. 51-5.
ABSTRACT: China has conducted far fewer nuclear weapons tests than other nuclear powers and will be reluctant to agree to a comprehensive test ban. The Chinese government supports nuclear nonproliferation and has repeatedly stated that it will never use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state.
1993
Brown, William. “Chinese Test Site Forced into Public View,” New Scientist, volume 140, number 1893, (2 Oct. 1993), p. 5.
ABSTRACT: Remote-sensing specialist at the Imperial College in London, UK, Vipin Gupta, has developed a system to trace underground nuclear testing sites. His partnership with the independent organization Veric has allowed this information to be released to the public. Gupta has pinpointed China’s main testing sites through the analysis of satellite pictures and the use of sysmatic instruments. All 38 of China’s tests have been undertaken at the Lop Nor site on the edge of the Taklimakan desert, which is 100,000 square kilometers. All tests since 1980 have been undertaken underground.
“China Airs Stand on Nuclear Testing,” Beijing Review, volume 36, No. 42, (18 Oct. 1993), p. 4.
ABSTRACT: The Chinese government has pledged its support for global nuclear disarmament although it has admitted to the possession of nuclear arsenals for self-defense. An underground nuclear test was performed on Oct 5, 1993, but the government insists that it will never initiate the use of nuclear arms or provoke other countries to use nuclear weapons. The Chinese government agreed with non-nuclear states that a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear arms testing is essential for stability and peace in the world.
“China Conducts Nuclear Test,” Facts on File, volume 53, number 2759, (14 Oct. 1993), p. 763-5.
ABSTRACT: China performed an underground nuclear weapons test in Western China on Oct 5, 1993, despite pleas by the US and other large nations to forgo the testing. None of the five countries with nuclear weapons capability have conducted nuclear testing since Sep 1992.
Collina, Tom Zamora. “China Bucks Ban With Bang,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 49, number10, (Dec. 1993), p. 3-5.
ABSTRACT: China conducted an underground nuclear test on Oct 5, 1993, in defiance of international pressure to adhere to a voluntary test ban until a comprehensive test ban treaty is in place. China’s action is not expected to provoke a resumption of testing by other countries.
Lockwood, Dunbar. “China’s Nuclear Test Prompts U.S., Others to Review Test Policies,” Arms Control Today, volume 23, number 9, (Nov. 1993), p. 20.
ABSTRACT: China’s nuclear test on Oct 4, 1993, will
seriously affect the comprehensive test ban treaty negotiations and make an
extension of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty difficult. The US and other
nuclear powers may end the moratorium on nuclear tests depending on security
perceptions. China has defended the nuclear test saying it had conducted the
least number of nuclear tests among the nuclear powers, which is correct
according to available statistics.
1992
“China’s Smoke Signal: Nuclear Warhead Detonated in Xinjiang Province as Part of a Military Testing Program,” Time, volume 139, number 22, (1 June 1992), p. 23.
“Large Nuclear Explosive Tested,” Facts on File, volume 52, number 2688, (28 May 1992), p. 398.
Strokan, Sergei. “Echo from the Chinese Bomb Blast: One-Megaton Nuclear Test Explosion in China,” Moscow News, volume 24, number 3531, (14 June 1992), p. 14.
ABSTRACT: China displays her nuclear power when a one-megaton nuclear test bomb goes off in a northwest desert. China disapproves of the way the new world is developing and may take up arms to defend Third World countries despite China’s commitment to nuclear disarmament. China’s refusal to disarm her standby missiles is viewed with concern by nearby Japan and India, prompting them to take measures for their security.
1991
Fieldhouse, Richard. “China’s Mixed Signals on Nuclear
Weapons,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 47, number 4, (May
1991), p. 37-43.
C. Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
2002
Debontride, Bernard, "Nuclear power - Ling Ao shows how it should be done - Recent experience in China has demonstrated how to build nuclear plants on, or even ahead of, schedule and well within budget," Modern power systems, 22, no. 8, (2002), p. 31 (4 pages).
2001
Naiyan, Wang, "The energy development and the environmental protection in
China," Fusion engineering and design, 54, no. 1, (2001), p. 135 (6
pages).
"The Military Potential of China's Commercial Technology," RAND Monographs/Books MR-1292-AF, 2001.
1995
“China’s Power Industry Reaches a New Level,” Beijing Review, volume 38, number 47, (20 Nov. 1995), p. 17-19.
ABSTRACT: The power industry of China is highly qualified in the fields of power grid construction, transmission lines and in the total installed capacity. The installation of units producing 200,000 kw has led to rapid economic and technical development. China’s power industry includes nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plants. Foreign investments are utilized in this industrial sector and domestic level generating units are being improved. Power grids are being constructed in all the urban and majority of the rural areas.
Jiang, Xinxiong. “Nuclear Power: Peaceful Use and International Cooperation,” Beijing Review, volume 38, number 50, (11 Dec 1995), p. 15-19.
ABSTRACT: China’s nuclear policy is geared towards the non-military applications of nuclear power. The country shares the goal of the international community to transfer military technology to industries. The Qinshan and Daya Bay nuclear power plants were constructed in the early 1980s primarily to provide electricity. China has established cooperative agreements with more than 10 countries for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
“Nuclear Industry Seeks Cooperation: Expansion of Nuclear Industry in China,” Beijing Review, volume 38, number 4, (23 Jan. 1995), p. 6.
ABSTRACT: Government officials in China opine that international cooperation and aid will contribute to the growth of its nuclear industry and power sector. Entering the global market will enable China to adopt advanced technology and attract investments from developed nuclear power sectors. China’s potential to construct low-capacity nuclear facilities will be useful to developing countries.
“Progress in Nuclear Physics: Discoveries of Chinese Nuclear Physicists,” Beijing Review, volume38, number 12, (20 March 1995), p. 29.
ABSTRACT: Chinese scientists at the China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, have made important discoveries in low-energy nuclear physics, nuclear structures and nuclear reacting mechanisms using the HI-13 tandem accelerator. Scientists have also developed new experimental techniques and equipment at the tandem accelerator.
1994
“Canadian Nuclear Reactors Bought by China,” Facts on File, volume 54, number 2816, (17 Nov. 1994), p. 865.
ABSTRACT: China’s purchase of two Candu nuclear reactors from Canada was one in a large trade mission undertaken by the two countries in Nov 1994. The Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd will supervise construction of the reactors, which are needed in China to meet energy needs.
1993
“Nuclear Plants to go to Iran, China: Russia Will Build Nuclear Power Plants in Iran and China,” Facts on File, volume 53, number 2728, (11 March 1993), p.164-66.
Zhang, Ping. “Experts Work for Peaceful Nuclear Use,” Beijing Review, volume 36, number 44, (1 Nov 1993), p. 6-9.
ABSTRACT: Scientists at Plasma Physics Institute in China developed the HT-7 Tokamak-type nuclear fusion controlled by supercondors. The nuclear fusion was a clean source of energy and is the fourth one, the other three being in Russia, France and Japan. The construction of the device was possible due to China’s progress to market economy.
Zheng, Zhipeng. “The Present and Future of China’s Particle Physics Research,” Science, volume 262, number 5132, (15 Oct. 1993), p. 368.
ABSTRACT: China has been involved in particle research since the field’s beginnings, and the country aims to make more contributions to the field in the future. Discoveries made at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider and the Beijing Spectrometer are also discussed.
1992
Goldstein, Carl. “The Nuclear Option: Nuclear Energy in China,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 23, (11 June 1992), p. 50-52.
ABSTRACT: Nuclear energy is a significant component in China’s energy plans because of the support given by Premier Li Peng. Despite international cutbacks in nuclear power generation due to growing doubts regarding its economic viability, China pushes on with nuclear energy development. Problems regarding radioactive wastes and decommissioning of decrepit plants have been put aside so that coal-powered energy can be complemented with nuclear power. Chinese energy officials justify this policy by pointing out the unreliability of coal supplies for existing coal-fired power plants.
Zhuo, Peirong and Jiang Hanzhen. “Building China’s First Nuclear Power Station: Qinshan Nuclear Power Station,” Beijing Review, volume 35, number 8, (24 Feb 1992), p. 35-39.
ABSTRACT: The Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first Chinese nuclear power plant, started electric power production on Nov 20, 1991. The Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Development Institute designed the plant, which is located along Hangzhou Bay for optimal safety. The plant was designed to withstand an intensity seven earthquake and a sea wall was constructed as protection against tsunamis. The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a 19-day inspection and certified that the plant conforms to its standards.
1991
“Development of China’s Nuclear Science,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 7-8, (18 Feb. 1991), p. 42-49.
Gallagher, Michael C. “Hong Kong Fears Chinese Chernobyl,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, volume 47, number 8, (Oct. 1991), p. 9-13.
ABSTRACT: Hong Kong is worried about the potential for a Chernobyl-type accident at the Daya Bay nuclear power station in Guangdong, China. However, China says it is taking all safety precautions to prevent such an event.
Han Guojian. “China - A Country of Nuclear Power,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 51, (23 Dec 1991), p. 16-20.
“Innovative Pressureless Nuclear Heating Reactor: Construction of Low Temperature Nuclear Reactor in Fuxin, China,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 46, (18 Nov. 1991), p. 45.
“Nuke Industry. Safety First: Control of Radiation Levels in Nuclear Installations in China,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 23, (10 June 1991), p. 9-11.
“Nuclear Reactor for Peaceful Use: Heavy-Water Reactor for Research Purposes for Algeria,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 19, (13 May 1991), p. 8.
“Sino-French Contract Signed: Fragem Co. of France to Design and Manufacture Nuclear Fuel Components for China’s Pressure Stacks,” Beijing Review volume 34, number 25, (24 June 1991), p. 42.
1990
Liu, Jianjun. “Nuclear Technology Boosts Agriculture: China’s Research and Application System for Nuclear Agronomy,” Beijing Review volume 33, number 38, (17 Sept. 1990), p. 28-31.
Yao, Jianguo. “International co-operation sought: for
construction of Chinese nuclear power plant,” Beijing Review volume
33, number 29, (16 July 1990), p. 43.
III. Arms Transfers
(Non-Nuclear Weapons)
A.
China's Arms Exports B.
China's Arms Imports
A. China's Arms Exports
1.
General Surveys 2.
Sale of Missiles to Pakistan 3.
Alleged Shipment of
Chemical Weapons to Iran
4.
Arms Export to Other Countries
1997
Paquette, Laure, “Arms Exports and Arms Control in Mainland China Manufacture and Trade of Major Weapons Systems, 1989-92,” Issues & Studies, Volume 33, Number 3, p. 69, 1997.
Wandi, Jiang. “Tighter Exprot Controls on Nuclear Exports,” Beijing Review, (1-7 Dec. 1997), p. 21-23.
1996
Kan, Shirley A. “Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis,” Congressional Research Service Report 96-767 F, Library of Congress, (13 Sept. 1996), p. 27-36.
Kan, Shirley A. “Chinese Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Background and Analysis,” Congressional Research Service Report 96-767 F, Library of Congress, (17 Oct. 1996), p. 4-5.
Kan, Shirley A. and Zachary Davis, "China," in Mitchell Reiss and Robert Litwak, (eds.) Nuclear Proliferation After the Cold War (Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994), p. 36-39.
1995
Eikenberry, Karl W., "Explaining and Influencing
Chinese Arms Transfers", McNair Paper, No. 36
(Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic
Studies, National Defense University, 1995).
Gronlund, Lisbeth, et al. “China and a Fissile Material Production Cut-off,” Survival volume 37, number 4, (Winter 1995-96), p. 147-50.
US Government Accounting Office. “Export Controls: Some Controls over Missile-related Technology Exports to China are Weak,” (Washington DC: GAO/NSIAD-95-82, April 1995).
1994
Englemann, Larry and Roy Rowan. “Boom Booming: Chinese Overseas Arms Businesses,” The New Republic, volume 210, number 23, (6 June 1994), p. 19.
ABSTRACT: China has enjoyed more than $13 billion in
arms sales since 1985, often clones of sophisticated weapons such as the Israeli
Python 3 ground-to-air missile. The sales undercut China-US relations by making
providing weaponry which fuel guerrilla and international conflicts.
1993
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Arms Reduction: The PLA’s Main Weapons Dealer Goes Civilian,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, number 41, (14 Oct. 1993), p. 68.
ABSTRACT: Poly Group Corp, the arms dealer for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), is shifting its goals to profit making in civilian sectors. The move comes as part of the PLA’s strategy to make up for declining purchasing power due to inflation. Poly has been renovated into an independent conglomerate corporation with interests in property development, shipping and Hong Kong trade. Xie Datong, executive director of Poly, defended its arms sales policies as strictly controlled.
Peng, Qingyuan. “China’s Stand on Arms Transfer,” Beijing Review volume 36, No. 18, (3 May 1993), p. 8-10.
ABSTRACT: China became signatory to the UN’s Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 and the Convention on Chemical Weapons in 1993. The country also supports the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks between the US and Russia. However, China believes that any move towards disarmament and arms control should take into consideration the sovereignty of each nation in protecting its national interests and security. Address delivered by Peng Qingyuan at the 89th Inter-Parliamentary Conference held in New Delhi in Apr 1993. This is a major turnaround for the Chinese to limit sales of conventional weapons.
Wolfsthal, Jon B. “New Reports of Missile Transfers Stir Debate on China’s MFN Status,” Arms Control Today, volume 23, number 5, (June 1993), p. 32-34.
ABSTRACT: Reports confirming China’s sale of M-11 missiles to Pakistan could jeopardize China’s Most Favored Nation (MFN) trading position and inhibit US trade with supplier companies according to the 1991 Defense Authorization Act. This act is directed against violators of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Congress has made repeated attempts to impose conditions on China’s MFN status though under present circumstances it could lead to China’s interference in America’s efforts to persuade North Korea not to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Zuckerman, Mortimer B. et al. “ ‘China’s Arms Sales are Very Limited’: A Conversation with Party Leader Jiang Zemin,” U.S. News & World Report, volume 114, number 10, (15 March 1993), p. 60-62.
ABSTRACT: Jiang believes that pressure applied against China to force changes in its human rights policy would be ineffective. Jiang discusses Chinese policy as it relates to a variety of topics including arms sales, the economy and trade with the US. Includes interview with China Institute for International Studies Chairman Xu Xin.
1992
Bitzinger, Richard A. “Arms To Go: Chinese Arms Sales to the Third World,” International Security, volume 17, (Fall 1992), p. 84-111.
ABSTRACT: Impact of sales on regional security developments and on Western security interests; prospects for modernization in light of the limits on domestic research and imported technology.
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Unguided Missile: China’s Arms Exports,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 5, (6 Feb. 1992), p. 42-44.
ABSTRACT: China’s defense industry relies mainly on arms-export firms to sell military wares to Third-World countries. With the reduced demand for conventional weaponry, China has began marketing satellite-delivery systems and nuclear technology to its foreign clients, possibly for military applications. International pressure is being brought upon China to regulate its foreign arms sales.
“Fighting Back: China,” The Economist, volume 322, number 7749, (7 March 1992), p. 36.
ABSTRACT: China ranks fifth as an arms merchant, behind the US, the Soviets and Germany. Is has only 10% of the market in the poorer countries however. China’s 3.2m-man army needs to be modernized. Hard currency from arms sales will enable China to do this.
Gill, Bates R. “Curbing Beijing’s Arms Sales,” Orbis, volume 36, (Summer 1992), p. 379-96.
ABSTRACT: Reviews developments since the 1950s and US efforts to check the arms outflow.
Hyer, Eric. “China’s Arms Merchants: Profits in Command,” The China Quarterly, number 132, (Dec. 1992), p. 1101-19.
ABSTRACT: China has increased its arms trade since its establishment as the People’s Republic of China, earning an annual income of US $2 billion. China exports its weapons to its neighboring countries and western powers. The Maoist government had allotted a substantial part of the budget for defense but Deng Xiaoping reduced this allotment in 1978, as a result of which the arms industry and the People’s Liberation Army incurred a loss. Foreign markets were sought to compensate for the loss and strengthen the domestic economy.
Kamal, Nazir. “China’s Arms Export Policy and Responses to Multilateral Restraints,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, volume 14, number 2, (Sept. 1992), p. 112-42.
ABSTRACT: China’s arms trade earnings were significantly boosted by the Iran-Iraq War. Consequently, the US and other western countries moved to limit China’s arms exports by coercing the latter to sign the two international accords, which limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons. China acceded to US pressures and reduced its arms exports to Third World nations. It feared that a confrontation with the US on arms shipments could jeopardize its earnings from the US-China trade. However, the stability of such arms restraints could be altered if China moves for greater economic liberalization.
“Over the Cliff: China’s Arms Sales Profits,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, volume 137, number 5, (3 August 1992), p. 19.
1991
Di, Jua and Zue Litai. “Beijing’s Defense Establishment: solving the Arms-export Enigma,” International Security, (Spring 1991).
Doherty, Carroll J. “Arms Sales Reports Stir Hill Critics: China’s Arms Sales Policy,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, volume 49, number 17, (27 April 1991), p. 1046.
Ellis, David. “China’s Eager Missile Merchants: China’s Sale of Weapons of Mass Destruction may Endanger Relations with the United States,” Time, volume 137, number 15, (15 April 1991), p. 17.
“Gun Diplomacy: China,” The Economist, volume 321, number 7730, (26 Oct. 1991), p. 40-42.
ABSTRACT: China has agreed with US, Soviet Union, France and Great Britain to limit arms sales.
Lawrence, Susan V. “Inside Beijing’s Arms Bazaar: Well-Connected Firms Compete for Customers,” U.S. News & World Report, volume 111, number 4, (22 July 1991), p. 36-39.
Lewis, John W. et al. “Beijing’s Defense Establishment: Solving the Arms-Export Enigma,” International Security, volume 15, number 4, (Spring 1991), p. 87-110.
“No Friend In Deed: China,” The Economist, volume 321, number 7732, (9 Nov. 1991), p. 36.
ABSTRACT: Secretary of State James A. Baker will visit China with hard words about China’s role as arms merchant to the world. A further charge that China sold enriched uranium to Iran has further heated the issue. China angrily compares its ‘insignificant’ sales to those of the US itself.
Rizvi, Gowner. “Has China Sold Out the Third World?” World Press Review, volume 38, number 12, (Dec. 1991), p. 12-4.
ABSTRACT: China has aligned itself with other major nations by signing the nuclear non-proliferation treaty much to the dismay of many in the Third World had seen to China as a means to acquire nuclear weapons.
Watson, Russell and Frank Jr. Gibney. “Merchants of Death: China’s Arms Sales,” Newsweek, volume 118, number 21, (18 Nov. 1991), p. 38-40.
ABSTRACT: China’s sales of weapons to Iran and other countries has become a source of friction with the US. Pres Bush is concerned that these arms sales will worsen instability in the Middle East. The US may retaliate if China does not restrain its weapons industry.
1990
Kan, Shirley, “China’s Arms Sales: Overview and Outlook
for the 1990s,” in U.S. Congress, Joint
Economic Committee, China’s Economic Dilemma.
1994
Englemann, Larry and Roy Rowan. “Boom Booming: Chinese Overseas Arms Businesses,” The New Republic, volume 210, number 23, (6 June 1994), p. 19.
ABSTRACT: China has enjoyed more than $13 billion in arms sales since 1985, often clones of sophisticated weapons such as the Israeli Python 3 ground-to-air missile. The sales undercut China-US relations by making providing weaponry which fuel guerrilla and international conflicts.
“U.S., China Resolves Missile-Sales Dispute,” Facts on File, volume 54, number 2812, (20 Oct. 1994), p. 768-770.
ABSTRACT: The US withdrew its restrictions on selling high-technology equipment to China on Oct 4, 1994, after China agreed to stop exporting medium-range missiles. The US had established the ban in Aug 1993, because it claimed China was supplying Pakistan with missiles.
1993
Borrus, Amy. “Getting Tough with China Could be Tough on the U.S.: Sanctions over Arms Sales to Pakistan Might Hurt Trade with Beijing,” Business Week, No. 3335, (6 Sept. 1993), p. 39-40.
ABSTRACT: US sanctions against China in response to China’s transfer of missile components to Pakistan may hurt up to $500 million in US exports and may cause China to sell even more arms. Cray Research Inc and AT&T are among the firms whose relations with China may be hurt.
Chanda, Nayan. “Red Rockets’ Glare: China’s Sale of Missiles to Pakistan and Alleged Shipment of Chemical Weapons to Iran Further Worsen an Already Strained Relationship with the US,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, (9 Sept. 1993), p.10-11.
ABSTRACT: Impact of US economic sanctions. US reaction to Chinese sale of M11 short-range tactical guided missiles to Pakistan in violation of nonproliferation agreement and interception of the Chinese freighter Yin He, believed by US intelligence to be carrying chemical munitions to Iran. Sino-American relations deteriorated due to US fears that China was increasing its sales of weapons to other countries. First came suspicions that a Chinese ship was illicitly transporting components for chemical weapons to Iran, followed by the supposed sale of Chinese M11 missile technology to Pakistan. The M11 sale prompted the US on Aug 26, 1993 to impose two-year sanctions on 10 Chinese aerospace companies. However, one sign that US-China relations may eventually improve is the American decision to allow China to join the Missile Technology Control Regime.
“China Protests Against US Sanctions,” Beijing Review volume 36, number 36, (6 Sept. 1993), p. 6-8.
ABSTRACT: China has denied the accusation that it had sold the M-11 missile to Pakistan and has claimed that the US decision to impose economic sanctions against China is baseless. The Chinese officials have tried to explain their commitment to the MTCR, but to no avail. The US has also banned the export of sensitive US technology to China for two years, which, according to Liu Huaqiu, the Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister, has created a breach in the Sino-US relations.
“Diplomacy Hit by Missile: China and America,” The Economist, volume 328, number 7826, (28 August 1993), p. 32-34.
ABSTRACT: US-China relations are again strained, three months after China’s most-favored nation status was renewed in May 1993. The US is upset about China’s sale of missile technology to Pakistan, the expulsion of labor activist Han Dongfang and China’s rising trade surplus with the US.
“Psst! Wanna Buy a Missile? U.S. Places Sanctions Against China in an Attempt to Block Arms Sales,” Newsweek, volume 122, number 10, (6 Sept. 1993), p. 28.
ABSTRACT: The sanctions imposed by the US on China, as a way to prevent international arms sales, will probably not work. The Chinese are not dependent on US exports and can easily obtain what they need in Europe. The sanctions may end up hurting US industry more than China’s.
Strokan, Sergei. “China Sold Missiles to Pakistan,” Moscow News, number 33, (13 August 1993), p. 6.
ABSTRACT: The CIA is investigating reports on China’s sale of M-11 ballistic missiles to Pakistan, which will develop its own missiles on acquiring knowledge on Chinese missile technology. If the deal goes through, the US will resort to strict action on China and Pakistan, although China, which is a part of the Missile Technology Control Regime, would not have violated any international commitments. China’s economic contacts with the US will be severed, leading to stagnation in its economic development.
“United States as Proliferation Policeman: US Penalizes China for Selling Arms to Pakistan,” Nature, volume 365, number 6441, (2 Sept. 1993), p. 1.
ABSTRACT: Pres Clinton has imposed economic sanctions on China for selling ballistic missile technology to Pakistan. The sanction includes a ban involving sales worth over $1 billion in terms of high technology products. Pres Clinton adopted this tough stance after the US intelligence agents uncovered evidence to prove that China had violated the Missile Technology Control Regime. The ban may cost American defense manufactures up to $500 million in sales and jobs.
Wolfsthal, Jon B. “Clinton Adjusts China Policy, May Narrow Sanctions,” Arms Control Today, volume 23, number 10, (Dec. 1993), p. 18.
ABSTRACT: The Clinton administration may reduce the sanctions imposed on China to improve bilateral relations. Continued sanctions can affect the US aerospace industry by denying it lucrative Chinese contracts. Consequently, China may receive the Cray supercomputers and two satellites which it wishes to buy from the US. The US is still doubtful of China’s commitment to the issue of nuclear nonproliferation and arms control and has sought China’s adherence to the Missile Technology Control Regime policies.
1992
“China’s Adherence to Missile Control Guidelines,” US Department of State Dispatch, volume 3, number 10, (9 March 1992), p. 189.
ABSTRACT: The US recognizes China’s acceptance of the guidelines set forth by the Missile Technology Control Regime, and will remove sanctions imposed on China after two companies transferred missile technologies in violation of the agreement.
Alleged Shipment of Chemical Weapons to Iran
1993
Chanda, Nayan. “Drifting Apart: A Row Over a Chinese Ship the US Claims is Carrying Banned Chemicals to Iran Highlights the Deteriorating Ties Between the Two Countries as Their National Priorities Diverge,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, (26 Aug. 1993), p. 10-11.
ABSTRACT: US Navy interception of Chinese freighter, allegedly carrying ingredients for making mustard and nerve gases, in the Strait of Hormuz. Implications of the Yin He incident for US efforts to halt proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and China’s efforts to increase arms sales to the Middle East.
Chanda, Nayan. “Red Rockets’ Glare: China’s Sale of Missiles to Pakistan and Alleged Shipment of Chemical Weapons to Iran Further Worsen an Already Strained Relationship with the US,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, (9 Sept. 1993), p. 10-11.
ABSTRACT: Impact of US economic sanctions. US reaction to Chinese sale of M-11 short-range tactical guided missiles to Pakistan in violation of nonproliferation agreement and interception of the Chinese freighter Yin He, believed by US intelligence to be carrying chemical munitions to Iran.
Eckerman, Celes. “Inspection of Chinese Cargo Ship Yields No Evidence of Chemicals,” Arms Control Today, volume 23, No. 8, (Oct. 1993), p. 19.
ABSTRACT: The Chinese ship, Yui He, did not carry chemical weapon components to Iran as was suspected earlier. The ship was inspected at the Saudi Arabian port of Dhamman by Saudi and Chinese officials, who cleared it of the charge. The ship was allegedly carrying thiodiglycol and thionyl chloride, used in the production of mustard and nerve gas. The US claimed to have had evidence that the ship was bound for Iran with the chemicals and desired to inspect it or block its entry into Iranian ports.
Liu Yegang. “Chinese Cargo Ship ‘Yinhe’ Cleared of Suspicion,” Beijing Review volume 36, number 38, (20 Sept. 1993), p. 19-21.
ABSTRACT: An inspection carried out by Chinese and Saudi Arabian officials with a US technical advisor, confirmed that the Chinese cargo ship, ‘Yinhe’ was not carrying the banned chemicals thiodiglycol and thionyl chloride. The US alleged that its intelligence indicated that the ship was carrying the chemicals prohibited by the Chemical Weapons Convention, of which China is a signatory. The mistake prevented the ‘Yinhe’ from delivering its goods on time and caused it to run out of fuel and water.
Yue, Tiao. “US Breaches International Law on the ‘Yinhe’ Incident,” Beijing Review volume 36, number 38, (20 Sept. 1993), p. 12-14.
ABSTRACT: The US mistakenly accused a Chinese cargo ship, the ‘Yinhe’, of carrying the chemicals thiodiglycol and thionyl, which are used to make weapons. A joint Saudi-Chinese inspection group proved this to be false in Saudi Arabia, but the ship had already been prevented from carrying out its business. The Chinese government has always obeyed international conventions and the accusation has damaged the US’s relations with China.
Arms Exports to other Countries
2003
"PENALIZING BEIJING - The Bush administration is accelerating sanctions against Chinese companies over arms proliferation," Far Eastern economic review, 166, no. 44, (2003), p. 32 (2 pages).
1993
Lintner, Bertil. “Arms for Eyes: Military Sales Raise China’s Profile in Bay of Bengal: China’s Sales to Burma,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, number 50, (16 Dec. 1993), p. 26.
ABSTRACT: Chinese sales of military equipment to Burma and cooperation with Burma’s army, navy and air force are causing alarm among countries with an interest in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea portions of the Indian Ocean. India, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan are particularly concerned about Sino-Burmese naval activity in the region. Chinese leaders, evidently believing in Burma’s strategic value due to its position between India and Southeast Asia, have provided the Burmese junta with modern tanks, warplanes, warships and new naval facilities.
Navias, Martin. “Proliferation in the Middle East and the North Asian Connection,” Arms Control, (London) volume 14, (Dec. 1993), p. 287-310.
ABSTRACT: Examines trade in non-conventional weapons and ballistic missiles by China and North Korea; some focus on sales to Iran during its war with Iraq, 1980-88.
1991
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Missile Refrain: US Pressures China on Missile Sales to the Middle East,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 152, number 26, (27 June 1991), p. 12-14.
Gill, R. Bates. “China Looks to Thailand: Exporting Arms, Exporting Influence,” Asian Survey, volume 31, number 6, (June 1991), p. 526-540.
CAPTIONS: PRC Arms Transfers to Thailand, 1985-90, by year of order. (table); Values of exports of major weapons by China, 1985-89. (table)
1990
Lintner, Bertil. “Lock and Load: Chinese Arms Supply to Burma Indicates the Ruling Government is Determined to Stay in Power,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 149, number 37, (13 Sept. 1990), p. 28.
“Who, Us? Chinese Ammunition in Iraq,” The Economist, volume 317, number 7675, (6 Oct. 1990), p. 38.
B.
China's Arms Imports
1.
General Surveys 2. Arms
Acquisition from Russia 3.
Import of Weapons from Israel
4.
High-Tech Transfers from
the United States
2002
"CHINA - PAYING FOR A BIG STICK - The People's Liberation Army is the world's No. I arms buyer and isn't shy about its growing power, prompting some concern in foreign capitals . Plus: Beijing is a key market for Russia and Israel," Far Eastern economic review. 165, no. 3, (2002), pp. 30 (6 pages).
2001
Ahrari, Ehsan, " Iran, China and Russia: The Emerging Anti-US Nexus?" Security Dialogue, 32, no. 4 (2001), pp. 453-466.
1996
Proteous, Holly. “China’s View of Strategic Weapons,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, volume 8, number 3, (1 March 1996), p. 134.
1995
Gill, Bates, and Taecho Kim, China’s Arms Acquisitions from Abroad: A Quest for “Superb and Secret Weapons,” SIPRI Research report no. 11 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Gill, Bates. “Determinants and Directions for Chinese Weapons Imports,” Pacific Review, volume 8, (2 Nov. 1995), p. 359-82.
ABSTRACT: Considers domestic and international factors shaping Chinese arms import policies, and the type of foreign arms imports likely to result from those policies.
1993
Rosenberg, Eric, “China’s weapons Buying Spree Is on the Upswing,” Defense Week, 24 May 1993, p. 2.
2003
"Russia-China Defence Technology Cooperation and her Emerging Military
Capability,"Asian defence journal, no. Jul/Aug, (2003), pp. 4-5.
Donaldson, Robert H., and John A. Donaldson, "The Arms Trade in Russian-Chinese Relations: Identity, Domestic Politics, and Geopolitical Positioning," International Studies Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2003), pp. 709-732.
1994
Urusov, Mikhail. “Russia is Arming China,” Moscow News, No. 40, (7 Oct. 1994), p. 8.
ABSTRACT: China is the largest recipient of Russian military hardware, with estimated purchases, inclusive of technology transfers, of $5 billion for 1994. There are about 1,000 Russian military technicians working in China to help enhance its rocket and nuclear technology. China is likely to maintain its military supply relationship with Russia despite opposition from the US since Russian arms are between two and two-and-a-half times cheaper and sometimes qualitatively better than US weapons.
1993
Cheung, Tai Ming. “China’s Buying Spree: Russia Gears Up to Upgrade Peking’s Weaponry,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, number 27, (8 July 1993), p. 24-26.
ABSTRACT: Russia’s arms sales to China have increased greatly since the two countries restored military ties in 1990. Russian Pres Boris Yeltsin reported that China purchased $1.8 billion in weapons in 1992. Weapons acquired have included 26 Su27 jet fighters, a large number of S300 air-defense missile systems and two to four Kilo-class conventional submarines. China’s acquisition of the fighters is worrisome to its neighbors, especially Taiwan, who fear that China’s air power is now superior. Russia promises that its weapons sales will not upset the Asian-Pacific balance of power.
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Sukhois, Sams, Subs: China Steps Up Arms Purchases from Russia,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 156, number 14, (8 April 1993), p. 23.
ABSTRACT: China has raised the level of weapons acquisitions from Russia in 1993. The Chinese military budget gained 13.5%, and improvements in naval and air forces are being funded. S300 missiles have been bought, for surface-to-air defense. Talks are also underway to spend about $1.5-2 billion on Kilo submarines and 26 Sukhoi Su27 jet fighters.
Karpov, Mikhail. “A Stable and Prosperous China is in Russia’s Interests: Russia to Increase Military Assistance to China,” The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, volume 44, number 49, (6 Jan. 1993), p. 20-22.
ABSTRACT: Russia believes that increasing military assistance to China will boost natural commercial gain for the country even as Russian officials predicted that Sino-Russian trade might reach $5 billion in 1993. Meanwhile, Russia has sought to assuage the international community regarding a possible breakout of military conflict when it reiterated that any military assistance to be undertaken would not upset the existing balance of forces in the Asia-Pacific region.
Yu, Bin. “Sino-Russian Military Relations: Implications for Asian-Pacific Security,” Asian Survey, volume 33, number 3, (March 1993), p. 302-317.
ABSTRACT: An analytical study is presented that attempts to discuss Sino-Russian military ties for the 1990s. Since late 1990, both countries have undertaken major transactions of various types of military equipment. Observers believe that the arms sale will not pose an immediate threat to countries in Northeast Asia, which are well equipped with advanced military hardware. In Southeast Asia, however, many countries fear the possibility of heightened political and military instability if increased military assistance continues within the Asia-Pacific region.
1992
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Arm in Arm: Warming Sino-Russian Military Ties Worry US,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 45, (12 Nov. 1992), p. 28.
ABSTRACT: America is worried that the broadening of Sino-Russian military relations will significantly affect the balance of power in the region. The US is especially concerned that Russia is aiding Chinese nuclear, missile and space strategies and is strengthening arms trade through intelligence exchanges. These exchanges may go against international non-proliferation treaties. China, in addition, may give the technology to other countries.
Cheung, Tai Ming. “Loaded Weapons: China on Arms Buying Spree in Former Soviet Union,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 35, (3 Sept. 1992), p. 21.
ABSTRACT: China is updating its obsolete arms arsenal by buying advanced weaponry from the former Soviet Union. These weapons have the added advantage of being cheap. Additionally, the Russians are willing to accept barter as a system of payment for these weapons. An aircraft carrier, aircraft, radar systems and armored vehicles are just some of the advanced weapons being sought by China. Furthermore, the Russians are willing to help the Chinese in improving their arms industry.
Fulghum, David A. “Chinese Coveting Offensive Triad,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, volume 137, number 12, (21 Sept. 1992), p. 20-22.
ABSTRACT: China is developing a long-range ballistic missile and is planning to acquire modern fighter planes from Russia and a Ukrainian aircraft carrier. The collective arsenal will help China to assert its claim of possession on the Spratly Islands.
Greenwood, Gavin. “Carried Away: Western Reactions to China’s Acquisition of Carrier Force,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 155, number 27, (9 July 1992), p. 8-10.
ABSTRACT: The alleged plan of China to build an aircraft carrier should not worry Western politicians and policymakers. The plan, if hatched, would take years to carry out. Furthermore, there is intense and prevalent opposition from Taiwan and other Asian nations to such a plan. It is contended that even if the plan were to push through, the carrier would be an unnecessary expense on the part of China because its neighbors possess adequate anti-ship weapons and the potential arena of naval conflict, the South China Sea, is replete with reefs that are the nemesis of ships.
“Russian Arms Sales to China Reported,” Facts on File, volume 52, number 2714, (26 Nov. 1992), p. 897.
1990
Cheung, Tai Ming. “A Sale is in the Air: China Poised to Buy Soviet Fighters,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 149, No. 36, (6 Sept. 1990), p. 20-21.
2002
"Phalcon Reverberations - Eighteen months after Israel terminates its Phalcon aircraft contract with Beijing, experts estimate China has suffered a three-year modernization setback," Defense news, 17, no. 7, (2002), p. 4 (2 pages).
2000
"Israel - Supplicant and benefactor reverse roles as the US appeals to Israel to reconsider arms sales to China," Middle East international, no. 623, (2000), p. 6 (2 pages).
1995
Trofimov, Yaroslav. “Softly, Softly: Discreet Israeli Weapons Sales Flourish in Asia,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 158, (19 Jan. 1995), p. 26-7.
ABSTRACT: Emphasis on technology and munitions exports to China and Southeast Asia. “Invisible” Israeli upgrades to US, Soviet, or European aircraft, warships, tanks, and supply of low-visibility arms, including missiles and missile guidance systems, electronic equipment, avionics, patrol boats, and Uzi submachine guns.
1993
Nelan, Bruce W. “Israel’s Secret Weapon,” Time, volume 142, number 17, (25 Oct. 1993), p. 42-44.
ABSTRACT: Billionaire arms merchant Shoul Eisenberg has managed Israeli military sales to China that may have totaled several billion dollars. Eisenberg may have been given the exclusive rights to negotiate with China on behalf of Israel by former Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
“Rabin Defends China Arms Sales,” Facts on File, volume 53, number 2764, (18 Nov. 1993), p. 869-871.
ABSTRACT: Israeli Prime Minister Rabin believes that Israel did not violate US restrictions on re-exporting US military technology when it sold arms to China. He believes that US grants worth $3 billion are not in danger as a result of Israel’s actions.
1992
Feinstein, Lee. “Audit Criticizes Oversight of Arms Transfers to Israel,” Arms Control Today, volume 22, number 3, (April 1992), p. 14-16.
ABSTRACT: The State Department’s inspector general released a report stating that the department consistently ignored laws prohibiting transfers of US weapons to third countries. The report stated that Israel, a major recipient of US arms, has continually made unauthorized transfers of weapons since 1983. The report came after unconfirmed allegations that Israel had given China technical data on the US patriot missile system.
Morrocco, John D. “U.S. Probes Alleged Israeli Violations of Technology Transfer Regulations,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, volume 136, number 12, (23 March 1992), p. 22-24.
ABSTRACT: Allegations that Israel violated technology transfer regulations by shipping Patriot missile technology to China will be investigated by a US fact-finding team in a visit to Israel. Rumors of secret deals between Israel and China have circulated since the early 1980s.
“U.S. Ends Probe on Missile Transfers: Missile Transfers from Israel to China,” Facts on File, volume 52, number 2682, (16 April 1992), p. 277-9.
ABSTRACT: The State Department reported that it found no evidence of transfers of antimissile systems or military technology from Israel to China. The State Department did accuse Israel of unauthorized sales of US weapons to Third World countries.
High-Tech Transfers from the United States
2001
Qingmin, Zhang, "US 'Dual Track' Policy: arms sales and technology transfer to China mainland and Taiwan," Journal of Contemporary China, 10, no. 26 (2001), pp. 89-105.
1996
Gilley, Bruce and Nigel Holloway. “After the Fact: Pentagon to Probe Hi-Tech Transfer to China,” The Far Eastern Economic Review, volume 159, number 5, (1 Feb. 1996), p. 15-17.
ABSTRACT: The US Defense Department will conduct an investigation to assess whether the telecommunications technology transferred from the American company SCM to the Chinese company Hua Mei Communications will be used by the People’s Liberation Army. The transfer may have involved John Lewis, who has worked for SCM and has ties to the Pentagon, which has authority over such transfers. Lewis may have a conflict of interest due to his involvement in Pentagon affairs and his possible involvement in telecommunications companies in China.
Gilley, Bruce. “Peace Dividend: In the Name of Defense Conversion, Some Well-Connected American Businessmen have Transferred State-Of-The Art Communications Technology to a Company Half-Owned by the Chinese Army, Alarming Some U.S. Of