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Arms Control, Disarmament, Defense and Security Issues of China
A Selected Bibliography
Volume 2
Journal Literature
1990-1996
Complied by Xiaodong Li
ACDIS Library
Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
June . 1996
Contents
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
| "China:
arms control and disarmament." Beijing Review, v38, n48,
p10(16) Nov 27, 1995 ABSTRACT: China's arms control and disarmament operations and modernization programme promotes peace and development of mankind. A balanced national defence is to be maintained without the increase of weapons of mass destruction. The People's Liberation Army of China has decreased the military personnel by one million. Defence technology in China is applied toward national economic development and production of arms within limits. China supports the global policies and agreements on arms control and disarmament.
|
| Garrett,
Banning N. and Bonnie S. Glaser "Chinese perspectives on nuclear arms
control." International Security 20:43-78 Winter 1995/1996 ABSTRACT: Explores the thinking behind China's official positions on arms control issues, particularly views on interdependence versus self-help in security matters; based on interviews with Chinese military and civilian analysts and officials. Includes views on the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty (CTBT), no-first-use of nuclear weapons pledges, and five-power arms reduction talks.
|
| Johnston,
Alastair Iain "China's new 'old thinking': the concept of limited
deterrence." International Security, v20, , p5(38) Winter, 1995/1996 ABSTRACT: Chinese nuclear arms policy remains focused on the preservation of territorial integrity and foreign policy autonomy, defense of Communist political power and growth of 'major power' status. However, China is leaning towards a new concept of 'limited deterrence.' Unfortunately, the country does not yet have the necessary operational capabilities to implement the concept.
|
| "China
calls for a nukes-free world." (China favors nuclear disarmament)
Beijing Review, v37, n45, p4(1) Nov 7, 1994 ABSTRACT: Hou Zhitong, China's Ambassador for Disarmament Affairs, stated at the UN General Assembly on Oct 21, 1994, that China supports the steps taken by the international community for nuclear disarmament and the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. Hou favors the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. He asserted that China will not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states.
|
| Godwin, Paul
H. B.; Schulz, John J. "China and arms control: transition in East Asia."
Arms Control Today 24:7-11 N 1994 ABSTRACT: China's half-hearted participation in the arms control measures in the post-Cold War world economy and efficient indigenous defense establishment can be related to its experiences in the century of humiliation, marked by unequal treaties and oppression by hostile powers. China has established friendly relations with all countries, though its policy of pretending to be a strong military power while not having the potential has resulted in the negation of its friendly foreign policy as other countries become wary of its military power. It has stated its reluctance to participate in global arms control and has clearly proved this attitude in its dealing with the ASEAN Regional Forum.
|
| Olsen, Edward
A.; Winterford, David "Multilateral arms control regimes in Asia: prospects
and options." Asian Perspective 18:5-37 Spring/Summer 1994 ABSTRACT: Examines sources of post-cold war tensions in the region and the likely impact of multilateral regional arms control upon Asia-Pacific international relations. Some focus on Soviet cold war arms control proposals, China's role in Southeast Asia, Korean peninsula security, and US policies.
|
| Li, Daoyu
"Foreign policy and arms control: the view from China."
Arms Control Today, v23, n10, p9(3) Dec, 1993 ABSTRACT: China's limited nuclear weapons are only for self-defense and it is committed to nuclear non-proliferation. China's foreign policy is guided by principles of world peace and progress and is opposed to forming military and political power blocs. China also believes all weapons of mass destruction, nuclear, conventional, biological and chemical, ought to be eliminated. With the objective of achieving peace and stability in relations with its neighbors, China has held negotiations and signed various agreements with India and many republics of the former USSR.
|
| "China puts
forward proposal for nuke armament." Beijing Review, v35,
n45, p13(3) Nov 9, 1992 ABSTRACT: China abrogates the complete destruction of all nuclear weapons to promote and maintain world peace, security and development. It proposes an international agreement regarding the use of nuclear weapons, the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, the withdrawal of deployed nuclear weapons in other countries and a ban of the use of outer space studies to develop weapon systems. The Chinese government recognizes every country's right to take a stand on this issue. It also reiterates its commitment to promoting peace and security in the Asia Pacific region and in the world.
|
| "Arms talks
provide a useful forum." (arms control) Beijing Review,
v34, n26, p30(1) July 1, 1991
|
| Segal, Gerald
"A new order in northeast Asia." Arms Control Today 21:14-19 S '91 ABSTRACT: Current status of formal and informal arms control agreements among the Soviet Union, China, and the Koreas. |
|
Caldwell, John and Alexander T. Lennon "China's nuclear modernization
program."
Strategic Review 23:27-37 Fall 1995
ABSTRACT: Examines China's current and potential atomic weapons capabilities and military strategy; impact on regional and international security; implications for the US.
|
|
"Comprehensive engagement in U.S.-China relations." (Sec. of State
Warren Christopher, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen, Apr. 17, 1995)
US Department of State Dispatch, v6, n17, p354(2) April 24, 1995 ABSTRACT:For their mutual economic good, China and the US must maintain open markets. For greater national and international security, problems between the two nations such as policy on nuclear non-proliferation, must be negotiated.
|
|
Gronlund, Lisbeth; Wright, David; Liu, Yong "China and a fissile material
production cut-off." Survival, v37, n4, p147(21) Winter, 1995 ABSTRACT:The success of the convention on prohibition of fissile material production largely depends on China's participation. The production cut-off can become an important nuclear disarmament measure if China agrees to sign the treaty. China's decision will depend on its nuclear-weapons program and its security concerns regarding the weapons programs of other countries. The United States and Russia can encourage China's participation by keeping their stocks under international safeguards and reducing their nuclear weapons.
|
|
McLauchlan, Greg "Nuclear Politics on the Pacific Rim" Peace Review
1995, 7, 2, summer, 149-154. ABSTRACT: The contested terrain of nuclear politics on the Pacific Rim is examined. For the past fifty years, the Pacific Rim has been one of the world's most militarized regions. That legacy has produced a variety of nuclear politics postures among the many countries in the area. The US has exerted considerable pressure to extend the nuclear nonproliferation treaty while simultaneously expanding the targets of US nuclear forces, & has thus wasted a historic opportunity to push the world toward a nonnuclear future. North Korea has pursued nuclearization in the face of harsh US economic sanctions & has threatened to withdraw from the nonproliferation treaty. Strong pressure from China & Japan has forced the US to back off from its hardline stance, but tensions in the area remain. Japan, the only nation that has experienced nuclear attack, has renounced nuclear weapons & could be a strong regional force for nonproliferation, but many of the legal & institutional underpinnings of Japan's push toward nonnuclear peace have begun to wither away. The nuclear future of the region is in doubt. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
|
|
White, Gerard "Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. (Should the United
States Government Substantially Change Its Foreign Policy Toward the People'
Republic of China?)" Congressional Digest, v74, n8-9, p218(3)
August-Sept, 1995 ABSTRACT:The US should link its most favored nation agreement with China to nuclear proliferation issues to force the latter to desist from supplying nuclear weapons to developing countries. Through this policy, the US can prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and guarantee global peace.
|
|
"China proposes nuclear package." Beijing Review, v37, n41,
p29(4) Oct 10, 1994 ABSTRACT: Chinese vice-premier Qian Qichen's address at the 49th session of the United Nations General Assembly underlined the need for total destruction of nuclear weapons and stated the Chinese government's stand on nuclear, economic and social policies. He said that all countries possessing nuclear weapons must make an unconditional pledge not to initiate their use and not to threaten non-nuclear states. He also said that China was against protectionism and discrimination in international trade.
|
|
Holloway, Nigel "Goodwill proliferates: U.S. and China sign missile, nuclear
accords." Far Eastern Economic Review, v157, n42, p20(1) Oct 20, 1994 ABSTRACT: China and the US have signed accords on limiting nuclear proliferation and restricting the export of missiles. The nuclear agreement states that the two nations will work together to support a ban on 'the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons.' That statement may convince N Korea to be more accommodating. In the missile statement, China for the first time agreed to the accepted definition of a violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime, a topic that has caused the US to cut off some trade to it.
|
|
Hughes, David "U.S. study details nuclear weapons." (National Resources
Defense Council report on Great Britain, France and China) Aviation Week &
Space Technology, v140, n16, p43(1) April 18, 1994 ABSTRACT: An NRDC study of nuclear-weapons inventories and future plans in China, France and the UK was aimed at promoting openness in negotiating future treaties. One surprise was the level of US help France received in perfecting its weapons. Details of each country's programs are provided.
|
|
Lockwood, Dunbar "The status of U.S., Russian and Chinese nuclear forces in
Northeast Asia." Arms Control Today, v24, n9, p21(4) Nov, 1994 ABSTRACT: The nuclear strategies and the deployment of nuclear weapons by the US, Russia and China in Northeast Asia will play a major role in the arms control and stability of the region and influence the nuclear strategies of weaker nations. The US policy in East Asia has been marked by the withdrawal of tactical nuclear weapons and oldest strategic weapons from the region. Russia's forces have also reduced the bombers and dismantled land-based missiles. China, on the other hand, has built its nuclear forces but is not likely to start a nuclear conflict in the region.
|
|
"The U.S. and China: curbing missile and nuclear weapons proliferation."
(statements by Warren Christopher and Qian Qichen) (Transcript)
US Department of State Dispatch, v5, n42, p701(2) Oct 17, 1994 ABSTRACT: The United States and China are seeking to resolve differences over the Missile Technology Control Regime which covers the export of missiles. The two countries are also seeking to control the spread of fissionable nuclear materials.
|
|
Butler, Steven and Julie Corwin "Pacific thunderclaps." (nuclear weapons
and arms buildup in Eastern Asia; includes related article) U.S. News & World
Report, v114, n24, p41(4) June 21, 1993 ABSTRACT: The balance of power in Eastern Asia is shifting rapidly, as several nations build up their nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals. North Korea backed down from its threat to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, but China is increasing military spending.
|
|
Cao, Hongxing, ; Wang Yongzhong and Lin Yunmei "Climate effects of nuclear
war in China" Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) 1993. v 5(2)
pp 230-240.
ABSTRACT: By utilizing simulations of climatic response to nuclear smoke, which were made by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, climate change in China induced by a large-scale nuclear war is analysed. Remarkable climate change in China following nuclear smoke injections is found. The surface air temperature decreases dramatically around all China, surface cooling is 13 degreesC averaging over whole China in July and maximum cooling is 23.4 degreesC, 3 degreesC cooling in January and maximum 8 degreesC for the 150 Tg smoke injection (equivalent to the base-line nuclear war). However, the change in temperature is unhomogeneous, implying that the rise in temperature happens over some parts of China.
|
|
"NPC decides to join nuclear arms pact." (Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress) Beijing Review, v35, n2, p9(2) Jan 13,
1992
|
|
Strauss, Marshall "China the next great proliferator." Nuclear Times,
v10, n1, p20(4) Spring, 1992 ABSTRACT: China has been engaging in the profit-motivated proliferation of nuclear weapons while maintaining a facade of cooperation with international efforts to control nuclear arms. China has also developed a military-industrial complex for the export of arms. The children of China's communist rulers control this operation and a large part of the profits are kept outside the country, presumably in preparation for an escape to another country. The US should support pro-democracy elements in China to end the abuse by China's elite and stop its role in arms proliferation.
|
|
Zhao, Xiaowei "The threat of a new arms race dominates Asian geopolitics."
Global Affairs 7:29-40 Summer '92
ABSTRACT: Impact of Chinese military policy and arms sales, focusing on proliferation of nuclear and missile technology. Assistance to North Korea and exports to South and Southwest Asia.
|
|
Cheung, Tai Ming "Bending rules." (industrialized countries question
China's cooperation with developing countries on nuclear projects) Far
Eastern Economic Review, v151, n20, p15(1) May 16, 1991
|
|
Nelan, Bruce W. "For sale: tools of destruction. (China is marketing missiles
and nuclear technology to the redeveloping countries)" Time, v137,
n16, p44(1) April 22, 1991
|
| "Statement issued after the meeting of the five on arms transfers and non-proliferation. (U.S., China, France, Britain, and the U.S.S.R.)" US Department of State Dispatch, v2, n28, p508(1) July 15, 1991 |
b. Nuclear sales to Pakistan and India
| Doherty,
Carroll J. "Business stakes are high in sanctions debate; administration and
some lawmakers want to avoid cutting off loans for Beijing over nuclear issue."
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, v54, n13, p891(2) March 30, 1996
ABSTRACT: China's alleged sale of nuclear-related equipment to Pakistan jeopardizes $10 billion in loans and other financing awaiting approval by the Import- Export Bank, the chief US guarantor of credit for overseas sales. A 1994 nuclear non-proliferation law requires President Clinton to cut off the credit, and frantic efforts by administration officials have uncovered no alternatives. The dispute merely presages debates congressional debates in the summer of 1996 over China's trade status.
|
| Holloway,
Nigel; Rashid, Ahmed "Sparks for tinder: reports that China exported nuclear
technology to Pakistan have strained an already tense Sino-U.S. relationship. "
Far Eastern Economic Review, v159, n8, p14(3) Feb 22, 1996 ABSTRACT: Reports that China provided nuclear aid to Pakistan have created tension between the US and China and may indirectly threaten the tenuous peace between China and Taiwan. The foreign ministers from China and Pakistan deny the reports that China provided machinery for concentrating uranium to Pakistan. If the reports are confirmed, the Clinton administration could levy strict economic sanctions against China for violating the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Such sanctions, however, could jeopardize the US's attempts to discourage China from attacking Taiwan. |
| Medeiros, Evan
S. "U.S. considers sanctions on China for weapons, technology transfers."
Arms Control Today, v26, n1, p21(2) Feb, 1996 ABSTRACT: US intelligence sources revealed in Feb 1996, that China sold 5,000 ring magnets to Pakistan which could be a violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The ring magnets are used to produce highly-enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. The Clinton administration is weighing the possibility of imposing economic sanctions on China and Pakistan, but is trying to balance the advantages of sanctions against US business interests in China. China has also been accused of selling C-802 cruise missiles to Iran, a violation of a 1992 pact.
|
| "Row over?
American, China and Pakistan." The Economist, v339, n7966,
p37(2) May 18, 1996 ABSTRACT: The US dropped plans to boycott of Export-Import Bank loans to China after an official proclamation that China will no longer aid any unsafeguarded nuclear facility. The US had protested the delivery of Chinese ring magnets to Pakistan, which were suspected of being for nuclear-fuels production.
|
| "U.S. halts
funding over China nuclear sales."Facts on File, v56,
n2882, p115(1) Feb 29, 1996
ABSTRACT: Sale of nuclear technology by China to Pakistan causes the Export-Import Bank to delay loan processing for one month while sanctions are considered
|
| "China's
broken promises: the world needs to make it keep them." The
Economist, v336, n7922, p17(2) July 8, 1995 ABSTRACT: China signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992, and vowed to abide by the Missile-Technology Control Regime in 1994, but there is some evidence the nation has not adhered to these agreements. It has violated the test ban treaty and sold uranium to India.
|
| McDonald,
Hamish "Nuclear pay-off: China to supply enriched Uranium to India."
Far Eastern Economic Review, v158, n3, p22(1) Jan 19, 1995 ABSTRACT: The Jan 5, 1995, announcement of a transfer of nuclear fuel from China to India highlights the growing ties between the two nations following a 1993 high-level visit. The fuel will help power the Tarapur plant near Bombay, which operates under international auspices. Most of India's plants use unenriched uranium that can be reprocessed to make plutonium for atomic weapons, and are not subject to international controls. The transfer took place a few days before US Defense Secretary William Perry's visit.
|
| Cheung, Tai
Ming and Salamat Ali "Nuclear ambitions; Pakistan deal bolsters China's
defence industry." Far Eastern Economic Review, v155, n3, p12(1) Jan
23, 1992
|
| Chellaney,
Brahma "South Asia's passage to nuclear power." International Security
16:43-72 Summer '91 ABSTRACT: Potential impact on regional and global security of the acquisition of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan; analysis of conceptual approaches to nonproliferation. With particular reference on the existing nuclear arsenals of the Soviet Union and China.
|
| "One crackdown leads to another." (US nuclear technology sanctions against China) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v46, n1, p3(1) Jan-Feb, 1990 |
c. Nuclear export to Iran, Iraq, and Syria
| Timmerman,
Kenneth R. "Does Iran have the bomb?" (Iran no longer pretends not to be
developing nuclear weapons; but new information about sales by Russia and China,
and much more, suggests that the mullah regime is a lot closer than anyone
thought.) American Spectator 29:28-30+ F 1996 ABSTRACT:Examines events and indicators of Iran's nuclear weapons capability, since 1984.
|
| Medeiros, Evan
S. "China, Russia plan to go ahead with nuclear reactor sales to Iran."
Arms Control Today, v25, n4, p23(1) May, 1995 ABSTRACT: The Clinton administration has failed to convince China and Russia to reconsider the sale of nuclear technology to Iran. Both countries refused to give in to the US government's plea, despite being offered classified intelligence information showing Iran's intention to use the technology to develop nuclear arms. However, China and Russia did promise to establish bilateral working-level groups to pursue negotiations with the US. Moreover, China has pledged that the nuclear reactors to be sold to Iran will be placed under UN Atomic Energy Agency.
|
| George, Alan
"No hidden agenda." (Syria to establish first nuclear reactor imported from
China) The Middle East, n229, p10(1) Dec, 1993
ABSTRACT: Syria will install its first nuclear reactor imported from China, at a location 30 kilometres south east of Damascus by the end of 1994. The reactor is similar to Canada's Slowpoke with a mass of 985 grammes. Syria plans to use the nuclear installation for agricultural, geological and medical purposes. The Syrian Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1976. The dir-general is the US-trained physicist Assad Loutfi. Syria's nuclear programme is entirely pacific.
|
| "China
nuclear-plant pact announced." (Iran) Facts on File, v52,
n2704, p692(2) Sept 17, 1992
|
| Cheung, Tai
Ming and Salamat Ali "Strategic triangle."(China strengthens relations
with Iran and Pakistan) Far Eastern Economic Review, v154, n46, p11(2)
Nov 14, 1991
|
| "China
fuels Iraq's nuclear power."(China's sale of a nuclear power plant
to Iraq) New Scientist, v131, n1776, p15(1) July 6, 1991
|
d. China and NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)
|
Du, Gengqi "NPT Treaty at crossroads." (Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons Treaty) (includes related article on China's National Security
Assurances Statement) Beijing Review, v38, n17, p19(3) April 24, 1995
ABSTRACT: The Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty is up for renewal in 1995 and all but 15 UN members will meet between Apr 17 and May 22, 1995 to review the treaty. The treaty has resulted in preventing almost all horizontal proliferation and enhanced international security. However, because it has not controled vertical proliferation, non-nuclear countries are critical of the treaty's favoritism of nuclear countries.
|
|
Holloway, Nigel "Trick or treaty? That depends on whether you've got the bomb
or not." (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) Far Eastern Economic Review,
v158, n21, p16(2) May 25, 1995 ABSTRACT: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty conference in New York, which ended on May 12, 1995, resulted in an unanimous decision to indefinitely extend the Treaty though some of the 175 nations felt pressured into that position. China was one of the strong supporters of nuclear disarmament, gaining it credibility in the diplomatic circles, but its decision to test a nuclear device only three days later has undermined any gains. Many Asian nations, especially those without nuclear capabilities, felt universality suffered under the decision.
|
|
Mendelsohn, Jack and Dunbar Lockwood "Article VI activities of Britain,
France and China."(Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1968)
Arms Control Today, v25, n2, p12(1) March, 1995 ABSTRACT: Britain, France and China, all signatory of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968, have made open announcements for negotiating a comprehensive test ban by 1996. Article VI of the treaty pledges good faith negotiation. Though the three countries have brought about considerable changes in their policy and are keeping a check on their nuclear activities, still it has been opined that the countries continue to modernize their nuclear forces.
|
|
"Proper priorities needed for the NPT." (Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty) Nature, v368, n6469, p275(1) March 24, 1994 ABSTRACT: Sustaining the support of China for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is more important than forcing North Korea to accept an inspection team from the International Atomic Energy Agency to scrutinize its plutonium samples at the risk of a Chinese veto in the UN Security Council. The divided opinion of the signatories of NPT over North Korea's attitudes toward outside interference in its national nuclear scenario runs the risk of a vertical split in the nuclear policemen of the world.
|
|
Friedland, Jonathan; Hamish McDonald and Salamat Ali "Knocking heads: Japan
enters South Asian nuclear debate (India, Pakistan, China and the
Non-Proliferation Treaty) ." Far Eastern Economic Review, v156, n15,
p12(1) April 15, 1993 ABSTRACT: Japan is wielding its economic aid to cajole India and Pakistan into accepting the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to draw China into multilateral talks on security in South Asia. Japan hopes that its large contributions to the region, which amounted to $1.6 billion in 1991, will ensure the success of this new initiative. The Japanese government would like to bring all three countries together to discuss security issues including the nuclear question.
|
|
"China accedes to nuclear non-proliferation treaty." Beijing
Review, v35, n13, p16(1) March 30, 1992 ABSTRACT: China has agreed to abide by the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. On Mar 9, 1992, Foreign Minister Qian Qichen turned over to British Prime Minister John Major China's Instrument of Accession to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The US, UK and the former USSR are the other signatories to the treaty. The decision to abide by the treaty was agreed upon by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Dec 29, 1991. Provisions of the instrument are discussed. |
|
Kamal, Nazir "China's arms export policy and responses to multilateral
restraints." Contemporary Southeast Asia 14:112-41 S '92
ABSTRACT: Discusses China's arms sales and nuclear technology transfer to the Third World in the 1980s, and evaluates compliance with US nonproliferation objectives and UN rules of restraint in arms trade.
|
|
Wolfsthal, Jon B. "China nears NPT membership, U.S. to drop missile
sanctions."
Arms Control Today, v22, n1, p46(1) Jan-Feb, 1992 ABSTRACT: China is expected to sign the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) before the end of Mar 1992. The country's National People's Congress agreed to comply with the NPT in a Dec 29, 1991 vote. With the signing of the treaty, China would be prevented from exporting nuclear weapons and weapons technology to non-NPT signatories. China has also agreed to conform with International Atomic Energy Agency regulations concerning nuclear technology exports. The US is reportedly preparing to lift sanctions against the country in exchange for Chinese compliance with the Missile Technology Control Regime.
|
|
Rizvi, Gowner "Has China sold out the Third World?" World Press Review,
v38, n12, p12(2) Dec, 1991 ABSTRACT: China has aligned itself with other major nations by signing the nuclear non-proliferation treaty much to the dismay of many in the Third World had seen to China as a means to acquire nuclear weapons.
|
| Collina, Tom
Zamora "Crunch time in Geneva."(final negotiations for the Comprehensive
Test Ban treaty underway) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v52, n3,
p10(3) May-June, 1996 ABSTRACT:Final negotiations will resume in May 1996 in Geneva, Switzerland, to complete the Comprehensive Test Ban treaty for its presentation to the United Nations in Sep 1996. China and India could hold up completion of the treaty because of goals each country has set.
|
| Holloway,
Nigel "Bargaining counter: U.S. offers China a nuclear carrot."Far
Eastern Economic Review, v159, n13, p20(1) March 28, 1996 ABSTRACT:While the US bolsters Taiwan against China's military exercises, officials of the two countries are meeting at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. US officials at the conference continue to lobby against China's insistence on allowing 'peaceful nuclear explosions,' offering instead computer software to help model the explosions. The software could help China ensure the reliability of its nuclear weapons, without helping it to make more advanced ones. Backers of the effort, launched in Oct 1994, call it the lesser of two evils.
|
| Horgan, John
"'Peaceful'nuclear explosions: China's interest in this technology may scuttle
the test-ban treaty." Scientific American, v274, n6, p14(2) June,
1996 ABSTRACT:China's emerging interest in peaceful nuclear explosives (PNEs) could impede passage of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. China seeks an exclusion for PNEs for purposes such as diverting freshwater to the Gobi desert, but critics note that any nuclear explosion can provide useful information about nuclear weapons.
|
| Norris, Robert
S. and William M. Arkin "Known nuclear tests worldwide, 1945-1995."
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v52, n3, p61(3) May-June, 1996 ABSTRACT:France decided to test six nuclear weapons in 1995 and 1996 despite widespread public opposition, and stated it would sign the comprehensive test ban once the testing was complete. China also tested nuclear weapons in 1995. Statistics about the number of nuclear weapons tests are listed.
|
| "Nuclear
controls: tightening." The Economist, v339, n7970, p40(2)
June 15, 1996 ABSTRACT:Treaty calling for an end to nuclear testing is being constructed, but in the meantime China continues its underground tests, which threaten the negotiation of a ban.
|
| "Testing."
The Economist, v339, n7970, p4(1) June 15, 1996 ABSTRACT:Brief reports on Greenpeace ship protesting China's nuclear tests.
|
| "China
conducts nuclear tests: Japan cuts aid in protest."
Facts on File, v55, n2857, p632(1) August 31, 1995 ABSTRACT:China announced Aug 17, 1995, that it had conducted an underground nuclear weapons test. Seismologists believe the test occurred around Lop Nor, Xinjiang. Japan cut off foreign aid to China on Aug 29, 1995, in protest of the test. China says it will halt testing when a worldwide ban is imposed.
|
| Goodwin, Irwin
"Despite nuclear tests by France and China, prospects rise for comprehensive
test ban."Physics Today, v48, n10, p51(3) Oct, 1995 ABSTRACT:Pres. Bill Clinton supported a 'zero threshold' nuclear test ban on Aug. 11, 1995. His decision has boosted the chances that the five global nuclear powers will end a long-running deadlock at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, Switzerland.
|
| Johnson,
Rebecca "Rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic." (comprehensive test ban
treaty - CTBT - undermined)Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v51, n5,
p11(2) 1995 ABSTRACT:The breaking of the nuclear test moratorium by Jacques Chirac's France with its planned testing in the S Pacific has seriously hampered the CTBT. The US has offered plans to increase the threshold for testing above the original four pounds. The concerns of non-nuclear countries are also discussed.
|
| Ren, Xianfang
"Japan: big fuss over nuclear tests." Beijing Review, v38, n42,
p22(1) Oct 16, 1995 ABSTRACT:China's nuclear testing has been strongly criticised by Japan, which has adopted a resolution to combat the process, cancelled its financial aid to China and is reportedly planning to appeal for a United Nations resolution calling for the termination of all testing. Sino-Japanese relations are deteriorating due to the unnecessarily severe steps taken by Japan. Japan, which remained silent on the nuclear testing conducted by other countries, especially the United States, is reacting excessively towards China.
|
| Woollacott,
Martin "The China syndrome." (Japan protests at Chinese nuclear testing)
The Guardian, p13(1) May 23, 1995 ABSTRACT:Japan's decision to cut aid to China in protest at the latter's refusal to stop nuclear testing represents a departure from the tendency for countries in the region to accept China's assertiveness and dislike for collective consultations and decisions on security. Most countries in the region have preferred to avoid clashes with China in the hope that matters will improve once the succession to Deng Xiaoping has been settled. Although Japanese aid to China is small, the decision to cut it shows that Japan is prepared to challenge China's unwillingness to respond to the concerns of its neighbours.
|
| "China
conducts nuclear test." (October 1994 underground test in Lop Nor,
Xinjiang despite moratorium on testing by four leading nuclear nations) Facts
on File, v54, n2813, p804(2) Oct 27, 1994
|
| Mirsky,
Jonathan "Nuclear test underlines China's key role in crisis over Korea."
The Times, n64978, p14(1) June 11, 1994 ABSTRACT:China is discouraging other nations from imposing sanctions on N. Korea. China itself carried out its 40th underground nuclear explosion at Lop Nor test site in Xinjiang province on Jun. 10, 1994. Pres. Clinton and Pres. Kim Young Sam of S. Korea are planning to impose sanctions on N. Korea through the UN Security Council. S. Korea has commenced a check of underground shelters and emergency water supplies in preparation for imminent war. N. Korea saw an estimated 4.3% decline in its economy in 1993, according to Bank of Korea, central bank of S. Korea.
|
| Naeye, Robert
"China calls: seismic waves from an underground nuclear explosion in China
reveal the earth's inner structure" Discover, v15, n1, p36(1) Jan,
1994 ABSTRACT:An underground nuclear explosion in China in May 1992 sent seismic waves through the earth that revealed an anomaly on the border of the earth's core and mantle. Measurements of a primary wave that had split in two indicated a rock-like structure 200 miles square and 80 miles deep.
|
| Radford, Tim
"Nukebusters on a budget." (scientists in London, England, detect nuclear
test in China) The Guardian, p2.14(2) Feb 3, 1994 ABSTRACT:Vertic (Verification Technology Information Centre), a pressure group based in London, England, has demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty by detecting a secret Chinese nuclear test on Oct 5, 1993. Vertic scientists, including Dr Vipin Gupta of Imperial College, used easily available satellite pictures and seismic monitoring equipment to forecast and detect the nuclear test in the Lop Nor desert. The very precise pattern of earthquake waves caused by the nuclear test was registered by geophysicist Dr Roger Clark using a series of sensors.
|
| Rafferty,
Kevin "China defies world with nuclear test." The Guardian, p16(1)
June 11, 1994 ABSTRACT:China conducted an underground nuclear test on Jun. 10, 1994, its second in nine months, defying a two-year moratorium agreed by the US, Russia, France and the UK. No details on the size of the explosion were included in the foreign ministry statement carried by the official news agency Xinhua which broke the news of the test. The test coincided with North Korea's decision to withdraw from all nuclear safety inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This followed the United Nations' decision to suspend technical aid to the country in a move that could be followed by sanctions.
|
| Shen, Dingli
"Toward a nuclear-weapon-free world: a Chinese perspective."
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v50, n2, p 51(4) March-April, 1994 ABSTRACT:China has conducted far fewer nuclear weapons tests than other nuclear powers and will be reluctant to agree to a comprehensive test ban. The Chinese government supports nuclear nonproliferation and has repeatedly stated that it will never use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state.
|
| Brown, William
"Chinese test site forced into public view." New Scientist, v140,
n1893, p5(1) Oct 2, 1993 ABSTRACT:Remote-sensing specialist at the Imperial College in London, UK, Vipin Gupta, has developed a system to trace underground nuclear testing sites. His partnership with the independent organisation Veric has allowed this information to be released to the public. Gupta has pinpointed China's main testing sites through the analysis of sattelite pictures and the use of seismatic instruments. All 38 of China's tests have been undertaken at the Lop Nor site on the edge of the Taklimakan desert, which is 100,000 square kilometres. All tests since 1980 have been undertaken underground.
|
| "China airs
stand on nuclear testing." Beijing Review, v36, n42, p4(1)
Oct 18, 1993 ABSTRACT:The Chinese government has pledged its support for global nuclear disarmament although it has admitted to the possession of nuclear arsenals for self-defense. An underground nuclear test was performed on Oct 5, 1993, but the government insists that it will never initiate the use of nuclear arms or provoke other countries to use nuclear weapons. The Chinese government agreed with non-nuclear states that a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear arms testing is essential for stability and peace in the world.
|
| "China
conducts nuclear test." Facts on File, v53, n2759, p763(2)
Oct 14, 1993 ABSTRACT:China performed an underground nuclear weapons test in Western China on Oct 5, 1993, despite pleas by the US and other large nations to forgo the testing. None of the five countries with nuclear weapons capability have conducted nuclear testing since Sep 1992.
|
| Collina, Tom
Zamora "China bucks ban with bang."(nuclear test)
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v49, n10, p3(2) Dec, 1993 ABSTRACT:China conducted an underground nuclear test on Oct 5, 1993, in defiance of international pressure to adhere to a voluntary test ban until a comprehensive test ban treaty is in place. China's action is not expected to provoke a resumption of testing by other countries.
|
| Evans Michael
"China's bomb test risks accelerating nuclear arms race."
The Times, n64767, p12(1) Oct 6, 1993 ABSTRACT:While China is a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty it has still gone ahead with a nuclear test despite international moves to prevent it. The action of the Chinese could lead to other signatories of the treaty such as the United States continuing to develop and test nuclear warheads. China currently possesses five separate nuclear weapon designs and between 400 and 500 warheads and it is thought that it is testing a warhead designed for a submarine-launched missile.
|
| Lockwood,
Dunbar "China's nuclear test prompts U.S., others to review test policies."
Arms Control Today, v23, n9, p20(1) Nov, 1993
ABSTRACT:China's nuclear test on Oct 4, 1993, will seriously affect the comprehensive test ban treaty negotiations and make an extension of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty difficult. The US and other nuclear powers may end the moratorium on nuclear tests depending on security perceptions. China has defended the nuclear test saying it had conducted the least number of nuclear tests among the nuclear powers, which is correct according to available statistics.
|
| "China's
smoke signal." (nuclear warhead detonated in Xinjiang province as
part of a military testing program) Time, v139, n22, p23(1) June 1, 1992
|
| "Large
nuclear explosive tested." (China) Facts on File, v52,
n2688, p398(1) May 28, 1992
|
| Strokan,
Sergei "Echo from the Chinese bomb blast." (one-megaton nuclear test
explosion in China) Moscow News, v24, n3531, p13(1) June 14, 1992 ABSTRACT:China displays her nuclear power when a one-megaton nuclear test bomb goes off in a northwest desert. China disapproves of the way the new world is developing and may take up arms to defend Third World countries despite China's commitment to nuclear disarmament. China's refusal to disarm her standby missiles is viewed with concern by nearby Japan and India, prompting them to take measures for their security.
|
| Fieldhouse,
Richard "China's mixed signals on nuclear weapons." Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, v47, n4, p37(6) May, 1991
|
| "China's
power industry reaches a new level." Beijing Review, v38,
n47, p17(2) Nov 20, 1995 ABSTRACT:The power industry of China is highly qualified in the fields of power grid construction, transmission lines and in the total installed capacity. The installation of units producing 200,000 kw has led to rapid economic and technical development. China's power industry includes nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plants. Foreign investments are utilized in this industrial sector and domestic level generating units are being improved. Power grids are being constructed in all the urban and majority of the rural areas.
|
| Jiang,
Xinxiong "Nuclear power: peaceful use and international cooperation."
Beijing Review, v38, n50, p15(4) Dec 11, 1995 ABSTRACT:China's nuclear policy is geared towards the non-military applications of nuclear power. The country shares the goal of the international community to transfer military technology to industries. The Qinshan and Daya Bay nuclear power plants were constructed in the early 1980s primarily to provide electricity. China has established cooperative agreements with more than 10 countries for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
|
| "Nuclear
industry seeks cooperation. (expansion of nuclear industry in China)"
Beijing Review, v38, n4, p6(1) Jan 23, 1995 ABSTRACT:Government officials in China opine that international cooperation and aid will contribute to the growth of its nuclear industry and power sector. Entering the global market will enable China to adopt advanced technology and attract investments from developed nuclear power sectors. China's potential to construct low-capacity nuclear facilities will be useful to developing countries.
|
| "Progress
in nuclear physics. (discoveries of Chinese nuclear physicists)"
Beijing Review, v38, n12, p29(1) March 20, 1995 ABSTRACT:Chinese scientists at the China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, have made important discoveries in low-energy nuclear physics, nuclear structures and nuclear reacting mechanisms using the HI-13 tandem accelerator. Scientists have also developed new experimental techniques and equipment at the tandem accelerator.
|
| "Canadian
nuclear reactors bought. (by China)" Facts on File, v54,
n2816, p865(1) Nov 17, 1994 ABSTRACT:China's purchase of two Candu nuclear reactors from Canada was one in a large trade mission undertaken by the two countries in Nov 1994. The Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd will supervise construction of the reactors, which are needed in China to meet energy needs.
|
| "Nuclear
plants to go to Iran, China."(Russia will build nuclear power
plants in Iran and China) Facts on File, v53, n2728, p164(2) March 11,
1993
|
| Zhang, Ping
"Experts work for peaceful nuclear use."Beijing Review, v36, n44,
p6(2) Nov 1, 1993 ABSTRACT:Scientists at Plasma Physics Institute in China developed the HT-7 Tokamak-type nuclear fusion controlled by supercondors. The nuclear fusion was a clean source of energy and is the fourth one, the other three being in Russia, France and Japan. The construction of the device was possible due to China's progress to market economy.
|
| Zheng, Zhipeng
"The present and future of China's particle physics research."
Science, v262, n5132, p368(1) Oct 15, 1993 ABSTRACT:China has been involved in particle research since the field's beginnings, and the country aims to make more contributions to the field in the future. Discoveries made at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider and the Beijing Spectrometer are discussed. |
| Goldstein,
Carl "The nuclear option." (nuclear energy in China) Far Eastern
Economic Review, v155, n23, p50(2) June 11, 1992 ABSTRACT:Nuclear energy is a significant component in China's energy plans because of the support given by Premier Li Peng. Despite international cutbacksin nuclear power generation due to growing doubts regarding its economic viability, China pushes on with nuclear energy development. Problems regarding radioactive wastes and decommissioning of decrepit plants have been put aside so that coal-powered energy can be complemented with nuclear power. Chinese energy officials justify this policy by pointing out the unreliability of coal supplies for existing coal-fired power plants.
|
| Zhuo, Peirong
and Jiang Hanzhen "Building China's first nuclear power station."(Qinshan
Nuclear Power Station) Beijing Review, v35, n8, p35(4) Feb 24, 1992 ABSTRACT:The Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first Chinese nuclear power plant, started electric power production on Nov 20, 1991. The plant, which is located along Hangzhou Bay, was designed by the Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Development Institute for optimal safety. The plant was designed to withstand an intensity seven earthquake and a sea wall was constructed as protection against tsunamis. The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a 19-day inspection and certified that the plant conforms to its standards.
|
|
"Development of China's nuclear science." Beijing Review,
v34, n7-8, p42(7) Feb 18, 1991
|
| Gallagher,
Michael C. "Hong Kong fears Chinese Chernobyl." Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, v47, n8, p9(4) Oct, 1991 ABSTRACT:Hong Kong is worried about the potential for a Chernobyl-type accident at the Daya Bay nuclear power station in Guangdong, China. However, China says it is taking all safety precautions to prevent such an event.
|
| Han Guojian
"China - a country of nuclear power."Beijing Review, v34, n51,
p16(4) Dec 23, 1991
|
| "Innovative
pressureless nuclear heating reactor. " (construction of low
temperature nuclear reactor in Fuxin, China) Beijing Review, v34, n46,
p45(1) Nov 18, 1991
|
| "Nuclear
reactor for peaceful use." (heavy-water reactor for research
purposes for Algeria) Beijing Review, v34, n19, p8(1) May 13, 1991
|
| "Nuke
industry: safety first." (control of radiation levels in nuclear
installations in China) Beijing Review, v34, n23, p9(2) June 10, 1991
|
|
"Sino-French contract signed." (Fragem Co. of France to design and
manufacture nuclear fuel components for China's pressure stacks) Beijing
Review, v34, n25, p42(1) June 24, 1991
|
| Liu, Jianjun
"Nuclear technology boosts agriculture." (China's research and application
system for nuclear agronomy) Beijing Review, v33, n38, p28(3) Sept 17,
1990
|
| Yao, Jianguo
"International co-operation sought."(for construction of Chinese nuclear
power plant) Beijing Review, v33, n29, p43(1) July 16, 1990
|
| Englemann,
Larry and Roy Rowan "Boom booming" (Chinese overseas arms businesses)
The New Republic, v210, n23, p19(1) June 6, 1994 ABSTRACT:China has enjoyed more than $13 billion in arms sales since 1985, often clones of sophisticated weapons such as the Israeli Python 3 ground-to-air missile. The sales undercut China-US relations by making providing weaponry which fuel guerrilla and international conflicts.
|
| Cheung, Tai
Ming"Arms reduction: the PLA's main weapons dealer goes civilian."
(Poly Group Corp.) Far Eastern Economic Review, v156, n41, p68(1) Oct
14, 1993
ABSTRACT:Poly Group Corp, the arms dealer for the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), is shifting its goals to profit-making in civilian sectors. The move comes as part of the PLA's strategy to make up for declining purchasing power due to inflation. Poly has been renovated into an independent conglomerate corporation with interests in property development, shipping and Hongkong trade. Xie Datong, executive director of Poly, defended its arms sales policies as strictly controlled.
|
| Peng, Qingyuan
"China's stand on arms transfer." (address delivered by Peng Qingyuan at the
89th Inter-Parliamentary Conference held in New Delhi in Apr 1993) Beijing
Review, v36, n18, p8(2) May 3, 1993 ABSTRACT:China became signatory to the UN's Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 and the Convention on Chemical Weapons in 1993. The country also supports the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks between the US and Russia. However, China believes that any move towards disarmament and arms control should take into consideration the sovereignty of each nation in protecting its national interests and security.
|
| Wolfsthal, Jon
B. "New reports of missile transfers stir debate on China's MFN status."
Arms Control Today, v23, n5, p32(1) June, 1993
ABSTRACT:Reports confirming China's sale of M-11 missiles to Pakistan could jeopardize China's Most Favored Nation (MFN) trading position and inhibit US trade with supplier companies according to the 1991 Defense Authorization Act. This act is directed against violators of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Congress has made repeated attempts to impose conditions on China's MFN status though under present circumstances it could lead to China's interference in America's efforts to persuade North Korea not to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
|
| Zuckerman,
Mortimer B.; Lawrence, Susan V.; MacFarquhar, Emily "'China's arms sales are
very limited': a conversation with party leader Jiang Zemin. " (includes
interview with China Institute for International Studies Chairman Xu Xin)
U.S. News & World Report, v114, n10, p60(2) March 15, 1993 ABSTRACT:Jiang believes that pressure applied against China to force changes in its human rights policy would be ineffective. Jiang discusses Chinese policy as it relates to a variety of topics including arms sales, the economy and trade with the US.
|
| Bitzinger,
Richard A. "Arms to go: Chinese arms sales to the Third World."
International Security17:84-111 Fall '92 ABSTRACT:Impact of sales on
regional security developments and on Western security interests; prospects for
modernization in light of the limits on domestic research and imported
technology.
|
| "Fighting
back: China." (arms sales) The Economist, v322, n7749,
p36(1) March 7, 1992 ABSTRACT:China ranks fifth as an arms merchant, behind the US, the Soviets and Germany. Is has only 10% of the market in the poorer countries however. China's 3.2m-man army needs to be modernized. Hard currency from arms sales will enable China to do this.
|
| Gill, Bates R.
"Curbing Beijing's arms sales." Orbis
36:379-96 Summer '92, tables ABSTRACT:Reviews developments since the 1950s and
US efforts to check the arms outflow.
|
| Hyer, Eric
"China's arms merchants: profits in command." The China Quarterly,
n132, p1101(18) Dec, 1992 ABSTRACT:China has increased its arms trade since its establishment as the People's Republic of China, earning an annual income of US $2 billion. China exports its weapons to its neighboring countries and western powers. The Maoist government had allotted a substantial part of the budget for defense but Deng Xiaoping reduced this allotment in 1978, as a result of which the arms industry and the People's Liberation Army incurred a loss. Foreign markets were sought to compensate for the loss and strengthen the domestic economy.
|
| Kamal, Nazir
"China's arms export policy and responses to multilateral restraints."
Contemporary Southeast Asia, v14, n2, p112(30) Sept, 1992 ABSTRACT:China's arms trade earnings were significantly boosted by the Iran-Iraq War. Consequently, the US and other western countries moved to limit China's arms exports by coercing the latter to sign the two international accords which limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons. China acceded to US presures and reduced its arms exports to Third World nations. It feared that a confrontation with the US on arms shipments could jeopardize its earnings from the US-China trade. However, the stability of such arms restraints could be altered if China moves for greater economic liberalization.
|
| "Over the
cliff." (China's arms sales profits) Aviation Week & Space
Technology, v137, n5, p19(1) August 3, 1992
|
| "Unguided
missile." (China's arms exports) Cheung, Tai Ming Far Eastern
Economic Review, v155, n5, p42(2) Feb 6, 1992 ABSTRACT:China's defense industry relies mainly on arms-export firms to sell military wares to Third-World countries. With the reduced demand for conventional weaponry, China has began marketing satellite-delivery systems and nuclear technology to its foreign clients, possibly for military applications. International pressure is being brought upon China to regulate its foreign arms sales.
|
| Doherty,
Carroll J. "Arms sales reports stir Hill critics." (China's arms sales
policy) Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, v49, n17, p1046(1) April
27, 1991
|
| Ellis, David
"China's eager missile merchants." (China's sale of weapons of mass
destruction may endanger relations with the United States)
Time, v137, n15, p17(1) April 15, 1991
|
| "Gun
diplomacy: China." The Economist, v321, n7730, p40(2) Oct
26, 1991 ABSTRACT:China has agreed with US, Soviet Union, France and Great Britain to limit arms sales. This is a major turnaround for the Chinese to limit sales of conventional weapons.
|
| Lawrence, Susan V. "Inside Beijing's arms bazaar: well-connected firms compete for customers." (arms trade in China) U.S. News & World Report, v111, n4, p36(3) July 22, 1991 |
| Lewis, John
W.; Hua Di; Xue Litai "Beijing's defense establishment: solving the
arms-export enigma." International Security, v15, n4, p87(23) Spring,
1991
|
| "No friend
in deed: China." (weapons sales) The Economist,
v321, n7732, p36(1) Nov 9, 1991 ABSTRACT:Secretary of State James A. Baker will visit China with hard words about China's role as arms merchant to the world. A further charge that China sold enriched uranium to Iran has further heated the issue. China angrily compares its 'insignificant' sales to those of the US itself.
|
| Watson,
Russell and Frank, Jr. Gibney "Merchants of death." (China's arms sales)
Newsweek, v118, n21, p38(2) Nov 18, 1991 ABSTRACT:China's sales of weapons to Iran and other countries has become a source of friction with the US. Pres Bush is concerned that these arms sales will worsen instability in the Middle East. The US may retaliate if China does not restrain its weapons industry.
|
b. Sale of missiles to Pakistan
| Englemann,
Larry and Roy Rowan "Boom booming" (Chinese overseas arms businesses)
The New Republic, v210, n23, p19(1) June 6, 1994 ABSTRACT:China has enjoyed more than $13 billion in arms sales since 1985, often clones of sophisticated weapons such as the Israeli Python 3 ground-to-air missile. The sales undercut China-US relations by making providing weaponry which fuel guerrilla and international conflicts.
|
| "U.S.,
China resolve missile-sales dispute."
Facts on File, v54, n2812, p768(2) Oct 20, 1994 ABSTRACT:The US withdrew its restrictions on selling high-technology equipment to China on Oct 4, 1994, after China agreed to stop exporting medium-range missiles. The US had established the ban in Aug 1993, because it claimed China was supplying Pakistan with missiles.
|
| Borrus, Amy
"Getting tough with China could be tough on the U.S.; sanctions over arms sales
to Pakistan might hurt trade with Beijing." Business Week, n3335,
p39(1) Sept 6, 1993 ABSTRACT:US sanctions against China in response to China's transfer of missile components to Pakistan may hurt up to $500 million in US exports and may cause China to sell even more arms. Cray Research Inc and AT&T are among the firms whose relations with China may be hurt.
|
| Chanda, Nayan
"Red rockets' glare" (US-China relations and Chinese weapons sales to other
countries) Far Eastern Economic Review, p10(2) Sept 9, 1993 ABSTRACT:Sino-American relations deteriorated due to US fears that China was increasing its sales of weapons to other countries. First came suspicions that a Chinese ship was illicitly transporting components for chemical weapons to Iran, followed by the supposed sale of Chinese M11 missile technology to Pakistan. The M11 sale prompted the US on Aug 26, 1993 to impose two-year sanctions on 10 Chinese aerospace companies. However, one sign that US-China relations may eventually improve is the American decision to allow China to join the Missile Technology Control Regime.
|
| Chanda, Nayan"Red
rockets' glare: China's sale of missiles to Pakistan and alleged shipment of
chemical weapons to Iran further worsen an already strained relationship with
the US." Far Eastern Economic Review
156:10-11 S 9 1993 ABSTRACT:Impact of US economic sanctions. US reaction to Chinese sale of M11 short-range tactical guided missiles to Pakistan in violation of nonproliferation agreement and interception of the Chinese freighter Yin He, believed by US intelligence to be carrying chemical munitions to Iran.
|
| "China
protests against US sanctions." Beijing Review, v36, n36,
p6(2) Sept 6, 1993 ABSTRACT:China has denied the accusation that it had sold the M-11 missile to Pakistan and has claimed that the US decision to impose economic sanctions against China is baseless. The Chinese officials have tried to explain their commitment to the MTCR, but to no avail. The US has also banned the export of sensitive US technology to China for two years, which, according to Liu Huaqiu, the Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister, has created a breach in the Sino-US relations.
|
| "Diplomacy
hit by missile: China and America." The Economist, v328,
n7826, p32(2) August 28, 1993 ABSTRACT:US-China relations are again strained, three months after China's most-favored nation status was renewed in May 1993. The US is upset about China's sale of missile technology to Pakistan, the expulsion of labor activist Han Dongfang and China's rising trade surplus with the US.
|
| "Psst!
Wanna buy a missile?"(U.S. places sanctions against China in an
attempt to block arms sales) Newsweek, v122, n10, p28(1) Sept 6, 1993 ABSTRACT:The sanctions imposed by the US on China as a way to prevent international arms sales probably will not work. The Chinese are not dependent on US exports and can easily obtain what they need in Europe. The sanctions may end up hurting US industry more than China's.
|
| Strokan,
Sergei "China sold missiles to Pakistan." Moscow News, n33, p6(1)
August 13, 1993 ABSTRACT:The CIA is investigating reports on China's sale of M-11 ballistic missiles to Pakistan, which, will develop its own missiles on acquiring knowledge on Chinese missile technology. If the deal goes through, the US will resort to strict action on China and Pakistan, although China, which is a part of the Missile Technology Control Regime, would not have violated any international commitments. China's economic contacts with the US will be severed, leading to a stagnation in its economic development.
|
| "United
States as proliferation policeman. (US penalizes China for selling arms to
Pakistan)" Nature, v365, n6441, p1(1) Sept 2, 1993 ABSTRACT:Pres Clinton has imposed economic sanctions on China for selling ballistic missile technology to Pakistan. The sanction includes a ban involving sales worth over $1 billion in terms of high technology products. Pres Clinton adopted this tough stance after the US intelligence agents uncovered evidence to prove that China had violated the Missile Technology Control Regime. The ban may cost American defense manufactures up to $500 million in sales and jobs.
|
| Wolfsthal, Jon
B. "Clinton adjusts China policy, may narrow sanctions."
Arms Control Today, v23, n10, p18(1) Dec, 1993 ABSTRACT:The Clinton administration may reduce the sanctions imposed on China to improve bilateral relations. Continued sanctions can affect the US aerospace industry by denying it lucrative Chinese contracts. Consequently, China may receive the Cray supercomputers and two satellites which it wishes to buy from the US. The US is still doubtful of China's commitment to the issue of nuclear nonproliferation and arms control and has sought China's adherence to the Missile Technology Control Regime policies.
|
| "China's
adherence to missile control guidelines." (Missile Technology
Control Regime Guidelines) US Department of State Dispatch, v3, n10,
p189(1) March 9, 1992 ABSTRACT:The US recognizes China's acceptance of the guidelines set forth by the Missile Technology Control Regime, and will remove sanctions imposed on China after two companies transferred missile technologies in violation of the agreement.
|
c. Alleged shipment of chemical weapons to Iran
| Chanda, Nayan
"Drifting apart: a row over a Chinese ship the US claims is carrying banned
chemicals to Iran highlights the deteriorating ties between the two countries as
their national priorities diverge." Far Eastern Economic Review
156:10-11 Ag 26 1993 ABSTRACT:US Navy interception of Chinese freighter, allegedly carrying ingredients for making mustard and nerve gases, in the Straits of Hormuz. Implications of the Yin He incident for US efforts to halt proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and China's efforts to increase arms sales to the Middle East.
|
| Chanda, Nayan
"Red rockets' glare: China's sale of missiles to Pakistan and alleged shipment
of chemical weapons to Iran further worsen an already strained relationship with
the US." Far Eastern Economic Review
156:10-11 S 9 1993 ABSTRACT:Impact of US economic sanctions. US reaction to Chinese sale of M11 short-range tactical guided missiles to Pakistan in violation of nonproliferation agreement and interception of the Chinese freighter Yin He, believed by US intelligence to be carrying chemical munitions to Iran.
|
| Eckerman,
Celes "Inspection of Chinese cargo ship yields no evidence of chemicals."
Arms Control Today, v23, n8, p19(1) Oct, 1993 ABSTRACT:The Chinese ship, Yui He, did not carry chemical weapon components to Iran as was suspected earlier. The ship was inspected at the Saudi Arabian port of Dhamman by Saudi and Chinese officials, who cleared it of the charge. The ship was allegedly carrying thiodiglycol and thionyl chloride, used in the production of mustard and nerve gas. The US claimed to have had evidence that the ship was bound for Iran with the chemicals |