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Nuclear Facilities and Organizations
China currently operates three nuclear power plants: two plants at the Daya Bay facility in Guangdong Province and one at the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in Zhejiang Province. China also has six power reactors under construction, two on order from Russia, and eight proposed for construction by 2020. At the end of 1999, China's nuclear power capacity was approx. 2,081 MWe megawatts. China's original goal was to have a capacity of 20,000 megawatts by the year 2020. China's State Development Planning Commission is currently developing a new plan for China's future nuclear power generation as part of the 9th Five-Year Plan. These output goals have not yet been officially determined. ["Power Struggle," The China Business Review, March-April 1998, p. 24.]
However, in 1999, China's nuclear industry began to streamline and restructure itself. As a result, Chinese nuclear industry officials announced in mid-1999 that China would not start any new projects for at least three years and China has begun to shut down and decommission many military related production facilities. According to Shen Wenquan, the director of the Nuclear Power Department of the China Nuclear Industry Corporation, "There has been under capacity at a number of large state owned enterprises. However, this does not mean bleak prospects for nuclear power development in China. Both domestic and overseas investors should not lose sight of a great potential market demand for nuclear power [in China]."
There is talk in Beijing that subsidies for new nuclear pressurized water reactors (PWRs) will be curtailed in the forthcoming Tenth Five year Plan. Only reactors under construction will be eligible to receive subsidies. Western analyst speculate that the financing of nuclear power subsidies will shift from the national economy to the providers of technology transfer and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits. Due to the energy market reforms under way, nuclear power reactors will not be financially competitive with coal fired power plants. As of September 2000, the capital investment ratio for a nuclear power plant compared to a coal fired power plant is 2.5 to 1.0.
The energy market reforms are also intended to ease the burden of financing directly China's military nuclear program. Throughout the reforms the linkages between the civilian and military nuclear industries have been preserved. The intention is that the links between the civilian and military nuclear industries will ease the financial burden by increasing the profitability of the civilian sector.
China has approximately 1.7 billion tons of uranium in reserve deposits. Uranium processing plants are concentrated in the southern provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The country is also expanding its fuel-fabrication and reactor-manufacturing capabilities.
China's civilian nuclear equipment market has been estimated to be $1.6 billion - $2.4 billion annually over the next 20 years. However, China will no longer import complete sets of nuclear power equipment because it has started a policy of "localization" which involves buying only the equipment that they cannot produce domestically. Additionally, Li Yulun, vice-president of the former China National Nuclear Corp. (CNNC), quoted in the 14 May 1998 issue of Nucleonics Week, says that China's drive for nuclear self-reliance must begin with design, not component localization and that China is interested in building partnerships which will involve technology transfer.
Since the US-China Nuclear Cooperative Agreement took effect on 19 March 1998, US companies are now able to bid on China's nuclear projects. For safety reasons, China must begin to standardize the designs of its nuclear power plants. As a part of this standardization, China will need to decide which design - US., Canadian, French or Russian -will be the primary nuclear power plant used in China.
[Sources: "CNIC Puts Nuclear Development on Hold," Nuclear
Engineering International, June 1999; "China Will Insist On Technology Along
with Any Nuclear Imports," Nucleonic Week, 14 May 1998, pp.1, 12.
"Power Struggle," The China Business Review, March-April 1998, p. 24, 25,
28. "Country To Accelerate Nuke Power Localization,"
Inquisit,
18 May 1998.]
PRIMARY NUCLEAR-RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
|
ORGANIZATION |
COMMENTS |
| CHINA ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (CAEA) | Recently separated from the CNNC and now part of COSTIND; performs most of the government related administrative and regulatory functions for China's nuclear industry including export controls. |
| CHINA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS (CAEP) | Responsible for all military nuclear activities. |
| CHINA NATIONAL NUCLEAR CORPORATION (CNNC) | Beginning, in 1998, CNNC was reorganized and broken up into two related organizations. |
| NATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NNSA) | Roughly equivalent to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) |
OTHER FACILITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
|
FACILITY/ |
FUNCTIONS/ |
COMMENTS |
| AIR SURVEY REMOTE SENSING CENTER OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY (ASRSC) | Production and scientific research for air survey and remote sensing application techniques | Located in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province; Director: Xu Deliang |
| BEIJING HOLYSYS AUTOMATION COMPANY, LTD. (UNDER SIXTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY) | Developed the Distributed Control System, a nuclear power plant computer system for export to Pakistan's Chashma-1 nuclear power reactor | General Manager: Wang Changli |
| BEIJING INSTITUTE OF SYSTEM ENGINEERING | ||
| BEIJING INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING | Comprehensive engineering research and design; general project contracting; authorized to conclude contracts with foreign enterprises | Participated in the design of Qinshan Phase I; contracted overall engineering design and technical services for Qinshan Phase II; engineering control and technical follow-up support for Daya Bay plant. |
| BEIJING NUCLEAR ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DESIGN ACADEMY | ||
| BEIJING NUCLEAR INSTRUMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| BEIJING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND METALLURGY (BRICEM) | ||
| BEIJING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RADIATION PROTECTION | ||
| BEIJING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF URANIUM GEOLOGY (BRIUG) | ||
| CENTRAL-SOUTH BUREAU OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY | ||
| CHINA ACADEMY OF ATOMIC SCIENCE | ||
| CHINA ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY | ||
| CHINA BAOYUAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA COUNCIL FOR THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE (CCPIT) | Organizes international exhibitions in China and other countries; CCPIT held the China International Nuclear Industry Exhibition entitled "Nuclear Industry, China '92," in Beijing from 19-23 March 1992, organized by CCPIT, the Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS), and the China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation (CNEIC) | |
| CHINA HUA FA NUCLEAR POWER JOINT CORPORATION | Located in Shanghai; state enterprise; owned by Hua Neng Power Generation Corporation and the Shanghai Nuclear Power Office | |
| CHINA INSTITUTE FOR RADIATION PROTECTION (CIRP) | Research institute; research includes radiation protection, radiation physics, radiological medicine, and environmental protection | Located in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province; established in 1961 and moved to Taiyuan in 1964 |
| CHINA INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC ENERGY (CIAE) | ||
| CHINA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS | ||
| CHINA ISOTOPE CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA NATIONAL MACHINE TOOLS CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA NORTH INDUSTRY CORPORATION (NORINCO) | ||
| CHINA NUCLEAR INFORMATION CENTER | Information research, publishing | Located in Beijing. |
| CHINA NUCLEAR ENGINEERING CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS CORPORATION (CNEMC) | ||
| CHINA NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION AND EQUIPMENT CORPORATION (CNIEC) | ||
| CHINA RAINBOW INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (CRIC) | ||
| CHINA SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA SHIPBUILDING TRADING CORPORATION | ||
| CHINA ZHONG YUAN ENGINEERING CORPORATION (CZEC) | ||
| CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (CAS) HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS INSTITUTE | ||
| CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (CAS) MECHANICS SOCIETY | ||
| CHINESE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY | Involved in the advancement of science and technology in mechanical engineering | Located in Beijing; Director, International Relations:Zhang Qiang; General Secretary: Cheng Ruiquan |
| CHINESE NUCLEAR SOCIETY (CNS) | Promotes relations between nuclear scientists, engineers, and organizations, both foreign and domestic; CNS established 19 branch societies and specialized committees and 20 local societies in provinces and cities; membership of over 16,000; CNS has formal cooperative relationships with nuclear associations and societies in Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, the United States, and the European Nuclear Society | Located in Beijing; established in 1982; Secretary General: Wang Chuan Ying |
| DALIAN NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| DESIGN AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF URANIUM MINING AND METALLURGY | ||
| EAST CHINA BUREAU OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY | ||
| GANSU HUAYUAN ENTERPRISE CORPORATION (GHEC) | Located in Lanzhou, Gansu Province; established in 1958 | |
| GUANGDONG NUCLEAR POWER COMPANY (GNPC) | ||
| GUANGDONG NUCLEAR POWER INVESTMENT CORPORATION | Deputy head: Hu Zhengguan | |
| GUANGDONG NUCLEAR POWER JOINT VENTURE COMPANY (GNPJVC) | Responsible for Daqing, Guangdong 1-4, and Lingao 1-2 reactors | Located in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province; joint venture between the Guangdong Nuclear Power Station and China Light and Power, a Hong Kong utility; 75 percent owned by China and 25 percent by China Light and Power; President: Wang Quanguo |
| HENGYANG URANIUM MINING AND HYDROMETALLURGY DESIGN AND RESEARCH ACADEMY | Development of uranium mining and processing technologies; design of production plants of uranium oxides | Located in Hengyang, Hunan Province; established in 1958 |
| HIGH POWER LASER LABORATORY | Location for China's inertial confinement fusion (ICF) | Located in Shanghai |
| HUABEI COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE | Designed over 30 types of computer systems for defense applications; participated in China's atomic and hydrogen bomb testing, satellite launches, ICBM testing, and underwater carrier launch testing | Established in 1958 |
| HUACHANG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY | Previously the 22nd Construction Company | |
| HUAKANG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY | Previously the 21st Construction Company | |
| HUATAI CONSTRUCTION COMPANY | ||
| HUAXIA INSTALLATION COMPANY | Previously the 23rd Construction Company | |
| HUAXING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY | ||
| HUAYANG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY | Previously the 24th Construction Company | |
| HUNAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF URANIUM MINING | ||
| INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS (IAPCM) | ||
| INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (INET) | ||
| INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS | ||
| JIANZHONG CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CORPORATION (JCIC) | ||
| LIAONING NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION | ||
| LINGAO NUCLEAR POWER COMPANY | Commercial operation expected in 2002 for Unit 1 and 2003 for Unit 2; Subsidiary of the Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (GNPC) | |
| NORTHWEST BUREAU OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY | ||
| NORTHWEST INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY (NINT) | ||
| NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER GROUP | Production of all components of nuclear power plants. | First Chinese Nuclear Power Plant Construction Company. |
| NUCLEAR INDUSTRY PHYSICOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE | Located in Tianjin; affiliated with the China Nuclear Industrial Corporation; President: Li Chaowu | |
| QINSHAN NUCLEAR POWER COMPANY (QNPC) | ||
| REACTOR ENGINEERING INSTITUTE | Responsible for submarine propulsion reactors | Established in 1964 |
| RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR POWER OPERATIONS (RINPO) | ||
| RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF URANIUM MINING (RIUM) | ||
| SHANGHAI ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR INSTITUTE | Merged with the Institute of Atomic Energy's Isotope Applications Research Office in 1962 | |
| SHANGHAI AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION COMPANY (SAIC) | ||
| SHANGHAI BOILER WORKS (SBW) | Manufactured nuclear evaporator for the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station with technical assistance from Westinghouse Corporation. | |
| SHANGHAI ELECTRIC GROUP | Manufacturer of power generating equipment | |
| SHANGHAI ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| SHANGHAI GUANGHUA INSTRUMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| SHANGHAI NUCLEAR ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE (SNERDI) | Nuclear reactor design, siting and environmental impact evaluation, construction supervision, and contracting management. | Designer of Qinshan Phase I reactor and Chashma reactor and manages construction of Qinshan Phase III. |
| SHANGHAI POWER STATION AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FACTORY | Built auxiliary equipment for Pakistan's Chashma power reactor | |
| SHANGHAI PUMP WORKS (SPW) | ||
| SHANGHAI UNIVERSAL MACHINERY | Involved in joint venture with the US-based Kneels Jamesbury in the production of spherical valves for reactors | |
| SHENYANG PUMP FACTORY (SPM) | ||
| SHENZHEN KAILI INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (SKIDC) | Located in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province | |
| SICHUAN CHEMICAL AND MACHINERY PLANT | Built main ducts for PWR in cooperation with Framatome | |
| SOUTH CHINA BUREAU OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY | ||
| SOUTHWEST BUREAU OF GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY (TEAM 309) | ||
| SOUTHWEST INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS (SWIP) | One of two main institutions in China devoted primarily to fusion research; conducts Tokamak controlled thermonuclear fusion research; has conducted plasma physics and nuclear fusion research since the late 1950s; site of the Huanliuqi (HL-1) Tokamak controlled fusion facility (built in 1984; began operation 1985); SWIP plans to build an HL-2 | Located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province |
| SOUTHWEST REACTOR ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DESIGN ACADEMY (1ST ACADEMY) | One of CNNC's main research organizations. Researches and designs nuclear reactors. | Located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province |
| SUZHOU OPTICAL INSTRUMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| TAIJI COMPUTER COMPANY | Development, production, marketing, and service of computer technology | Located in Beijing; established in October 1987; affiliated with the Ministry of Machine Building and Electronics Industry; under China Electronics Corporation |
| THEORETICAL PHYSICS INSTITUTE | ||
| TIANJIN SYNTHETIC DIAMOND FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| URANIUM MINING AND METALLURGY COLLEGE | Educational facility for uranium engineers | |
| XIAN NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| XIAN NUCLEAR INSTRUMENT FACTORY | Manufacturer | |
| XIN HUA | Located in Shanghai | |
| XINGHUA INSTRUMENTS PLANT | Research and development of military radio and signal equipment; contributed to SLV launches, underwater nuclear tests, underwater carrier rocket tests, ICBM tests, and satellite launching and tracking | Located in Qingshen, Sichuan Province; under China Electronics Corporation; established in 1970; Director:Chen Kefu |
| YIBIN NUCLEAR FUEL COMPONENT COMPANY | Subsidiary of Jianzhong Chemical Industry Corporation (JCIC) | |
| ZHENGZHOU FIFTH RESEARCH AND DESIGN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY |
[Sources: Yan Kong, "China's Nuclear Bureaucracy," Jane's Intelligence Review, July 1993, pp. 325-326; Guide to Enterprises, p. 9; "World Nuclear Industry Handbook 1995," Nuclear Engineering International, p. 133; Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume 5; "Late News In Brief," Nuclear News, March 1995; "China Wants To Build Another Nuclear Plant In Guangdong," Nuclear News, April 1993, p. 83; "Update," Core Issues #6, December 1995-January 1996, p. 6; Richard W. Fieldhouse, Chinese Nuclear Weapons, p. 25; Xinhua (Beijing), 7 February 1996, in FBIS-CHI-96-028, 7 February 1996; Guide to Enterprises, pp. 3, 36; Tang Zongyu, "Guide to Chinese Nuclear Organizations," Nuclear Europe Worldscan, p. 58, 59;"China Can't Justify New PWRs," Nucleonics Week, Vol. 41 No. 39, 28 September 2000.]
Related Pages:
China's Fast Breeder Reactor Program
China's Nuclear Power Reactors
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material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin
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