Kazakhstan: International Organizations and Treaties:
Developments
Kazakhstan: International Organization and Treaty
Developments
6/3/2003: KAZAKHSTAN MAY JOIN MISSILE
TECHNOLOGY CONTROL REGIME The possibility of Kazakhstan
joining the
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
was discussed during a meeting on 3 June between Acting MTCR Chairman Mariusz Handzlik
and representatives of the government of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan would be the
thirty-fourth country to join the MTCR and the third to join from the CIS, after
Russia and Ukraine.[1] The
MTCR is a voluntary agreement
designed to restrict proliferation of missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
and other technologies necessary for construction of systems capable of carrying
a 500kg payload at least 300km.[2] Since technology used in space launch
vehicles is virtually identical to that used in a ballistic missile and
therefore regulated under the MTCR, joining the MTCR would allow Kazakhstan to have access to technologies it needs in order to
cooperate with Russia in planned space launch operations at the Baykonur launch
site.[1,2] Handzlik
stated that because Kazakhstan has the necessary export control and
WMD non-proliferation legislation, and because Kazakhstan meets all MTCR
requirements, there is no reason that it should not be included in the MTCR.
The decision to include Kazakhstan in the MTCR
will be made by the MTCR
member countries during a meeting in Buenos Aires on 22-26 September.[1] Sources:
[1] Kazakh TV1, 3 June 2003; in "Kazakhstan Considered for Missile
Technology Control Regime," FBIS Document CEP20030603000336.
[2] "ACDA Fact Sheet on Missile Technology Control Regime," Federation of
American Scientists Web Site,
http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/mtcr/docs/961115-467070.htm. {Entered
6/05/2003 AE}
4/17/2003: KAZAKHSTANI PARLIAMENT APPROVES
ACCORD ON NUCLEAR ENERGY COOPERATION WITH EU The upper house of the Kazakhstani
parliament approved a bill ratifying the
Convention on Nuclear Safety between
Kazakhstan and the
European Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom) on 17 April 2003. The
Convention commits countries operating land-based reactors to a high level of
nuclear safety.
Ratification of the agreement will allow for improved cooperation between
Kazakhstan and the European Union on implementing higher nuclear and radiation
safety levels at facilities in Kazakhstan. Cooperation includes
possible technology transfers from EU nations to Kazakhstan, making it possible
to instasll up-to-date safety equipment at nuclear, energy, and industrial
facilities. The agreement was signed in Brussels during the first
session of the Kazakhstan-EU
Council on 19 July 1999, and was approved by the lower house of parliament on 26
February 2003. The bill has been submitted to President Nazarbayev
for his signature.[1,2,3] Sources:
[1] Interfax-Kazakhstan; in BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 17 April 2003; in "Kazakh
Parliament Approves Ratification of Nuclear Safety Accord with EU," Lexis-Nexis
Academic Universe, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.
[2] "Kazakh Lower House Ratifies Accord On Atomic Energy Cooperation With EU,"
Interfax, 26 February 2003.
[3] "Na plenarnom zasedanii mazhilisa deputaty rassmotryat proyekty zakonov po
voprosam strakhovaniya, ratifikatsii mezhdunarodnykh soglasheniy po yadernoy
bezopasnosti," Khabar Online,
http://www.khabar.kz, 26 February 2003. {Entered 5/29/2003 AE}
3/20/2003: KAZAKHSTANI PRESIDENT
ENDORSES
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL According to a March 2003
Interfax report, Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev has endorsed the
Additional Protocol
to the
Safeguards Agreement between the IAEA
and Kazakhstan.[1] Once it
signs the Additional Protocol, Kazakhstan will be required to expand the amount
and type of information it provides to the IAEA. For example, it will be required to disclose activities of the state-owned nuclear company
Kazatomprom such as the location, status, and estimated annual production
of uranium and thorium mines.[1,2] The IAEA will also be able to
inspect any facilities in Kazakhstan related to the nuclear fuel cycle.[2]
Sources [1] Interfax-Kazakhstan, 20 March 2003, in BBC Monitoring International Reports; in
"Kazakhstan to Make Its Nuclear Activities Open Under Atomic Agency Accord,"
Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe,
http://web.lexis-nexis.com.
[2] "Fact Sheets: The IAEA 1997 Additional Safeguards Protocol," Arms Control
Association Web Site,
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/93_2fact.asp, September 1999. {Entered 5/30/2003 AE}
7/25/2002: IAEA TO FINANCE NEW
SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS IN KAZAKHSTAN According to Natalya Zhdanova,
executive director of the Kazakhstani Nuclear Society, over the next two years the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
will finance four scientific projects in Kazakhstan, worth a total of $1
million.[1] These projects include radiopharmaceutical production, creation of a Kazakhstani Center for Nuclear Medicine, and training specialists in
radiochemistry in cooperation with the
Kazakh
Al-Farabi State University. The IAEA is also considering the possibility
of setting up a center for
nondestructive monitoring in the country.[2] Sources: [1] "IAEA Launches
New Scientific Projects in Kazakhstan," Interfax, 25 July 2002. [2]
Interfax, 25 July 2002; in "International atomic agency to fund
Kazakhstan projects worth $1 million," FBIS Document CEP20020726000020. {Entered
7/29/2002 YP}
7/3/2002:
KAZAKHSTAN EXTENDS CTR AGREEMENT On 3 July 2002, Kazakhstani
President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a bill extending the US-Kazakhstani
framework agreement that allows
Cooperative Threat Reduction activities to continue in the country.[1] The
five-year extension had earlier been ratified by both houses of
Kazakhstan's parliament.[2,3] Under the agreement, materials
and services necessary for implementation of CTR activities in Kazakhstan will not be
subject to restrictions, tariffs, customs duties, and taxes. The
original agreement, signed in December 1993, expired in
December 2000. CTR activities continued in 2001 through temporary
extensions of the framework agreement. Since 1 January 2002, however,
CTR work in Kazakhstan has been at a standstill because the country's new
criminal code requires that all such agreements be extended by parliamentary
ratification only. In the ensuing debate over ratification, some
parliamentarians expressed concern that the framework agreement might allow
the 41 Kazakhstani firms serving as subcontractors to avoid paying taxes on
non-CTR-related transactions. Kazakhstani
Minister of
Energy and Natural Resources Vladimir Shkolnik allayed these fears and
noted that an interagency group will
oversee each transaction to ensure that taxes and duties are waived for
CTR-related transactions only.[4] Some parliamentarians also expressed
concern that CTR activities are destroying infrastructure that could be
successfully repurposed for civilian use.[3] Ongoing CTR activities in
Kazakhstan include the destruction of
six remaining ballistic missile
silos, dismantlement of former biological weapons facilities in Stepnogorsk, conversion of infrastructure at the
Semipalatinsk test site, dismantlement
of some equipment at the Pavlodar chemical plant, and burial of spent
fuel.[3,5] Sources: [1] Interfax-Kazakhstan, 3 June 2002; in "Kazakhstani president ratifies
agreement on destruction of missile silos," FBIS Document CEP20020606000200. [2] "Kazakhstani parliament approves extension of ICBM silo destruction
agreement," Interfax, 16 May 2002. [3] Khabar Television, 16 May 2002;
in "Kazakhstani Senate extends nonproliferation deal with the US to five
years," FBIS Document CEP20020516000222. [4] Natalya Buyenko, "Eto vam ne avtomat Kalashnikova: Deputaty nizhney
palaty parlamenta Kazakhstana dali 'dobro' na ratifikatsiyu soglasheniya,
debaty vokrug kotorogo ne utikhali v techeniye poslednikh neskolkikh mesyatsev,"
Novosti nedeli, 10-16 May 2002, No. 14 (80), p. 7. [5] "V tselyakh konversii,"
Kazakhstanskaya pravda online edition,
http://www.kazpravda.kz/nr.html#nr1, 15 May 2002. {Entered 5/17/2002 KB}
12/14/2001: KAZAKHSTANI PRESIDENT SIGNS
CTBT LAW; SEISMIC MONITORING STATIONS NEARING COMPLETION On 14 December 2001 Interfax
reported that Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev had signed
a law ratifying the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).[2] To
effectively implement the Treaty, the government of Kazakhstan and the
preparatory commission for the CTBT organization
on 18 November 1997 signed an agreement to create a system of seismic stations
in Kazakhstan to monitor nuclear activities in the region.
Construction of the main
station in Makanchi and
auxiliary stations in Aktobe,
Borovo, and Kurchatov is almost
complete. About $6 million has been spent on Kazakhstani facilities and an
additional $1.6 million is earmarked for the Semipalatinsk
test site and operating expenses for the seismic monitoring stations.[1,2] Sources: [1] Khabar News Weekly Review online
edition,
http://www.khabar.kz, 9 December
2001. [2] "Kazakhstan prisoyedinilsya k
Dogovoru o vseobemlyushchem zapreshchenii yadernykh ispytaniy," Interfax, 14
December 2001.{Entered 04/19/2002 YP}
11/29/2001: KAZAKHSTANI PARLIAMENT RATIFIES THE CTBT On 28 November 2001, the parliament of Kazakhstan
ratified the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), signed by Kazakhstan in 1996.
Under the Treaty, Kazakhstan will work with participating states
to establish an organization that will work on the CTBT's provisions, monitor
implementation, and provide a forum for cooperation and consultations.[1,2] Sources: [1] "Na puti k bezyadernomu miru,"
Kazakhstanskaya pravda online edition,
http://www.kazpravda.kz,
29 November 2001. [2] "Parlament RK ratifitsiroval dogovor o
vseobemlyushchem zapreshchenii yadernykh ispytaniy," Gazeta.kz online
edition, http://www.gazeta.kz,
29 November 2001. {Entered
03/15/2002 YP; updated 04/19/02}
6/21/2001: KAZAKHSTAN RATIFIES 1997 MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING RELATED TO THE ABM TREATY On 21 June 2001 the Kazakhstani Senate unanimously
ratified the Memorandum
of Understanding Relating to the Treaty Between the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of
Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems of May 26, 1972.[1,2] This Memorandum
establishes successors to the Anti-Ballistic
Missile Treaty (ABM
Treaty), which was originally concluded between the United States and the
Soviet Union.
The Memorandum was signed in
New York on 26 September 1997 by the US Secretary of State and Foreign
Ministers of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan. After ratification by
the Kazakhstani Senate, the Memorandum was sent for signature to Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev.[1]
Once all the other signatories ratify the 1997 Memorandum, Kazakhstan will
become a party to the ABM Treaty and will then be able to legalize military
installations that were a part of the Soviet ABM system located in
Kazakhstan, including the Saryshagan test site and
Balkhash radar station.[2] Kazakhstan will also have the right to formally participate in negotiations on the future of
the ABM Treaty.[3] Earlier, on 21 May 2001, Nazarbayev criticized US
national missile defense plans in an interview with the New York Times.[4]
Sources: [1] "Senat Kazakhstana odobril
prisoyedineniye respubliki k memorandumu po PRO," Interfax-Novosti, 21
June 2001. [2] "Kazakhstan prisoyedinilsya k
sovetsko-amerikanskomu dogovoru po PRO," Caspian News Agency, 25 June
2001. [3] "Kazakhstan nameren na ravnykh
uchastvovat v debatakh po PRO," Reuters; in UNIAN, No. 024 (164), 11-17 June
2001. [4] "Prezident Kazakhstana vystupil
protiv razvertyvaniya Vashingtonom sistemy PRO," Interfax-Novosti, 21
May 2001.{entered 9/12/01 DK}
3/14/00: KAZAKHSTAN'S
ARREARS TO IAEA CAUSE IT TO LOSE VOTE, BN-350 AID On 14 March 2000 the Cabinet of Ministers held a
meeting regarding Kazakhstan's debt to international organizations.
Kazakhstan's total debt to international organizations, including the IAEA,
the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization,
has reached $21 million. Unpaid annual fees caused Kazakhstan to
lose voting privileges at these three organizations. Kazakhstani
Minister of Foreign Affairs Yerlan Idrisov said that Kazakhstan's debt
has also resulted in the suspension of IAEA financial support for the BN-350
nuclear reactor decommissioning project and the project to build the South
Kazakhstan Nuclear Power Plant. However, the Kazakhstani government
plans to partially pay off these arrears or restructure the debt.
["Kazakhstan iz-za neuplaty chlenskikh
vznosov peresmatrivayet svoye uchastiye v mezhdunarodnykh organizatsiyakh,"
Panorama,
17 March 2000, p. 2.] {entered 4/11/00 NA}
6/17/98: KAZAKHSTAN CALLS
FOR FISSILE MATERIAL CUTOFF TREATY At a plenary meeting of the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in June 1998,
Kazakhstani representative Kasymzhomart Tokayev called for the CD to commence
negotiations on a fissile material cutoff treaty without delay and emphasized
that any such treaty must be non-discriminatory and involve all states
possessing fissile material. Tokayev also stated that
Kazakhstan was ready to join the NSG and has been abiding by NSG governing
principles in its exports of nuclear materials and technology since 1997.
[CNS report on 793rd and 794th plenary meetings of the
CD, 17 June 1998, KAZ980617.] {updated 9/16/98 FW}
10/30/97: KAZAKHSTAN RATIFIES IAEA AGREEMENT Kazakhstan ratified the 1959 Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities
of the International Atomic Energy Agency under the provisions of a law
signed by President Nursultan Nazarbayev.
["Zakon Respubliki Kazakhstana," Kazakhstanskaya pravda
,No. 233, 7 November 1997, p. 2.] {entered 2/5/98 djw}
6/10/96: REACTION TO CHINESE NUCLEAR TEST The Kazakhstani Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep
concern over a Chinese nuclear test conducted on 6/8/96 at the Lop Nor
test site.
["Kazakhstan Unhappy with Chinese Nuclear
Test," OMRI Daily Digest, No. 113, Part II, 11 June 1996.] 5/30/96: SIX CIS MEMBERS AGREE TO NUCLEAR ENERGY COOPERATION Officials from Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine
came to an agreement on cooperating in the area of nuclear energy development
during a two-day meeting in Minsk. The countries will also work together
on issues including the nuclear fuel cycle, spent fuel, and nuclear waste.
[Nikolai Grusha, Russian Nuclear Society, "CIS Accord
on Nuclear Energy Links," Nucnet, 30 May 1996.] {Entered 2/14/97, Mew} {Cleared
3/19/97 JWRL} 5/15/96:KAZAKHSTANI FACILITIES UNDER IAEA SAFEGUARDS According to Director General of the Kazakhstan Atomic Energy Agency Timur
Zhantikin, all Kazak nuclear facilities have been put under IAEA safeguards,
except some material at the Semipalatinsk nuclear facilities. Russian nuclear
fuel is still stored at the site "Baykal," which reportedly prevents the
extension of IAEA safeguards to the Semipalatinsk testing ground.
["Pri vybore reaktora my bydem rukovodstvovatsya
dvumya printsipami: bezopasnostyu i ekonomichnostyu," Kazakhstanskaya
pravda, 15 May 1996.]
3/16/96:ANTI-NUCLEAR MOVEMENT ATTAN RETURNS FROM
TURKEY Participants of the anti-nuclear movement Attan, led by Amantay
Asylbekov, returned from Turkey where they held meetings against the testing
of nuclear weapons. In the future, Attan plans to visit a number of Arab
countries.
[Lyudmila Pereverzeva, "Marsh Attana v Turtsii," Kazakhstanskaya
pravda, 16 March 1996, p. 2.]
11/30/95:NEVADA-SEMIPALATINSK PROTESTS FRENCH
NUCLEAR TESTING The international anti-nuclear organization "Nevada-Semipalatinsk"
made a statement protesting the continued self-destruction of humanity
in light of continued French nuclear testing at the Mururoa atoll. Nevada-Semipalatinsk,
citing the devastating cumulative effects of nuclear testing at the Semipalatinsk
test site, urged the French government to halt testing.
[Raisa Dobraya, "Against Nuclear Testing And Self-Destruction," Kazakhstanskaya
pravda, 30 November 1995, p. 2.]
9/15/95:JOINT COMMISSION FOR MONITORING THE EFFECTS
OF CHINESE NUCLEAR TESTS According to a Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman, Kazakhstan
and China will set up commissions to work jointly to monitor the effects
of Chinese nuclear tests on the environment in Kazakhstan.
[Bhavna Dave, "China and Kazakhstan to Jointly Monitor
Effects of Nuclear Tests," OMRI Daily Digest, No. 182, Vol. 1, 19
September 1995.]
9/12/95:KAZAKHSTAN AND CHINA CALL FOR HALT TO
TESTING
China and Kazakhstan issued a joint statement, containing
no specific provisions, calling for an end to nuclear testing. [Bhavna Dave, "...Differences Over Nuclear Issue...," OMRI
Daily Digest, No. 179, Vol. 1, 14 September 1995.] 9/95:TENTATIVE AGREEMENT ON ESTABLISHING A JOINT
CHINESE-KAZAKHSTANI COMMISSION In response to Kazakhstani appeals for China to regulate
its nuclear testing, Beijing has tentatively agreed to establish a joint
Chinese-Kazakhstani commission for environmental oversight of future underground
tests. No plans have been made yet to define the commission's jurisdiction
or powers. Further, officials in Beijing refuse to admit that there is
any danger of radioactive emissions from the underground tests, despite
evidence to the contrary presented by German researchers after a visit
to the Gobi desert.
["Beijing Promises To Conduct Nuclear Explosions With
Consideration For Kazakhstan," The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press,
Vol. XLVII, No. 37 (1995), pp. 25-26.]
8/11/95:SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO FORCE The safeguards agreement concluded with the IAEA pursuant to NPT Article
III.1 entered into force. Click here
for the full-text of this agreement, reproduced in IAEA Information Circular
504.
[International Atomic Energy Agency, Agreement of 26 July
1994 Between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the International Atomic Energy
Agency for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty
on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, INFCIRC/504, March 1996.]
{updated 8/3/99 FW}
6/95:KAZAKHSTANI FOREIGN MINISTRY ON CENTRAL ASIAN
NWFZ In response to a question, one Foreign Ministry official
noted that a nuclear weapon-free zone (NWFZ) in Central Asia was unnecessary.
The official stated that he had the following concerns regarding such a
zone: the Central Asian region is ill defined; nuclear weapons are no longer
on Kazakhstani territory and Kazakhstan has pledged never to develop them;
and Kazakhstan is in a unique strategic position -- flanked by two large
nuclear weapons states, Russia and China. This official felt a NWFZ would
generate a feeling of good will, but would not provide tangible security
benefits for Kazakhstan.
Sources: [1] Emily Ewell, "Trip Report - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
and Ukraine," 21 June 1995, p. 24. [2] Bhavna Dave, "...Differences Over Nuclear Issue...," OMRI Daily
Digest, No. 179, Vol. 1, 14 September 1995.
4/24/95:KAZAKHSTAN SUPPORTS INDEFINITE EXTENSION
OF THE NPT At the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties
to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Republic
of Kazakhstan officially announced its support for indefinite and unconditional
extension of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
[NPT Update #7, Acronym Consortium and Disarmament Times,
25 April 1995.] 4/15/95:NAZARBAYEV, PERRY ON NPT EXTENSION At a meeting held in Almaty, US Defense Secretary William
Perry and President Nursultan Nazarbayev agreed that the Non-Proliferation
Treaty should be extended indefinitely and unconditionally.
[Sovety Kazakhstana, 7 April 1995, p. 1; in
"Perry, Nazarbayev Discussions Reviewed," FBIS-SOV-95-070, 7 April 1995.]
2/8/95: CHINA GRANTS SECURITY ASSURANCES TO KAZAKHSTAN China gave security assurances to Kazakhstan that it would never use nuclear
weapons against Kazakhstan. According to a statement released by the government,
"the Chinese government has unconditionally undertaken not to use or threaten
to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free
zones...This long-standing principled position also applies to Kazakhstan."[1]
The following day, President Nursultan Nazarbayev sent a personal message
to Chinese President Jiang Zemin, confirming the commitment of his republic
to friendly relations and comprehensive cooperation with China.[2]
Sources: [1] "China gives security assurance to Kazakhstan," Reuters
News Service, 8 February 1995. [2] ITAR-TASS, 9 February 1995; in "Nazarbayev
Thanks China for Nuclear Security Guarantees," FBIS-SOV-095-027, 9 February
1995. 12/7/94: MEMORANDUM ON SECURITY GUARANTEES FOR KAZAKHSTAN WAS SIGNED
IN BUDAPEST A Memorandum on Security Guarantees for Kazakhstan was signed by the major
nuclear powers during the CSCE summit meeting in Budapest. The memorandum
guarantees the independence and territorial integrity of Kazakhstan, and
non-aggression, both conventional and nuclear, against it. Under the memorandum,
if aggression is committed against Kazakhstan, the UN Security Council
must respond immediately. Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev said
that the memorandum is vital for Kazakhstan's security and for its participation
in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state.
[ITAR-TASS, 7 December 1994; in "CSCE Security
Guarantees Welcomed for Kazakhstan," FBIS-SOV-94-236, 7 October 1994.] 10/94:KAZAKHSTAN WOULD SUPPORT A NWFZ A Kazakhstani government official stated that he
believed it would be in Kazakhstan's interest to support a nuclear weapon-free
zone in Central Asia, including a ban on transshipment, in exchange for
additional security guarantees from Russia and the West.
Sources: [1] Statement by Kazakhstani government official, at CISNP-sponsored "NPT Extension Conference
Workshop," 10-12 October 1994, Almaty, Kazakhstan. [2] Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 15 October 1994, p. 3; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-94-020,
17 October 1994, pp. 30-32.
10/7/94:FOREIGN MINISTRY STATEMENT ON CHINESE
NUCLEAR TESTS In connection with the Chinese atomic explosion on 7 October 1994,
a statement by the Foreign Ministry of Kazakhstan said that nuclear tests
on the Lop-Nor experimental range in China are "undermining the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty regime." According to the statement, Kazakhstan
would welcome a decision by Chinese leadership to join in a universal ban
on nuclear tests.
[ITAR-TASS, 7 October 1994; in FBIS-SOV-94-196, "Foreign Ministry
Statement on Nuclear Test," 7 October 1994.] 7/26/94:KAZAKHSTAN, IAEA SIGN SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENT Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko and Hans Blix, Director General of the
IAEA, signed a nuclear safeguards agreement in Almaty. The Agreement will
come into force upon ratification by Kazakhstan's Parliament. According
to Mr. Blix, the IAEA will assist Kazakhstan in dealing with the consequences
of testing at the Semipalatinsk site, and in planning a replacement for
the BN-350 reactor at Aktau, as well as assist in the further development of
nuclear energy for Kazakhstan.[1,2] Tereshchenko stated that Kazakhstan hopes
to receive technical assistance from the IAEA to help develop a civilian
nuclear power program, adding that the future belongs to nuclear energy.
IAEA assistance is also being sought for environmental evaluations and
clean-up around nuclear sites.[3] The IAEA inspection team in Kazakhstan
has not detected any high levels of radiation around the former test site
at Semipalatinsk.[4]
Sources: [1] IAEA press release, PR 94/30, 27 July 1994. [2] "MAGATE pomozhet
Kazakhstanu vyrabotat sistemu kontrolya za ispolzovaniem yadernoy energii,"
Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 26 July 1994, p. 1. [3] "Nuclear Safeguards Pact Signed
with IAEA," Nuclear News, September 1994, p. 92. [4] Keith Martin, "Kazakhstan Signs Nuclear Agreement," RFE/RL
News Briefs, 25-29 July 1994 and 1-5 July 1994, Vol. 3, No. 31, p. 8.
2/15/94:NAZARBAYEV SUBMITS NPT ACCESSION DOCUMENTS President Nursultan Nazarbayev gave President Clinton documents
on Kazakhstan's accession to the NPT as a non-nuclear weapons state. As
a signatory to the NPT, Kazakhstan is required to ensure that all exports
of nuclear facilities, materials, and nuclear-unique components are subject
to IAEA safeguards in the recipient countries.
[Bess Brown, "Nazarbayev in Washington," RFE/RL
News Briefs Supplement, 14-18 February 1994, p. 8.]
12/13/93:KAZAKHSTAN RATIFIES NPT The Kazakhstani parliament voted 283-1 to accede to the NPT.
Sources: [1] R. Jeffrey Smith, "Kazakhstan
Signs Nuclear Treaty, Receives US Aid," Washington Post, 13 December
1993. [2] "Kazakhstan
Ratifies Nuclear Non-Proliferation Pact," Reuters News Service, 13 December
1993.
12/93:KAZAK-US FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON COOPERATION
IN DISMANTLING NUCLEAR ARMSSIGNED A framework agreement on cooperation in dismantling nuclear
weapons and on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction was
signed by Kazakhstan and the United States. This agreement was required
to allow provision of denuclearization support through the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative
Threat Reduction (CTR) program. Although Kazakhstan was the first state
from the former Soviet Union to ratify START I and the Lisbon Protocol,
concluding the framework agreement under which the United States could
assist Kazakhstan's denuclearization effort proved more difficult.
Sources: [1] William Potter, "The Politics of Nuclear Renunciation
: The Cases of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine," The Henry L. Stimson Center,
Occasional Paper No. 22, April 1995, p. 18. [2] Kazak Fact Sheet to the UN Conference
on Disarmament, Geneva, June 1995, p. 2.
10/93:THE IAEA OFFICIALLY ADMITTED KAZAKHSTAN AS A MEMBER ["Country Admitted As Member
Of IAEA," FBIS Document JPRS-TND-93-034, 27 October 1993, p. 37. ]
4/93: KAZAKHSTAN OPPOSED THE USE OF THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS Kazakhstan declared that it is opposed to the use of any
and all weapons of mass destruction. It supports efforts to reduce all
nuclear arsenals and is also supportive of a general ban on nuclear testing.
[Dr. Gregory
Andrusz, "Kazakhstan--Political Perspectives and Military Prospects," Jane's
Intelligence Review, April 1993, p. 176.]
4/93:KAZAK OFFICIALS ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS WITHDRAWAL Oumirserik T. Kasenov, head of the Kazakhstan Center of Strategic
Studies, suggested that the complete withdrawal of the nuclear weapons
from the territory of Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine, as envisaged by
the Lisbon Protocol, would reduce Russia's incentive to maintain a strategic
partnership with those states.
[Panorama, No. 9, April 1993, p. 6.]
1/93: KAZAKHSTAN APPLIED FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE IAEA.
The Board of Governors will consider the application at its 6/93 meetings.
["Armenia, Kazakhstan, &
Marshall Islands: IAEA Membership Applications," IAEA Bulletin,
February 1993, p. 51.] 5/23/92:KAZAKHSTAN SIGNS LISBON PROTOCOL TO START
1 Under the terms of the protocol, Kazakhstan agreed to join
the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapons state "in the shortest
possible time."
[Arms Control Today, June 1992, pp. 34-35.] 12/29/91:ALMATY DECLARATION ON STRATEGIC FORCES The leaders of Kazakhstan, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine issued
the Almaty Declaration on Strategic Forces in which they agreed to joint
control over nuclear arsenals of the former Soviet Union. [Kazakh fact sheet to the UN Conference on Disarmament,
Geneva, June 1995, p. 1.]
