LOCATION: Address: 1
Burdenko ulitsa, Khimki, Moscow Oblast 141400 Telephone:
(095) 575-4040 Fax:
(095) 251-7504
E-Mail: energo@online.ru ["Otkrytoye
aktsionernoye obshchestvo 'NPO 'Energomash' imeni akademika V.P. Glushko'," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 215-216.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ} SUBORDINATION:
Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos) ADMINISTRATION: General Director/General Designer: Boris Ivanovich Katorgin First Deputy
General Director/Design Bureau Director: Vladimir Konstantinovich Chvanov Deputy General Director/Plant Director: Sergey Sergeyevich Golovchenko Deputy General
Director/Testing Complex Director: Nikolay Vasilyevich Akimov Deputy General Director/Director for Strategic Development: Nikolay
Anatolevich Pirogov
Deputy General Director/Foreign Production Director: Gennadiy Grigoryevich Derkach Executive Director: Sergey Anatolyevich Lizgunov ["Otkrytoye
aktsionernoye obshchestvo 'NPO 'Energomash' imeni akademika V.P. Glushko'," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 215-216.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ} STRUCTURE
NPO Energomash consists of a design bureau with branch offices in Samara and
Perm, a testing plant, a production facility, and support services.[1] Energomash remains a state-owned enterprise, with the Russian government owning
80% of its shares.[2]
The remaining 20% are held by RD-Invest, which was formed to help attract
investors, and is controlled by Rosaviakosmos.[3] Sources:
[1] "Otkrytoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo 'NPO 'Energomash' imeni akademika V.P.
Glushko'," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002 (Moscow: Rosaviakosmos,
2001), pp. 215-216.
[2] Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 26 July 2002; in "Russian aerospace company to
supply Lockheed with 50 rocket engines," FBIS Document CEP20020726000148.
[3] "Energomash denies plan to sell shares to Boeing," Interfax, 10 August
2000. {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ} BACKGROUND: Energomash is one of the most important facilities that designs and manufactures liquid-fuelled rocket engines in Russia. It was created in Leningrad in 1929
as a liquid fuel rocket engine design group at the Gas Dynamics Laboratory. In
1933, the group was transferred to the Rocket Scientific Research Institute, and
in 1941 it was transformed into an experimental design bureau (OKB). In 1946, it was
relocated to its current site in Khimki.
In 1990, it received its current name.[1]
Under the designation OKB-456 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, it became
the head design bureau for liquid-fuel rocket engines.[2] Its designs were incorporated into a wide
variety of Soviet ballistic missiles, including R-1 [NATO designation SS-1 'Scunner'], R-2
[SS-2 'Sibling'], R-5 [SS-3
'Shyster'] R-7 [SS-6 'Sapwood'], R-9 [SS-8 'Sasin'], R-12 [SS-4 'Sandal'], R-14
[SS-5 'Skean'], R-16 [SS-7 'Saddler'], MR-UR-100 [SS-17 'Spanker'], R-36 [SS-9
'Scarp'], R-36M [SS-18 'Satan'], and others.[3] Energomash engines were also
used on Soyuz rockets, Energiya superheavy space launch vehicles, and
the Buran
space shuttle.[4]
Although Energomash was once a crucial supplier of rocket engines for Soviet
missile and space programs, as of August 2002 state-funded activity had dropped
to 0.5% of its work. The bulk of its income comes from foreign
contracts.[5]
As of January 2002, Energomash employed 6,000 people, including 5,600 at Khimki, with an average monthly
pay of about 6,000 rubles [approximately $200 as of January
2002]. The most difficult period for the
enterprise was 1993-1995, when many employees left.[6]
As of 2002, the average age of Energomash staff had reached 50 years. Energomash
may benefit from proposed legislation by the Duma Committee on Defense to
allow individuals subject to draft to work in defense industry enterprises
instead of military service.[7] Thanks to foreign orders, Energomash no longer
experiences salary delays. Nevertheless, the Energomash administration is concerned that
the company's income is insufficient to modernize its infrastructure and conduct further
development work. Moreover, General Director Boris Katorgin has complained that
the Russian tax system hampers Energomash's ability to fulfill orders and modernize
itself.[8] Sources:
[1] "Otkrytoye aktsionernoye obshchestvo 'NPO 'Energomash' imeni akademika V.P.
Glushko'," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002 (Moscow: Rosaviakosmos,
2001), pp. 215-216.
[2] Pavel Podvig, ed., Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2001), p. 157.
[3] Mikhail Pervov, "Raketnyye kompleksy RVSN," Tekhnika i
vooruzheniye, No. 5-6, 2001, pp. 10-13, 15, 20, 24, 27, 29, 33, 34, 40, 67, 71.
[4] "Dvigatel, ne imeyushchiy sebe ravnykh v mire," Samolet, No. 1, 1997, p. 40;
in WPS Oborona i bezopasnost, 14 January 1998; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[5] RTR Planeta TV, 22 August 2002; in "US' heavy Atlas rocket not seen as
competitor by Russian space industry," FBIS Document CEP20020822000260.
[6] Yuriy Granovskiy, "Interview: General Director and General Designer of NPO
Energomash," Vedomosti, 31 January 2002; in "Energomash Director Interviewed on
Rocket Engines, Aerospace Sector Reforms," FBIS Document CEP20020131000311.
[7] Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 22 April 2002; in "Russia: Duma official says
arms sales not total solution to defense industry problems," FBIS Document
CEP20020422000245.
[8] Igor Polyakov, "Gendirektor NPO 'Energomash' Boris Katorgin: Sotrudnichestvo
- vpolne vzaimovygodnaya veshch," Versty, No. 96, 17 August 2000, p. 3; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ} ACTIVITIES:
Energomash is involved in several civilian space launch programs. Its main
area of activity is the production of rocket engines for Soyuz and Proton
(manufactured by the Khrunichev Center) space launch vehicles
(SLVs).[1]
in cooperation with
NPO Molniya, Energomash
is developing the Baykal reusable
booster stage using the RD-191 engine. Baykal is intended for use with the Angara SLV, which is being development by
the Khrunichev Center. The cost of the project, which is to
be borne equally by the two companies, is estimated at $130 million. The first test
launch of Baykal is planned for 2004.[2]
Another joint project with NPO Molniya and the Antonov
Scientific and Technical Complex is the
Multifunctional Aerospace System (MAKS) space
plane, for which Energomash is developing the RD-701 engine. According to the MAKS concept, the space plane is to be launched from the An-225 heavy transport
aircraft. The
project's cost is estimated at $3 billion, and even at full financing would require
an additional 6-7 years of development and testing.[3] (For more information,
see the 1/10/2000 entry in the Energomash Developments section, below.)
The most lucrative portion of Energomash's activities are its dealings with
foreign companies. Since 1992 Energomash has been cooperating with
Pratt &
Whitney.[4] In 1997, Energomash and Pratt & Whitney
co-founded the RD-AMROSS, LLC joint venture. It was established to
incorporate Energomash engines in US-designed space launch vehicles.[5] Also in
1997, RD-AMROSS signed an agreement with
Lockheed Martin to provide RD-180
engines over a 10-year period. In 2000, the
US State Department issued a license
to assemble RD-180 engines in the United States.[6] Under the terms of an
agreement between Lockheed Martin, Pratt & Whitney, Energomash, RD-AMROSS, and
Rosaviakosmos, Lockheed Martin is to eventually order a total of 101 engines.[4]
Under the terms of cooperation, the engines are fully assembled at Energomash,
with Pratt & Whitney representatives conducting on-site quality control.[7]
One of the problems facing RD-AMROS is US legislation that requires all
rockets used for military space launches must be wholly manufactured in the
United States. Lockheed Martin representatives indicated they will try to
convince the US government to make an exception for Energomash engines.[4]
RD-180 production in the United States is not likely to start before 2008.[6]
(For more information, see the 5/30/2001 and
3/14/2000 entries, below.)
Energomash also produces RD-171 engines for the Ukrainian Zenit SLV used in the
international Sea Launch program. (For more information on the Sea Launch
program, see the Ukraine: Missile
Production/Dismantlement Facilities file.) As of January 2002, 12 engines had been
delivered.[8] In 2001 Energomash discussed the possibility of using its engines
on the European Ariane SLV.[9] Energomash has contracts with French companies on developing rocket components
and associated equipment.[10] Together with the
Makeyev Design Bureau, Energomash participated in the development of Yedinstvo SLV,
until its Australian partner suspended financing in March 2000.[11] Since 2002, Energomash
has been participating in Project Volga, an international effort involving,
among other firms,
SNECMA,
Astrium,
M.V. Keldysh Research Center and KB Khimavtomatiki, aimed at developing a
reusable rocket engine using liquid methane as fuel.[12] (For more information,
see the 4/3/2002 entry, below.) Sources:
[1] Aleksandr Mashevskiy, "Intervyu pervogo zamestitelya Generalnogo direktora 'NPO
Energomash imeni akademika V.P. Glushko' Vladimira Chvanova," Literaturnaya
Rossiya, 12 April 2002, p. 3; in "Informatsiya cherez kosmos," WPS VPK i
Biznes/Konversiya, 26 April 2002; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[2] Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 26 July 2002; in "Russia: Baikal non-expendable
booster model passes aerodynamic tests," FBIS Document CEP20020726000085.
[3] Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 26 April 2002; in "Russia developing technology
for orbiting plane," FBIS Document CEP20020426000267.
[4] Aleksandr Grek, "NPO 'Energomash" zarabatyvayet milliardy na raketnykh
dvigatelyakh," Vedomosti, 21 March 2000, p. B4; in "Reaktivnyy
biznes," WPS VPK i Biznes/Konversiya, 24 May 2000; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[5] Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 7 August 2002; in "Russian-made RD-180 rocket
engine to
work to its full capacity for first time," FBIS Document CEP20020807000170.
[6] Ivan Lebedev, "Rossiysko-amerikanskoye SP 'RD-Amros" sokhranyayet plany po proizvodstvu
dvigateley RD-180 v SShA, no otkladyvayet ikh do 2008 goda," ITAR-TASS, 30 May
2001; in Integrum-Techno, http://www.integrum.com.
[7]
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 26 July 2002; in "Russian aerospace company to
supply Lockheed with 50 rocket engines," FBIS Document CEP20020726000148.
[8] Yuriy Granovskiy, "Interview: General Director and General Designer of NPO
Energomash," Vedomosti, 31 January 2002; in "Energomash Director Interviewed on
Rocket Engines, Aerospace Sector Reforms," FBIS Document CEP20020131000311.
[9] Sergey Sokut, "Luchshe rossiyskogo ne nashli," Nezavisimaya gazeta,
No. 30, 30
August 2002; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[10] Boris Katorgin, "Rocket Power From Energomash," Krasnaya zvezda, 19 February
2000; in "General Director Katorgin on Energomash NPO Accomplishments," FBIS
Document CEP20000218000396.
[11] "Avstraliyskaya storona priostanovila finansirovaniye rabot po sozdaniyu
raketno-kosmicheskogo kompleksa 'Yedinstvo'," Agentstvo voyennykh novostey,
No. 165, 27
March 2000; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[12] Vladimir Rogachev, "Novyy raketnyy dvigatel mnogorazovogo ispolzovaniya
sozdayetsya v ramkakh proyekta 'Volga'," ITAR-TASS, 3 April 2002; Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
8/22/2002: FIRST ATLAS 5 LAUNCH
The first launch of the US Atlas 5 rocket, using Energomash's RD-180 engine,
took place on 22 August 2002 at Cape Canaveral. Commenting on the launch, Energomash General Director Boris Katorgin said that
it would help sales
of Russian space hardware on the world market. Moreover, according to Katorgin,
there are no prohibitions against using the RD-180 in Russian space programs. By the
time of the launch, Energomash
had already delivered 14 RD-180 engines to the United
States, at a cost of $10 million each.[1] Energomash's partner in this venture
is Lockheed Martin, which also uses the RD-180 engines in its Atlas 3 rocket.[2] Sources:
[1] RTR Planeta TV, 22 August 2002; in "US' heavy Atlas rocket not seen as
competitor by Russian space industry," FBIS Document CEP20020822000260.
[2] German Solomatin, Dayma Timergaliyeva, ITAR-TASS, 21 August 2002; in "Rocket powered by Russian engine launched
from Cape Canaveral," FBIS Document CEP20020822000009. {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
9/17/2002: NEW CRITERIA FOR JOINT VENTURE LICENSES
ITAR-TASS, with reference to Space News, reported on 17 September 2002 that
the Bush administration may use the
process of issuing licenses to US-Russian joint ventures as a means of exerting
influence on Russia to stop proliferation of rocket technologies. According to
newly adopted rules, licenses will have to be renewed every six months, not
annually as before. Russian efforts in the area of missile technology
proliferation will be used as a criterion in deciding whether to renew the
licenses. However, the report also noted that the US government may be deterred
from this tactic by its reliance on Russian technologies. Energomash engines,
for example, are to be used in space launches for the US
Department of Defense. [Ivan Lebedev, "SShA usilivayut
davleniye na Rossiyu,
dobivayas uzhestocheniya kontrolya za nerasprostraneniyem raketnykh tekhnologiy,"
ITAR-TASS, 17 September 2002; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
7/26/2002: KATORGIN SUPPORTS SPACE LASERS
Energomash General Director Boris Katorgin told ITAR-TASS reporters on 26 July
2002 that a space-based chemical laser weapon could be useful in destroying
asteroids on a collision course with Earth. Although no such weapon exists,
according to Katorgin scientists in Russia and other countries are working on
such lasers, and the international community is already discussing the need to
build them. [German Solomatin, ITAR-TASS, 26 July 2002; in "Russians suggest using laser to destroy
approaching asteroid," FBIS Document CEP20020726000204.] {Entered 11/4/2002
MJ}
4/3/2002: ENERGOMASH TO PARTICIPATE IN PROJECT VOLGA
Energomash representative Yuriy Korotkov informed ITAR-TASS
reporters on 3 April 2002 that Energomash will participate in the development of
Project Volga, a multinational project aimed at developing a reusable rocket
engine using liquid methane. A memorandum on the project has already been signed
in Moscow. Energomash's participation will include design and production of the
new engine's components. A working model is expected within two years. In
addition to Energomash, the project participants include KB Khimavtomatiki and
the M.V. Keldysh Research
Center, as well as French company
SNECMA,
Astrium, and a number of Swedish and Belgian firms. [Vladimir Rogachev, "Novyy raketnyy dvigatel mnogorazovogo
ispolzovaniya sozdayetsya v ramkakh proyekta 'Volga'," ITAR-TASS, 3 April 2002;
in Integrum-Techno, http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
1/31/2002: KATORGIN ON COOPERATION WITH UNITED STATES, KHRUNICHEV
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 31 January 2002 that Energomash General
Director Boris Katorgin said that he expects Energomash to produce 101 rocket
engines for export. So far, Energomash has contracts with
Lockheed Martin for 29
engines, 13 of which have been delivered. The projected sales of the
rocket engines would provide Energomash with sufficient funding until 2010. The
situation is less encouraging in regard to cooperation with the
Khrunichev Center on the Angara SLV. Although Energomash is developing the RD-191 engine for
the Angara,
it has received only limited funding from the Russian government for the
project. It did receive some funds from Khrunichev but, according to Katorgin,
about half of the funding for the Angara project came from Energomash itself. [Yuriy Granovskiy, "Interview: General Director and General Designer of NPO
Energomash," Vedomosti, 31 January 2002; in "Energomash Director Interviewed on
Rocket Engines, Aerospace Sector Reforms," FBIS Document CEP20020131000311.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
12/17/2001: ENERGOMASH COMPLETES RD-180 DELIVERIES FOR 2001
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 17 December 2001 that Energomash
completed the plan of RD-180 deliveries to the United States for 2001. Ten
engines have already been shipped, three more were ready for immediate shipment,
and additional five are under construction for delivery in 2002. [Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 17 December 2001; in "Russia's Energomash
implements plan of rocket engine supplies to US," FBIS Document
CEP20011217000111.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
11/26/2001: ROCKET TEST STAND REPAIRS COMPLETE
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 26 November 2001 that Energomash
completed repairs of a test stand used for firing tests of rocket engines. The
test stand began operation 25 years ago, but 10 years ago it fell into
disrepair. Repairs of the test stand were made possible by cooperation with US
company Lockheed Martin, which provided $5 million for upgrades at Energomash's
testing complex. (For more information, see the 3/23/2000 entry, below.) [Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 26 November 2001; in "Russia: Energomash ends
repairs of firing bench," FBIS Document CEP20011126000063.] {Entered
11/4/2002 MJ}
10/17/2001: EVANS VISIT TO BENEFIT ENERGOMASH Rosaviakosmos and
Pratt & Whitney, which is engaged in close cooperation
with Energomash, signed a cooperation agreement on 17 October 2002. The signing
took place during the visit of US Commerce Secretary Donald Evans to Moscow. The
agreement is expected to expand the level of cooperation between Pratt & Whitney
and Russian entities. ["Our Engine in US Rockets,"
Rossiyskaya gazeta, 19 October 2001, p. 4; in "Rosaviakosmos,
Pratt and Whitney Sign 'Large-Scale' Deal During Evans Visit," FBIS Document
CEP20011019000275.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
5/30/2001: PLANS TO PRODUCE RD-180 IN THE UNITED STATES DELAYED
ITAR-TASS reported on 30 May 2001 that plans to produce RD-180 engines in the
United States have been postponed until 2008. Until that time, US SLVs using the
RD-180 will utilize engines manufactured by Energomash. The
US State Department and
Russian Ministry of Defense are expected to work out an agreement on protecting
Russian intellectual property in the course of implementing this project. ["Rossiysko-amerikanskoye SP 'RD-Amros" sokhranyayet plany po
proizvodstvu dvigateley RD-180 v SShA, no otkladyvayet ikh do 2008 goda,"
ITAR-TASS, 30 May 2001; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
4/11/2001: RD-180 DELIVERIES CONTINUE
Interfax reported on 11 April 2001 that Energomash is to supply 18 RD-180
engines to the United States, for use in Atlas 3 and Atlas 5 rockets. Eight
engines have already been sent. Energomash General Director Boris Katorgin
denied allegations that Energomash is planning to assist US firms in
manufacturing the missiles themselves.[1] The total number of RD-180 engines
that will be supplied to Lockheed Martin may reach 101.[2] Sources:
[1] Interfax, 11 April 2001; in "Russian company to supply 18 engines for US new
carrier rockets," FBIS Document CEP20010411000355.
[2] RIA, 20 February 2001; in "Russia to supply 101 engines for US Atlas 3
booster rocket," FBIS Document CEP20010220000194. {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
8/28/2000: RD-180 PRODUCTION TO BEGIN IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2005
Interfax reported on 28 August 2000 that, according to Energomash General
Director Boris Katorgin, RD-180 rocket engine production in the United
States will begin no sooner than 2005. According to Katorgin, studies and documents on
arranging such production are being prepared, but the complexity of the
process may push the date past 2005. ["Russian RD-180 rocket engines not to be made in U.S. before 2005," Interfax,
28 August 2000.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
8/10/2000: BOEING WILL NOT ACQUIRE STAKE IN ENERGOMASH
Interfax reported on 10 August 2000 that Energomash had denied reports that
the US
company Boeing would become one of its owners. At the same time, Energomash
General Director Boris Katorgin spoke in favor of making Energomash a publicly
traded company, in order to compensate for the virtual absence of state funding
since 1992. As a result, Energomash has not been able to upgrade its equipment
for nearly a decade. Previously, Energomash had planned to sell 29% of its shares in order to
finance modernization.[1] However, the privatization was halted in 1998.[2] Sources:
[1] "Energomash denies plan to sell shares to Boeing," Interfax, 10 August 2000.
[2] Interfax, 25 July 2000; in "Russia: Energomash Denies Sale of RD-Invest
Shares to Foreigners," FBIS Document CEP20000725000064. {Entered 11/4/2002
MJ}
5/25/2000: FIRST ATLAS 3A LAUNCH
The first launch of Lockheed Martin's Atlas 3A rocket, using Energomash RD-180 engine supplied to the United States through a joint venture
with Pratt & Whitney, took place from Cape Canaveral on 25 May 2000. [Tom Breen, "Atlas 3A Is A Success On First Flight,"
Florida Today, 25 May
2000.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
3/27/2000: YEDINSTVO PROJECT SUSPENDED
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 27 March 2000 that
the Australian company
United Launch Systems (ULS)
had suspended financing of the Yedinstvo SLV. The main
Russian firm participating in the project was Makeyev
Design Bureau, with Energomash developing engines for the rocket. As a result of the cessation of
funding, Energomash halted the development of DP-220U rocket engine intended for Yedinstvo. ["Avstraliyskaya storona priostanovila finansirovaniye rabot
po sozdaniyu raketno-kosmicheskogo kompleksa 'Yedinstvo'," Agentstvo voyennykh
novostey, 27 March 2000; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
3/23/2000: LOCKHEED MARTIN TO PAY FOR ROCKET TEST STAND UPGRADE
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 23 March 2000 that $5 million of the
$25 million sum allocated by
Lockheed Martin to Energomash for modernization of
its production facilities will be used to upgrade an obsolescent rocket test
stand. The upgrade will entail installing computerized diagnostic and
control equipment. After modernization, the stand will be able to test rocket
engines with thrust of up to 1000 metril tons. ["Modernizatsiyu ognevogo stenda po ispytaniyu zhidkostnykh raketnykh dvigateley
NPO 'Energomash' provedet na sredstva korporatsii Lockheed Martin," Agentstvo
voyennykh novostey, 23 March 2000; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
3/22/2000: WORK ON ROCKET ENGINES USING LIQUID METHANE SUSPENDED
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 22 March 2000 that Energomash suspended
development of rocket engines using liquefied methane due to financial reasons.
According to Energomash research, liquid methane promises greater thrust,
fewer environmental concerns, and lower cost, in comparison with kerosene. Energomash has been working on this technology since 1981. [Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 22 March 2000; in "Energomash Suspends Liquid
Methane Rocket Production," FBIS Document CEP20000322000258.] {Entered
11/4/2002 MJ}
3/14/2000: ENERGOMASH HOPES FOR LONG-TERM PARTNERSHIP
WITH US FIRMS
Energomash General Director Boris Katorgin said on 14 March 2000 that he hoped
for a long-term partnership with US firms in the development of RD-180 rocket
engines for US rockets. The Energomash agreement with
Lockheed Martin
specifies the sale of 101 RD-180 engines, a provision that will take 10 years
to fulfill. The cooperation will also entail organizing production of RD-180
engines in the United States. The Russian government has already issued permission
to create a joint venture that would be engaged in manufacturing these engines,
and Lockheed Martin has lent Energomash $25 million to modernize its facilities.
Four RD-180 engines were delivered in 1999. ["Russia sees long-term partnership with U.S. in development of rocket engines,"
Interfax, 14 March 2000.] {Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
2/15/2000: ENERGOMASH COMPLETES DESIGNS OF ENGINES USING LIQUID NATURAL GAS
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 15 February 2000 that Energomash and
Makeyev Design Bureau completed joint design work on several types of
rocket engines using liquefied methane for fuel. Energomash General Director
Boris Katorgin said that methane has a 20-30% thrust advantage over kerosene,
and represents the future of space launch vehicle development. ["Zaversheny proyektnyye razrabotki raketnykh dvigateley, ispolzuyushchikh v
kachestve topliva szhizhennyy prirodnyy gaz," Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 14
February 2002; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
1/10/2000: WORK ON MAKS CONTINUES
Agentstvo voyennykh novostey reported on 10 January 2000 that
NPO Molniya and NPO Energomash are continuing their efforts to develop the
Multifunctional Aerospace System (MAKS) space plane in
spite of a lack of government funding. The project dates back to the 1980s. Energomash's share of the work includes the development of the space plane's
rocket engine. There are hopes that MAKS will reduce the cost of putting cargo in
orbit to just $1,200 per 1kg, as compared to $3,500 per 1kg for the Proton space
rocket. ["Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye 'Molniya' prodolzhayet razrabotku
mnogotselevoy aviatsionno-kosmicheskoy sistemy MAKS," Agentstvo voyennykh
novostey, No. 111, 10 January 2001; in Integrum-Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 11/4/2002 MJ}
Delivery Vehicle Facilities
For recent
developments, see the 
