Khrunichev Machine Building PlantRussia: M.V. Khrunichev State Space Scientific
Production Center Государственный космический научно-производственный центр им. М.В. Хруничева
LOCATION: Address: 18 Novozavodskaya ulitsa, Moscow
121309 Telephone: (095) 145-98-02 Fax: (095) 142-59-00 E-mail:
proton@online.ru ["Gosudarstvennyy kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V.
Khrunicheva," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002,
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 22-23.] {Entered 5/15/2002 MJ} HOMEPAGE:http://www.khrunichev.com
(Main facility)
SUBORDINATION:
Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos) ADMINISTRATION: General
Director: Aleksandr
Alekseyevich Medvedev General Designer: Anatoliy
Konstantinovich Nedayvoda ["Gosudarstvennyy kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V.
Khrunicheva," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 22-23.] {Entered
5/15/2002 MJ} STRUCTURE: The Khrunichev Center incorporates
the following entities: The Rocket
and Space Plant This plant produces space
launch vehicles (SLVs), rocket boosters, space modules, spacecraft and
spacecraft components, general-purpose aircraft, and other nonmilitary
commodities. Address: 18 Novozavodskaya ulitsa, Moscow 121309 Homepage:http://rkz.boom.ru/ Director: Anatoliy Kalinin Sources:
[1] Khrunichev Aviatekhnika Web Site,
http://aircraft.avias.com, 17 December 2003.
[2] Raketno-kosmicheskiy zavod Web Site,
http://rkz.boom.ru, 17 December 2003.
[3] A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A. Menshikov, "Napravleniya
restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti," Kosmonavtika na rubezhe
tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001); in Ukrainian National
Space Agency Web Site, http://www.nkau.gov.ua/.
[4] "Gosudarstvennyy kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V.
Khrunicheva," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 22-23. {Entered 12/17/2003 MS} Salyut Design Bureau
The bureau designs, develops and tests SLVs, spacecrafts, and other space-based
equipment. [A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A.
Menshikov, "Napravleniya restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti,"
Kosmonavtika na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001);
in Ukrainian National Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.]
{Entered 12/17/2003 MS} The
Rocket and Space Testing and Maintenance Plant The plant is responsible for
the maintenance and delivery of SLV equipment and instrumentation to launching
sites. [A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A.
Menshikov, "Napravleniya restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti,"
Kosmonavtika na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001);
in Ukrainian National Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.]
{Entered 12/17/2003 MS} Khrunichev
Telekom Enterprise The enterprise provides information and communications support for SLVs [A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A.
Menshikov, "Napravleniya restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti,"
Kosmonavtika na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001);
in Ukrainian National Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.]
{Entered 12/17/2003 MS} Armatura Design Bureau The bureau develops and produces equipment for SLV launch sites.
Address:
22 Sotsialisticheskaya ulitsa, Kovrov, Vladimir Oblast 601909 Telephone: (09232) 3-10-68 Fax: (09232) 5-56-54 E-mail:kba@kc.ru General Director/General Designer: Yuriy Leonovich Arzumanov Sources:
[1] "Konstruktorskoye byuro 'Armatura,'" Russian Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.rosaviakosmos.ru/cp1251/org/armat.html, 17 December 2003.
[2] A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A.
Menshikov, "Napravleniya restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti,"
Kosmonavtika na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001);
in Ukrainian National Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.
{Entered 12/17/2003 MS} Medical Equipment and Consumer Goods
Division The division
produces medical equipment, including monoplace chambers for hyperbaric
oxygenation therapy, and consumer goods. Address: 18 Novozavodskaya ulitsa, Moscow 121309 Telephone: (095) 145-9456, 145-9616 Fax: (095) 145-8125 E-mail:
zmttnp@dol.ru Homepage: http://www.zavodmt.ru/home.htm [Khrunichev State
Space Center Medical Equipment and Consumer Goods Division Web Site,
http://www.zavodmt.ru/home.htm.]{Entered 12/17/2003 MS} M.V. Khrunichev Scientific Research Institute of Space Systems The institute is responsible for
the research, design and development of new rocket-and-space technologies, delivery
and space monitoring systems. Address: 36 Tikhonravova ulitsa, Yubileynyy, Moscow Oblast 141091 Telephone: (095) 755-58-91 Fax: (095) 755-58-91 E-mail:
niiks@khrunichev.com Director: Valeriy Aleksandrovich
Menshikov Sources:
[1] "NII kosmicheskikh sistem GKNPTs im. M.V. Khrunicheva," Promtrans Web Site,
http://www.promtrans.ru.]
[2] A.I. Kiselyov, A.A. Medvedyev, V.A.
Menshikov, "Napravleniya restructrurizatsii aerokosmicheskoy promyshlennosti,"
Kosmonavtika na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 2001);
in Ukrainian National Space Agency Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.
{Entered 12/19/2003 MS} Khrunichev
Aviatekhnika, Inc. The company markets
Khrunichev-produced civilian aircraft. Address: 18 Novozavodskaya ulitsa, Moscow 121309 Telephone: (095) 145-93-33 Fax: (095) 145-99-53
[Khrunichev Aviatekhnika Web Site,
http://aircraft.avias.com.]{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
BACKGROUND: The Khrunichev Center dates its origins to 1916, when the Russian-Baltic Stock
Company began the construction of a factory that in 1917 was named Second
Russo-Balt
Automobile Factory. The factory added to its car production line after the
Soviet government signed a concession agreement in 1923 with the German Junkers
aircraft company (which at the time was subject to Versailles Treaty
limitations) for the purpose of manufacturing all-metal aircraft and aircraft
engines. The factory engaged in serial production of Junkers aircraft until
1927, when the agreement was abrogated by the Soviet government. The Soviet
government then renamed the factory State Aviation Factory No. 7, and later 10th
Anniversary of October Factory No. 22. In the mid-1920s the factory also began
to produce domestically-designed aircraft. In 1933 the factory was renamed yet
again, this time in honor of S.P. Gorbunov. In October-November 1941 the Gorbunov factory was evacuated to Kazan, where it is known today as Gorbunov KAPO,
and in December 1941 on its Moscow site the Soviet government created Factory
No. 23. During World War II Factory No. 23 produced bomber aircraft, including
the Il-4 and Tu-2. After the war the plant shifted to manufacturing jet-powered
medium bombers (Tu-12 and Tu-14) and the Soviet copy of the US B-29 heavy
bomber, the Tu-4.[1]
In 1951, Factory No. 23 was expanded by the addition of Experimental
Design Bureau No. 23 (OKB-23), headed by Vladimir Myasishchev, one of Soviet
Union's pre-eminent heavy bomber designers. Under his leadership the bureau
designed M-4, 3M, M-50, and M-52 heavy bombers, of which the 3M bomber was
produced at Factory No. 23. During the 1950s OKB-23 was involved in a number of
experimental supersonic airliner projects, and in early-stage work on a
nuclear-powered bomber aircraft. The factory also participated in the design of a
number of experimental intercontinental cruise missile types, including the Buran. The factory's involvement in aviation projects also included
the production of Mi-6 heavy-lift helicopters beginning in the 1960s.[1]
In 1960 the Soviet Council of Ministers decided to redirect OKB-23's activities to
the missile and space sphere and subordinated OKB-23 and its production base,
Factory No. 23, to OKB-52 (currently
NPO Mashinostroyeniya) headed by
Vladimir Chelomey. OKB-52 was at the time involved in the design of
intercontinental cruise and ballistic missiles. OKB-23 became Branch No. 1 of
OKB-52 and undertook design work on ICBMs. Its first design was the UR-200 ICBM,
which never entered service. During the second half of the 1960s, OKB-23 started
developing
the UR-100 family of ICBMs [NATO designations SS-11 'Sego' and SS-19 'Stiletto'], variants
of which remain in service today.
The Soviet Council of
Ministers then renamed Factory No. 23 the Khrunichev
Machine-Building Plant, and it became the main production facility for the
UR-100N-series [SS-19 'Stiletto'] ICBMs.
In 1961 OKB-52 began design work on the UR-500 super-heavy ICBM, which in 1964
was redesigned as the Proton space launch vehicle. Its first launch took place
in 1965, when it launched a Proton heavy satellite designed at Branch No. 1 of
OKB-52.[1]
When OKB-52 was
renamed the Central Design Bureau of
Machine-Building (TsKBM)
in 1966,
OKB-23 became known as the Fili Branch of TsKBM.
In the late 1970s, the Fili Branch was removed from TsKBM subordination and
transformed into Salyut Design Bureau (KB Salyut). Between 1981 and 1988 it was
part of NPO Energiya. In 1988 it became an independent design bureau. Throughout
these transformations the design bureau continued its relationship with the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant, and in 1993 the two entities were formally
merged into the M.V. Khrunichev State Space Scientific Production Center.[1]
The Khrunichev plant was also responsible for the construction of Soviet-era
manned space stations, from the Salyut through the Mir.[2]
Sources: [1] O. Shinkovich, "Gosudarstvennyy
kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V. Khrunicheva. Kratkaya
istoriya predpriyatiya," Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 9, 1996; in Cosmoworld
Web Site, http://www.cosmoworld.ru/.
[2] "Gosudarstvennyy kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V.
Khrunicheva," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 22-23. {Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
ACTIVITIES:
After the production of UR-100N-series ICBMs
[NATO designation SS-19 'Stiletto'] was halted, Khrunichev dedicated
itself wholly to the design and production of SLVs.[1] While Proton SLV production continues to be the mainstay of Khrunichev's
activities, the center is also working on the Proton-M, an improved variant
that uses less toxic fuel components, and a new family of SLVs named Angara.[2] Khrunichev has also developed and is marketing the Rokot SLV, a converted
UR-100N-series ICBM.[1]
The Khrunichev Center is participating in two space access joint ventures,
International Launch
Services (ILS) and Eurockot.[2]
In 1993 Khrunichev,
RKK Energiya, and Lockheed created the Lockheed-Khrunichev-Energiya
joint venture for the purpose of offering space launch services using the Proton SLV. Following the merger of Lockheed and Martin Marietta into
Lockheed Martin,
the joint venture was renamed International Launch Services (ILS). The joint
venture offers launch services using Proton and Atlas SLVs from
Baykonur and
Cape Canaveral, and since 1996 it has signed contracts for over 20 Proton
launches.[3] Since the inauguration of ILS, about 85% of Khrunichev's income has come from launches of US satellites through ILS.[4]
(For more information, see the 5/9/2002 and
12/29/2001 entries, below; and the
5/24/2002 entry in the
Russia:ICBM Deactivation and
Dismantlement section.)
In 1994 Daimler-Benz Aerospace (DASA) signed an agreement with Khrunichev to
create a separate space services joint venture named
Eurockot. DASA's
responsibilities include financial support for the development of the Rokot SLV
(based on the UR-100N-series ICBM) and marketing the project, while the Khrunichev
Center was
made responsible for the technical development of Rokot. The
Plesetsk space launch facility was designated as the launch
site for the Rokot, the first of
which was launched in 2000.[5]
Khrunichev's
expertise also enabled it to participate in the
International Space Station (ISS)
program. The center designed and produced the Zarya and Zvezda modules for the ISS.[2]
In the late 1990s the center conducted talks with the
Asia-Pacific Space Center (APSC)
on construction of a launch site at
Christmas Island for the Angara SLV. Negotiations
were called off, however, when Lockheed-Martin
bought the rights to market the Angara
through ILS.[6]
Sources: [1] Mikhail Pervov, "Raketnyye
kompleksy RVSN," Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, No. 5-6, 2001, pp. 73-74. [2] "Gosudarstvennyy kosmicheskiy nauchno-proizvodstvennyy tsentr imeni M.V.
Khrunicheva," Raketno-kosmicheskaya promyshlennost Rossii 2001-2002
(Moscow: Rosaviakosmos, 2001), pp. 22-23. [3] "Mezhdunarodnyye programmy.
International Launch Services," M.V. Khrunichev State Space Scientific Production Center Web Site,
http://www.khrunichev.com,
18 September 2002. [4] Ivan Safronov, Boris Volkhonskiy, "Baykonur is Too Close to Afghanistan.
Commercial Launches are Under Threat,"
Kommersant, 20 September 2001, p. 3; in "United States 'waiting game' Over
Commercial Satellite Launches Threatens Khrunichev Center Program With
Collapse," FBIS Document CEP20010922000031.
[5] "Programma 'EUROCKOT'," M.V. Khrunichev State Space Scientific Production Center Web Site,
http://www.khrunichev.com/,
18 September 2002. [6] Ivan Safronov, "Russia Will Send 'Avrora' to Australia - For Commerce,"
Kommersant, 12 March 2001, p. 3; in "Russia's Plans to Develop Space Industry Ties
With Australia Viewed," FBIS Document CEP20010312000127. {Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
5/9/2002: ILS USE OF PROTON SEEN AS
DECLINING Gazeta.Ru reported on 9 May 2002 that
International Lauch
Services (ILS) is gradually reducing its
reliance on Khrunichev's Proton
space launch vehicles (SLVs) and is instead increasing the number of
launches using Lockheed Martin's Atlas family of SLVs. Although Khrunichev hoped
to carry out 15 Proton launches in 2002, only two launches were conducted
in the first four months of the year, and only two more launches were expected
for the rest of the year. The owners of one satellite initially scheduled to be
launched by a Proton have decided to use either the Ariane or Delta IV, while
three other satellites will be launched by Atlas SLVs. Khrunichev's lost income
is estimated at $340 million. Gazeta.Ru concluded that these developments may
spell a bleak future for the Proton if ILS continues to favor Atlas rockets over
Protons. Moreover, Gazeta.Ru pointed out that ILS has the exclusive rights
for both the Proton and the new Angara booster, which precludes Khrunichev from
seeking separate space launch contracts. (For more information, see the
12/26/2001, 12/1/2000
and 8/12/2000 entries, below.) [Ivan Ivanov, "US betrayal leaves Russian rockets idle," Gazeta.Ru Web Site,
http://www.gazeta.ru/, 9 May
2002.]
{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ} 4/12/2002: PROTON-K LAUNCHES FROM BAYKONUR TO STOP Kazakhstani television reported on 12 April 2002 that Russia has acceded
to Kazakhstan's requests to stop launching Proton-K rockets from the
Baykonur Cosmodrome because their fuel is highly toxic. On
several occasions rocket fragments have fallen on residential areas in
Kazakhstan, resulting in contamination. The Khrunichev Center has agreed to use
only the new Proton-Mand Angara SLVs, which use less toxic fuel components. However, neither of
these rockets is yet fully operational. [Kazakh Commercial TV, 12 April 2002; in "Russia agrees not to launch old
Proton-K booster rockets from Kazakh space site," FBIS Document
CEP20020412000184.] {Entered
5/15/2002 MJ} 1/23/2002: PUTIN VISITS KHRUNICHEV On 23 January 2002, Russian President Vladimir Putin, accompanied by
Rosaviakosmos Director Yuriy Koptev, visited the Khrunichev
Center for the first
time in order to familiarize himself with its activities and discuss the future
development of Russia's missile and space industry, and potential Russian
responses to the US National Missile Defense (NMD) program. Khrunichev Director
Aleksandr Medvedev briefed Putin on the progress being made on the new Angara
SLV, the 12KRP booster unit developed at the center for use on the Indian
Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV), the Baykal reusable first stage, and
the FGB-2 International Space Station (ISS) module. Putin reportedly discussed
possible Russian responses to the NMD
program, an area in which the Khrunichev center has some experience, having
participated in the design of military space stations in the 1970s while part of
the Central Design Bureau of Machine-Building (currently
NPO Mashinostroyeniya.) [Andrey Garavskiy, "The Space Council in
the filyakh," Krasnaya zvezda, 23 January
2002; in "Garavskiy: discussion of current status of Khrunichev space production
center in connection with Putin visit, and possible modernization of Russia's
ABM System in response to U.S. development of NMD," FBIS Document
CEP20020124000403.]{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ} 12/29/2001: KHRUNICHEV SEEKS
DIVERSIFICATION According
to an article in the 29 December 2001 issue of
Nezavisimaya gazeta, Khrunichev
is considering a number of ventures that would reduce its emphasis on SLV
production. This is in part due to a slow-down in Khrunichev's SLV
orders: in 2000 six of Khrunichev's Proton SLVs
were launched, in 2001 that number was just two. Khrunichev
is planning to design satellites and enter into cooperation with
Venezuela. The latter project would involve production and launch of
communications and remote sensing satellites for civilian use, joint production of
medical equipment and light aircraft, and the construction of a launch site for
light SLVs.
However, talks on cooperation with Venezuela have been slow to progress. In
spite of these initiatives, SLV
production will remain
Khrunichev's core business. Its
current project is the Angara family
of SLVs,
which are reputed to use more
environmentally-friendly fuel components than Proton SLVs. [Dmitriy Yastrebov,
"Russia Plans To Build Space Center in Venezuela. Creators of Russian
Rocket Technology Do Not Want To Remain Mere 'Carriers'," Nezavisimaya gazeta,
29 December 2001, p. 6; in "Khrunichev Center Moving Into Satellites, May Build
Launch Site in Venezuela," FBIS Document CEP20020104000051.] {Entered 5/3/2002
MJ}
12/27/2001: INDIA ADOPTS KHRUNICHEV CRYOGENIC BOOSTER Khrunichev General Director
Aleksandr
Medvedev announced on 27 December 2001
that the 12KRB cryogenic booster unit developed at the Khrunichev Center under
an Indian contract has been adopted by India thanks to its first successful
test flight as part of India's Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) program. Medvedev stated that it was a
landmark event for India, which thus joined the limited number of states
capable of launching satellites into geostationary orbits. According to Medvedev, India and Russia also agreed on further development of the booster.
(For more information, see the 4/9/2001 entry,
below.) [Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 27 December 2001; in "Russian cryogenic booster
adopted by India," FBIS Document CEP20011227000133.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
12/26/2001: ILS LAUNCH PROSPECTS ASSESSED Interfax reported on 26 December 2001 that one of the founders of
International Launch Services (ILS), a US-Russian joint
venture in which Khrunichev is a participant, announced that
ILS had secured
launch contracts worth about $3 billion through the end of 2004. It signed 12
commercial contracts worth $1 billion in 2001 alone. Five of of the 2001
contracts were for launches using Khrunichev's Proton
SLV. [Interfax, 26 December 2001; in "Russian-US joint space launch service has $3
billion-worth orders until 2004," in FBIS Document CEP20011226000060.]{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
12/12/2001: POSSIBLE KHRUNICHEV
COOPERATION WITH VENEZUELA Interfax reported on 12 December 2001 that Venezuela had given its preliminary
consent to join international missile nonproliferation regimes, a
condition set by the Russian government for signing a bilateral agreement on
space launches.[1] The Khrunichev Center had received a proposal from Venezuela
in November 2001 concerning the possibility of launching remote sensing and
communications satellites during a visit by a Khrunichev delegation to
Venezuela. The two countries were expected to sign a preliminary agreement on
14 December 2001 during Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov's visit to Venezuela.
Sources: [1] "Venezuela agrees with non-proliferation regime," Interfax, 12 December
2001. [2] "Russian space centre may cooperate with Venezuela on launching
satellites," Interfax, 26 November 2001; in "Russian space centre may
cooperate with Venezuela on launching satellites," FBIS Document
CEP20011127000395.{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
10/17/2001: VNESHTORGBANK TO FINANCE KHRUNICHEV ITAR-TASS reported on 17 October 2001 that Russia's
Vneshtorgbank (Foreign Trade Bank) will
provide credits to the Khrunichev Center to finance priority programs such as the Angara
SLV, modernization of the Proton
SLV, and the
design and production of Earth remote sensing satellites. The amount of the
loan was reported as $40 million. Vneshtorgbank Chairman
Yuriy
Ponomarev
assured Khrunichev of favorable financing terms in the future. [ITAR-TASS, 17 October 2001; in "Russia's Vneshtorgbank to finance Khrunichev
space center," FBIS Document CEP20011017000266.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
8/21/2001: KHRUNICHEV DISPLAYS LIGHT AIRCRAFT AT MAKS-2001 Space-Inform, with reference to ITAR-TASS, reported on 21 August 2001 that the Khrunichev
Center displayed over
10 new aircraft at the MAKS-2001
aerospace exhibition. The center hopes to secure domestic and foreign contracts for their
sale, according to Khrunichev's director of aviation programs,
Maksim
Glazkov.
Reportedly, talks had already been held with US and South Korean representatives.
Aircraft displayed included the T-411 Aist, T-433 amphibian, T-527
Fermer agricultural
aircraft, and twin-engined T-440
Merkuriy light passenger plane. According to
Glazkov,
Khrunichev will continue to develop the aviation side of its
business. ["Tsentr Khrunicheva predstavil na MAKS-2001 novyye samolety," Space-Inform
Web Site, http://www.space.com.ua/, 21 August 2001.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
8/5/2001: KIM JONG-IL VISITS KHRUNICHEV On 5 August 2001, North Korean leader Kim
Jong-Il visited the Khrunichev Center. He was accompanied during his visit by Deputy Prime Minister Ilya
Klebanov and Rosaviakosmos head
Yuriy
Koptev.[1] During the visit, Kim
reportedly wanted to ascertain the cost of launching a North Korean satellite
using one of Khrunichev's rockets. A Seoul-based diplomatic source cited in
South Korea's Yonhap newspaper commented that Kim's visit to
Khrunichev was of
interest, since the facility assembled ICBMs during the Soviet era,
and the West was concerned that Kim's delegation included missile experts. The source stated there were no indications North Korea would
sign a contract for launching any satellites.[2] However, according to ITAR-TASS, Kim's visit reflected
the DPRK's growing interest in peaceful space
exploration.[1] Following Kim's visit, the Russian Foreign Ministry stated that
Russia will strive to draw North Korea into international contacts in the belief
that such contacts will encourage the DPRK leadership to abandon its
WMD programs.
The Russian Foreign Ministry also claimed that Kim
Jong-Il saw in Khrunichev,
which the ministry identified as an "exclusively civilian enterprise," an
alternative to the DPRK's military programs.[3] Sources: [1] ITAR-TASS, 5 August 2001; in "Russia: North Korean leader visits
Khrunichev Space Center," FBIS Document CEP20010805000019. [2] Chu Yong-song, "Chairman Kim Inquires the Cost of Satellite Launch in
Russia," Yonhap, 12 August 2001; in "ROK Article on DPRK Leader Reportedly
Expressing Interest in Cost of Satellite Launch," FBIS Document
KPP20010812000004. [3] Gennadiy Sysoyev, "North Korea To Help Russia Reach Agreement With United
States," Kommersant, 6 August 2001; in "Kommersant: Kim Missile Launch Promise
'Reinforces' Russian Stance on ABM Treaty," FBIS Document CEP20010806000038.{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
4/9/2001: KHRUNICHEV TO SUPPLY ROCKET BOOSTERS TO INDIA Interfax reported on 9 April 2001 that the Khrunichev Center will supply five
12 KRB booster units for the Indian Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
program within the next two to three years. The cryogenic booster units use liquid
hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer, and have been under development
since 1982. The Isayev Design Bureau for Chemical
Machine-Building in Korolev has
also participated in the project. The launch of the GSLV-D1 rocket that was to
serve as the first test space flight of the new booster was initially planned
for 28 March 2001, but was moved to April due to problems with the first
stage. India reportedly plans to conduct one to two launches of GSLV rockets
per year using the Russian cryogenic booster unit. (For more information, see
the 4/20/2001 and
4/17/2001
entries in the Isayev KB Khimmash Development file.) ["Khrunichev Space Center to Supply Rocket Booster Units to India," Interfax,
9 April 2001.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
4/9/2001: KHRUNICHEV SCIENTISTS CONTINUE WORK ON MIR-2 ITAR-TASS reported on 9 April 2001 that
Khrunichev specialists were
continuing work on a new orbital station with the preliminary name of Mir-2.
Although the estimated time of the station's launch was given as several
years, Khrunichev Director Aleksandr
Medvedev said that its development was
uncertain due to lack of funding. Moreover, the Russian specialists' main concern
is work on International Space Station modules, reducing the amount of
time they can spend on Mir-2. [ITAR-TASS, 9 April 2001; in "Russia: Scientists working on Mir-2 space
station project," FBIS Document CEP20010409000140.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
2/7/2001: MEDVEDEV SUCCEEDS KISELEV AS KHRUNICHEV DIRECTOR GENERAL On 7 February 2002, President Putin named
Aleksandr
Medvedev, age 48, to
succeed Anatoliy
Kiselev in the post of
Khrunichev general director.
Kiselev
reportedly requested to be relieved of his position for health reasons and
nominated his deputy, Medvedev, to succeed him.[1]
Medvedev was picked over the
former Rosvooruzheniye arms export agency head, Aleksey
Ogarev, who reportedly
had the backing of the Yeltsin "family."[2] Sources: [1] Agence France Presse, 7 February 2001; in "Putin Names New Russian Space
Centre Chief," FBIS Document EUP20010207000044. [2] Sergey Leskov, "Rockets in a Fog," Izvestiya, 13 January 2001; in "Main
Contenders for Top Russian Space Job Profiled," FBIS Document
CEP20010116000258.{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
1/25/2001: KHRUNICHEV OUTLINES FUTURE PLANS ITAR-TASS reported on 25 January 2001 that following the signature of the
first contract with Intersputnik to use the
Rokot
SLV to launch two satellites
in 2003, the Khrunichev Center announced it will rely on lightweight launch
vehicles in the future. Although the Khrunichev Center claimed that using the Rokot (which is a converted UR-100N-series
ICBM, previously produced at the Khrunichev Plant, with an added stage) would
enable it to evade US launch quotas for commercial satellite launches.
However, since Proton quotas were cancelled in late 2000 (see the
12/1/2000 entry, below), the real reasons may be
Kazakhstan's opposition to the launch of Protons from
Baykonur and the desire to
sign launch contracts without going through
International Launch
Services, which has exclusive rights to
Proton launches. Nevertheless, Khrunichev
does not plan to cease working on the Proton, although it claims the Proton's commercial
competitiveness has been hampered by US launch quotas. Since the US government
cancelled the Proton launch quotas in December 2000, only a small number of
Proton launch contracts were secured for 2001. Khrunichev is also hoping to
conduct the first launch of its new Angara
SLV in 2003. [ITAR-TASS, 25 January 2001; in "Russian space centre to rely on light
boosters," FBIS Document CEP20010126000051.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
12/8/2000: KHRUNICHEV CENTER TO BUILD LIGHT AIRCRAFT Khrunichev Aviation Department Deputy Chief Designer Arnold Adrianov told the Military News Agency on 8 December 2000 that the
Center will begin the
construction of 15 T-411 Aist light aircraft in early 2001.
The reported sale
price of the new aircraft will be $130,000. Khrunichev also has plans to
start production of agricultural aircraft and of the nine-passenger T-201 Sterkh aircraft. In addition, design of the T-440 Mercury executive
passenger aircraft is reported to be in the final stages. The Khrunichev
Center has invested over $10 million in its aviation branch. [Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 8 December 2000; in "Russian Khrunichev R&D
Centre Invests in Aircraft Building," FBIS Document CEP20001209000109.]{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
12/1/2000: PROTON LAUNCH
QUOTAS TO END The Wall Street Journal
reported on 1 December 2000 that the US government would not renew launch quotas
on Russian Proton rockets for 2001. US officials announced that this step was
motivated by Russian progress in limiting ballistic missile technology
proliferation to Iran. However, although US officials praised
Rosaviakosmos for establishing strong control over Russian aerospace companies, individual
Russian experts continued to sell their expertise to Iran. The Russian
government and Khrunichev's International Launch Services (ILS)
partner Lockheed Martin both lobbied to have the quotas cancelled, on the
grounds that they undermined the commercial viability of ILS.
The launch quotas were initially introduced in 1993 when the Clinton
Administration permitted Russian firms to compete for the US space launch market
and used promises of quota adjustments as a means of leverage to ensure Russian
compliance with its nonproliferation obligations. [Carla Anne
Robbins, Anne Marie Squeo, "U.S. To End Quotas on Satellite Launches By Russia,
Helping Lockheed's Business," Wall Street Journal, 1 December 2000, p.
4.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
8/12/2000: CONCERNS OVER PROTON LAUNCH QUOTAS Interfax reported on 12 August 2000 that the delay in issuing new launch quotas for commercial launches using Khrunichev's Proton boosters has caused concerns in Russia that such
a delay
might negatively impact the Khrunichev Center.
Rosaviakosmos press secretary
Sergey Gorbunov said that of the earlier 20-launch Proton quota all but seven
launches have been completed, and that both Rosaviakosmos,
NASA, and Khrunichev's partner in the
International Launch Services joint venture,
Lockheed Martin, would like to see the launch quotas on Russian rockets
removed completely. Rosaviakosmos also denied that Russia sold missile
technologies to Iran and was concerned that such claims, which it regards as
purely political, have hurt US-Russian relations in general and efforts to
increase Proton quotas in particular. [Interfax, 12 August 2000; in "Official: US Delaying Quotas for Foreign
Satellite Launches by Russian Rockets," FBIS Document CEP20000812000056.]{Entered
5/15/2002 MJ}
5/28/2000: PLESETSK LAUNCHES FIRST ROKOT CONVERSION SLV Russian TV reported on 28 May 2000 that the Plesetsk space launch facility
had conducted the first launch of the Rokot
lightweight SLV, a converted UR-100N
[NATO designation SS-19 'Stiletto'] ICBM.
The rocket placed two dummy satellites in orbit.
Strategic Rocket Forces Commander General
Vladimir Yakovlev expressed hope that, if successful, the
Rokot program will
earn Russia several hundred million dollars by recycling the missiles into
SLVs. [RTR TV, 28 May 2000; in "RTV Military Program Shows First Rokot Launch," FBIS
Document CEP20000601000257.]{Entered 5/15/2002 MJ}
Delivery Vehicle Facilities
For recent
developments, see the 
