LOCATION:
Address: 33 ulitsa Gagarina, Reutov, Moscow Oblast, 143966
Telephone: (495) 508-87-32
Fax: (495) 302-20-01, (495) 300-84-91
{Updated 1/15/2008 AL}
HOMEPAGE: http://www.npomash.ru/
SUBORDINATION: Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos)
ADMINISTRATION:
General Director: Aleksandr Leonov (2007-) 
{Updated 1/15/2008 AL}
BACKGROUND:
NPO Mashinostroyeniya came into existence in October 1944 as the Design Bureau of Factory No. 51 (KB zavoda No. 51 or OKB-51), headed by Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey, who remained this organization's director until his death in 1984. (The design bureau is often referred to as "Chelomey's bureau.") It was initially involved in designing the Soviet Union's first cruise missiles, based on captured German V-1 missiles. In 1953 Chelomey's OKB-51 was transferred to OKB-155, headed by M.I. Gurevich, where it continued work on cruise missiles. In 1955 Chelomey's group was re-established as a separate design bureau, designated OKB-52, and relocated to Reutov, where it took over an agricultural machinery repair facility. In the late 1950s and early 1960s OKB-52 gradually expanded through the absorption of several other design bureaus.[1] During that era, OKB-52 was considered the main competitor of Korolev's OKB-1, and enjoyed the support of Nikita Khrushchev, whose son worked at the bureau. Khrushchev's removal from office resulted in OKB-52 losing some official support to OKB-1.[2] In 1966 OKB-52 was redesignated the Central Design Bureau of Machine-Building (TsKBM) of the Ministry of General Machine-Building. In 1983 TsKBM took its current name, NPO Mashinostroyeniya. After Vladimir Chelomey's death in December 1984, Gerbert Yefremov became the general director, a position he held until 2007.[1] 

Over the years, the design bureau developed a range of liquid-fuelled ballistic missiles. The most important ICBM types included the UR-100K [NATO designation SS-11 'Sego'], UR-100U [SS-11 'Sego'], and the widely deployed UR-100N/NUTTKh [SS-19 'Stiletto'] developed in conjunction with OKB-52's Branch No. 1, which later became the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant. The UR-100NUTTKh remains one of the most important missile types in the Russian inventory. It is the only Russian missile that can be readily re-MIRVed (up to six warheads) that START II permits to remain in service, and the UR-100NUTTKh force represents the Strategic Rocket Forces' "return potential."[2] Apart from these missiles, Chelomey's design bureau also developed a number of experimental designs that were not accepted into service. These designs include the SS-11-based 8K84 that was intended as a universal missile to be deployed in ICBM, SLBM, and ABM (as part of the proposed Taran system) variants.[1,3]

Other Chelomey-developed missiles included the UR-200A "global" ballistic missile, capable of putting nuclear warheads into space orbits, and the UR-500 superheavy ICBM with a launch weight of approximately 600t meant to carry a 150MT warhead.[4] Although both the UR-200 and the UR-500 were cancelled in 1965, work done on the UR-500 was used in developing the Proton heavy SLV by Khrunichev. The last ICBM developed at NPO Mashinostroyeniya was the Albatros, which was authorized in 1987 as an asymmetrical response to SDI. Flight tests were conducted in 1991-1992, but the missile was not accepted into service or deployed.[4] 

The first cruise missiles developed by Chelomey's design bureau in the 1940s and 1950s were the pulse jet-powered 10Kh cruise missile, based on the German V-1 missile, and the more advanced 10KhN, 14Kh, and 16Kh cruise missiles using similar technology. Due to the lack of reliability and accuracy of these missiles, only the 10Kh was accepted into service, and it was not produced in large numbers.[1]  In the 1950s and early 1960s Chelomey's bureau designed a series of widely produced and deployed turbojet-powered supersonic cruise missiles launched from submarines (capable of surface launch only), surface ships, and coastal installations for use against surface ships or against land-based targets using either conventional or nuclear warheads. They included the P-5 [NATO designation SS-N-3c 'Shaddock'] submarine-based nuclear land-attack missile, the P-6 [SS-N-3a 'Shaddock'], and the P-35 [SS-N-3b 'Shaddock'] radar-guided anti-ship missiles, which remained in service until the 1990s.[1] In the late 1950s Chelomey's bureau began to develop the Ametist [SS-N-7 'Starbright'] submarine-based anti-ship missile, which used solid fuel and was the first Soviet cruise missile capable of submerged launch. The Ametist was accepted into service in the late 1960s and was deployed on Project 670 [NATO name 'Charlie I'] nuclear submarines. The Ametist was followed by an improved Malakhit [SS-N-9 'Siren'] missile, which also used solid fuel. It was accepted into service in the early 1970s and served aboard Project 670M [NATO name 'Charlie II'] submarines, and Project 1234 ['Nanuchka'] missile corvettes. As a follow-on to the P-5/-6/-35 missiles, Chelomey's bureau developed the P-500 Bazalt [SS-N-12 'Sandbox'], which replaced P-6 and P-35 missiles on older submarines (although the Bazalt was still not capable of submerged launch), and armed Kiev-class aircraft carriers and Slava-class missile cruisers. In the early 1980s the Bazalt was succeeded in production by the P-700 Granit, whose capabilities, in addition to higher speed and range, included submerged launch capability. The Granit formed the primary armament of Kirov-class nuclear heavy cruisers and Oscar-class cruise missile submarines.[5] Although the Granit was frequently described as a turbojet-powered missile, like the earlier Bazalt, it in fact used ramjet propulsion, which was not officially revealed until 2001. The last heavy anti-ship cruise missile developed by Chelomey was the P-1000 Vulkan, which was reportedly accepted into service in the late 1980s.
 
In the 1980s NPO Mashinostroyeniya also designed the 3M25A Meteorit-A (also designated Grom) [AS-X-19 'Koala'] supersonic strategic ALCM with a maximum speed of Mach 3 and a range of 3,000-5,000km, to be carried by Tu-160, Tu-95MS, and Tu-95MA bombers. This missile was also developed in SLCM [SS-NX-24 'Scorpion'] and ground-launched [SSC-X-5] variants. However, neither missile was accepted into service due to the overall reductions in Soviet defense spending in the late 1980s and the successful development of MKB Raduga's Kh-55 [NATO designation AS-15 'Kent'] and RK-55 Granat [NATO designation SS-N-21 'Sampson'] cruise missiles.[6,7]

During the Soviet era, Chelomey's design bureau designed a wide range of naval reconnaissance, communications, and surveillance satellites, military manned space stations, and anti-satellite weapons. It was also active in the development of various types of SLVs. Naval reconnaissance satellites developed by Chelomey's bureau starting in the 1960s include the US-series US-A, US-PM, and nuclear-powered US-AM satellites using active radar and passive signal intercept capabilities to provide targeting information for long-range anti-ship cruise missiles.[8] Chelomey's bureau also developed the Almaz-1 reconnaissance satellite, the first of which was launched in 1987, using experience gained in operating its Almaz-series manned military space stations in the 1970s.[9] These stations were originally designed in the 1960s as manned military surveillance platforms. Three Almaz stations, designated Salyut-2, -3, and -5, were orbited in the 1970s.[1] In 1963 the first ASAT satellite designed by OKB-52 was launched into orbit, the Polet-1. In 1965 Chelomey's bureau was ordered to transfer all work on ASATs to Korolev's OKB, but it briefly resumed work on these weapons (IS and IS-M ASAT systems) in the 1980s. All ASAT work was apparently curtailed in the late 1980s and existing systems were mothballed, although there was reportedly some consideration given to using an ASAT to destroy the Mir space station in the event it became uncontrollable after it was damaged in a collision in the late 1990s.[9] Chelomey's SLV efforts include the UR-500K and UR-700 rockets, which were intended for use in the Soviet moon program. The UR-500 served as the basis for the Proton heavy SLV designed by Chelomey bureau's Fili-based Branch No. 1, which eventually became the Khrunichev State Space Science and Production Center.[1] 

Throughout its existence NPO Mashinostroyeniya has maintained a close relationship with Orenburg-based PO Strela, which produced many of its cruise and ballistic missile designs.
Sources:
[1] "OKB V.N. Chelomeya," Sverkh-zvukovyye samolety Web Site, http://www.sergib.agava.ru/, 6 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[2] Mikhail Pervov, "Raketnyye kompleksy RVSN," Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, May-June 2001, p. 49.
[3] Mikhail Pervov, "Raketnyye kompleksy RVSN," Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, May-June 2001, p. 45.
[4] Mikhail Pervov, "Ballisticheskiye rakety velikoy strany," Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika, March 1999, pp. 12-16; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 30 June 1999; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[5] Gerbert Yefremov, "Krylatyye rakety-natsionalnoye oruzhiye Rossii," Rossiyskiy podvodnyy flot Web Site, http://www.submarine.id.ru/history/b62.shtml; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[6] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti, (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998), p. 43.
[7] V. Rigmant, "Tu-95," Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika, March 2001, pp. 18-21; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 8 August 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[8] K. Lantratov, "Zapushchen 'Kosmos-2367'," Novosti kosmonavtiki, February 2000; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 3 May 2000; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[9] Dmitriy Svoyskiy, "Zvezdnyye voyny," Itogi, 9 February 1999; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/. {Updated 9/26/2001 MJ}
 

ACTIVITIES:
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, NPO Mashinostroyeniya's subordination changed from the Ministry of General Machine-Building to the Ministry of the Economy, and finally to the Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos).[1] NPO Mashinostroyeniya has been granted the prestigious status of Federal Science and Manufacturing Center, which was extended by two years in June 2001. This status is awarded to enterprises that are considered exceptionally important to Russia's national security, and entitles them to various forms of state support. NPO Mashinostroyeniya's work on cruise missiles is reportedly considered to be the most important aspect of its defense activities.[2] On 13 September 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin formally initiated restructuring of NPO Mashinostroyeniya by signing an edict that created a state-owned defense industrial holding OAO "Voenno-Promyshlennaya Korporatsiya 'Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye mashinostroyeniya.'" The new enterprise, registered on 28 February 2007, is centered around OAO VPK NPO Mashinostroyeniya and includes subcontractors and manufacturers in its missile projects, among them OAO Strela Production Association (PO Strela), OAO Permsky Zavod Mashinostroitel, OAO NPO Elektromekhaniki, OAO NII Elektromekhaniki, OAO Avangard, OAO Uralskiy NII Kompositsionnykh Materialov, and OAO Kontsern Granit-Elektron. [24]

The 1990s saw NPO Mashinostroyeniya continue the development of the Oniks [SS-NX-26] anti-ship cruise missile, the export variant of which is known as the Yakhont. This cruise missile has been under development since the early 1980s for use by surface ships, submarines (if fitted with specialized launch tubes), aircraft, and coastal defense batteries. It is propelled by a ramjet engine (with a solid-fuel rocket launch booster), and is considerably smaller than Chelomey's most recent designs. Weighing in at approximately 3t, it can carry a 200-250kg warhead to a range of up to 300km at speeds of up to Mach 2.6.[3] Once in service, it will arm the new Project 885 Severodvinsk attack submarines and new surface ship classes. The air-launched variant may arm MiG-29, Su-27, -30, and -32 fighters.[4]
 
In the area of space, in the late 1990s NPO Mashinostroyeniya began the development of the Strela lightweight SLV, based on the UR-100NUTTKh ICBM, as part of its "Pragmatic Space" program. The Strela can launch satellites of up to 500kg from Plesetsk and Svobodnyy. [5] Apart from developing the Strela, this program involves modernization of the Svobodnyy cosmodrome to launch light SLVs with commercial cargoes. NPO Mashinostroyeniya is also developing compact communications (Ruslan-MM), remote sensing, radar, and synthetic aperture radar satellites. The effort involved in converting the SS-19 to the Strela is said to be minimal.[6] NPO Mashinostroyeniya reported in September 2000 that the Strela project would require three more years and $59 million to complete.[5] One example of NPO Mashinostroyeniya's multifaceted expertise is its contract with Intersputnik, a Russian commercial satellite service firm, announced on 22 June 2001, to build and deliver into orbit two compact communications satellites. The two Ruslan-MM satellites will be launched using Strela SLVs. NPO Mashinostroyenia's leadership prides itself on its firm's ability to act as a sole contractor in such projects, thanks to its ability to provide both satellites and launch vehicles.[7] Since the 1990s, NPO Mashinostroyeniya has also been developing the Kondor-E small radar reconnaissance satellite. In August 2007 during the MAKS-2007 airshow, NPO Mashinostroyeniya head Gerbert Yefremov stated that the first Kondor-E would be launched into orbit by an UR-100NUTTKh launched from the Baikonur Cosmdrome in Kazakhstan during the second-half of 2008. Radar satellites such as the Kondor-E are useful for maritime intelligence operations as well as topographical and cartographical surveys. Germany, Italy and China recently launched similar satellites; however the Kondor-E will be Russia's first satellite of this kind.[25]
 
Throughout the 1990s, in spite of its favored status, like many other Russian defense enterprises NPO Mashinostroyeniya was owed large sums of money by the Russian government, with no prospect of quick repayment. Even such important projects as UR-100NUTTKh modernization received only a fraction of budgeted funds. In the first half of 2001 NPO Mashinostroyeniya received only 4% of budgeted funds for the UR-100NUTTKh life extension program.[8] As a result, it  increasingly turned to exports in the hopes of making up the funding shortfall caused by the collapse of Russian state orders, and it has received assistance in this area from the Russian government. NPO Mashinostroyeniya was one of only six Russian enterprises authorized to sell arms on the international market without going through state arms export agencies.[24] In April 2001 NPO Mashinostroyeniya signed an agreement with Rosoboroneksport on cooperation in exporting dual-use goods. The two firms would cooperate on evaluating potential markets, conduct joint marketing, and coordinate their pricing policies. NPO Mashinostroyeniya representatives considered this agreement to be an important step in developing long-term cooperation between all organizations interested in increasing military exports.[10] NPO Mashinostroyeniya has also been authorized to create its own export control service that examines proposals from potential clients and reports its findings to the Export Control Commission, which makes the final decision.[11] In 2000 NPO Mashinostroyeniya was Russia's 96th largest exporter, with sales of $24.4 million, up from $16.7 million in 1999.[12]
 
Probably the most important export venture is the marketing of the Yakhont anti-ship missile, which does not exceed Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) performance limits, making it a viable export product. NPO Mashinostroyeniya has attempted to interest a number of countries in buying this missile. A number of countries have reportedly expressed interest in acquiring this missile, including China and Indonesia. In 1997 ITAR-TASS reported about the possibility of a Yakhont sale to Indonesia, citing reports that NPO Mashinostroyeniya was visited by Indonesian military experts on a number of occasions.[13] NPO Mashinostroyeniya has been promoting the sale of Yakhont missiles to India since the mid-1990s, and these efforts have started to bear fruit. In 1998 NPO Mashinostroyeniya and India's Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) created the BrahMos joint venture for the development of the PJ-10 anti-ship missile based on the Yakhont. Russia and India shared the financing of the new missile design, with Russia contributing $122 million and India $128 million. The Indian government holds the majority of shares in the joint venture and has the deciding voice in the running of BrahMos, and the PJ-10 has been designed to meet the Indian Navy's requirements. While the missile's airframe, propulsion system, and warhead are designed in Russia, its guidance system and software is designed in India.[14,15] Like the Oniks/Yakhont, the PJ-10 will be available in ground-, air-, ship- and submarine-launched variants. The missile reportedly has a maximum range of 280km, a launch weight of 3t, and a length of 6.9m, characteristics similar to those of the Oniks/Yakhont.[16] According to Director Gerbert Yefremov, the Indian funding has accelerated the pace of the missile's development by a factor of 10. Series production is to begin in 2003, at a rate of up to 200 missiles per year. Half of the missile's components will be manufactured by PO Strela, including the propulsion system, and the remainder (including electronics) by Indian firms. BrahMos has proposed that the Indian Air Force equip its new Su-30MKI fighters with the PJ-10. The missile will also be exported to states friendly to India and Russia. However, some Russians are concerned that the PJ-10 may compete with NPO Mashinostroyeniya's own Yakhont. The PJ-10 is reportedly more versatile than the Yakhont, thanks to its improved ability to strike land targets. In order to further cooperation with DRDO, in late 2000 the Russian government granted NPO Mashinostroyeniya an unprecedented seven-year license to conduct independent military-technical cooperation with foreign entities. Although similar licenses have been issued to other Russian enterprises in the past, their duration never exceeded three years.[17] According to the Indian newspaper The Hindu, cited in a Nezavisimaya gazeta article, the new missile is a product of India's efforts to create a nuclear deterrent.[18] However, BrahMos officials have issued assurances that the PJ-10 will remain within MTCR limits and that it was not designed to carry a nuclear warhead.[19]

 
Cooperation with India through BrahMos has become a major source of NPO Mashinostroyeniya funding, at some points in time accounting for 75% of its income. This funding, apart from making R&D work on new cruise missiles possible, also permitted NPO Mashinostroyeniya to continue its modernization of the UR-100NUTTKh ICBMs in SRF service. The Russian government apparently considers the cooperation between NPO Mashinostroyeniya and DRDO under BrahMos to be a model for future defense cooperation in other areas, including the development of a 5th-generation fighter or new air defense systems.[20] NPO Mashinostroyeniya also markets its satellite and SLV services on the international market. In 1998 it was approached by Iran to develop a communications satellite.[21] In the same year Russia offered Australia space launch services using Strela SLVs and space technology cooperation. NPO Mashinostroyeniya also offered to launch for Australia a remote sensing satellite for monitoring the environment, or maritime search and rescue.[22] NPO Mashinostroyeniya is an active participant at international aerospace trade shows. [23]

In 2007, NPO Mashinostroyeniya's ability to independently export was rescinded as Rosoboroneksport gained status of the sole weapons exporter. As of 2006, the state defense order constituted 42% of the work conducted by entities within VPK "NPO Mashinostroyeniya." While the enterprise's leadership is optimistic regarding prospects for growth of defense sales, particularly associated with export prospects of the BrahMos, it has hopes to expand work in expanding its line of civilian manufacturing. [24] For most recent developments, please, visit Delivery Vehicle Facility Developments and General Nuclear Weapons Developments.
Sources:
[1] Mikhail Pervov, "Raketnyye kompleksy RVSN," Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, May-June 2001, p. 73.
[2] Yuriy Golotyuk, "Rakety federalnogo znacheniya," Vremya novostey, 3 July 2001; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 6 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[3] "Yakhont," Ugolok neba, 1 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[4] "NPO mashinostroyeniya nachnet seriynoye proizvodstvo eksportnogo varianta noveyshey sverkhzvukovoy protivokorabelnoy rakety 'Yakhont' s 2001 goda," ITAR-TASS, 23 September 1999; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[5] "NPO mashinostroyeniya razrabotalo proyekt rakety-nositelya legkogo klassa 'Strela' dlya zapuska malykh sputnikov," ITAR-TASS, 21 September 2000; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[6] Gerbert Yefremov, "NPO mashinostroyeniya: v budushcheye cherez perspektivnyye proyekty," Aerokosmicheskiy kuryer, March 2000, pp. 10-11; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 22 November 2000; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[7] "Sdelay sam," Avia.ru Web Site, http://www.avia.ru/, 28 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[8] "Aviastroyeniye," Mashinostroyeniye Rossii, 1 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[9] Yekaterina Titova, "Ros uzhe ne Voor," Agentstvo Federalnykh Rassledovaniy, 21 November 2000; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[10] "Predpriyatiya VPK," Mashinostroyeniye Rossii, 1 April 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[11] "Spisok zapreshchennykh tekhnologiy obnovilsya na 10 protsentov," Aviaport.Ru Web Site, http://www.aviaport.ru/news/Markets/15542.html, 10 August 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[12] "Krupneyshiye rossiyskiye eksportery po itogam 2000 goda," Opec.ru Web Site, http://www.opec.ru/probank/pro010726.html, 26 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[13] "Indoneziya, vozmozhno, namerena zakupit u Rossii krupnuyu partiyu protivokorabelnykh raket 'Yakhont', sposobnykykh unichtozhat avianesushchiye korabli," TASS, 31 October 1997; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[14] Ivan Safronov, "Rossiyskaya raketa doletela do Indii," Kommersant, 27 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[15] Aleksey Tamilin, "Raketa na dvoikh," Vedomosti, 27 June 2001, p. A3; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 29 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[16] "Uspeshnoye ispytaniye rossiysko-indiyskoy krylatoy rakety - otlichnyy primer voyenno-tekhnicheskogo sotrudnichestva, schitayut voyennyye eksperty," ITAR-TASS, 21 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/. 
[17] Sergey Sokut, "Dlinnyye ruki dlya aviatsii i flota," Nezavisimoye voyennoye obozreniye," 24 August 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[18] Aleksey Tamilin, "Dvoyakiy smysl poleta PJ-10," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 26 June 2001, p. 6; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 29 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[19] Douglas Barrie, "India, Russia Vow To Keep Missile Legal Under MTCR," Defense News, 27 August-2 September 2001, p. 4.
[20] Yuriy Golotyuk, "Rakety federalnogo znacheniya," Vremya novostey, 3 July 2001; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 6 July 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[21] Yuriy Golotyuk, Sergey Golotyuk, "Rossiya gotova pomoch Iranu vyyti v kosmos," Russkiy telegraf, 25 February 1998; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 27 February 1998; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[22] "Rossiya predlagayet Avstralii zapusk sputnikov s pomoshchyu raket na baze SS-19 i ispolzovaniye sputnika-shpiona dlya mirnykh tseley," ITAR-TASS, 23 June 1998; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[23] "Rossiyskoye NPO mashinostroyeniya pokazhet v Le Burzhe raketnyye kompleksy i malyye kosmicheskiye apparaty," Aviaport.Ru Web Site, http://www.aviaport.ru/news/Markets/13352.html, 13 June 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru/.
[24] Mikhail Barabanov, "Voenno-Promyshlennaya Korporatsiya 'Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye mashinostroyeniya,'" Eksport Vooruzheniy, June/July 2007, http://www.cast.ru/eng/journal/.
[25] Aleksey Andronov, "MAKS-2007: radarnyi sputnik i strategicheskiye rakety Rossii," CNews.ru, 28 August 2007, http://cnews.ru/reviews/print.shtml?2007/08/28/263988/.
{Entered 9/26/2001 MJ; Updated 1/18/2008 AL}

For more recent developments, see the Delivery Vehicle Facility Developments file.

Comments or questions? Contact Anya Loukianova at MIIS CNS: Anna.LoukianovaATmiis.edu

This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents. Copyright © 2002 by MIIS.

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