LOCATION:
Address: ul. Zhukovskogo 2-a, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, 141980
Telephone: (095) 926-22-46, (096) 215-17-01, 215-15-14, 212-46-47, 268-17-26
Fax: (096) 212-35-38, 268-43-49
Telex: 411700 DUBRAD
["Rekvizity Mashinostroitelnogo konstruktorskogo byuro 'Raduga'," Firma Elektra Web Site,  http://kavkaz.elektra.ru/articles/office/vzt_raduga.htm.] {Entered 4/22/02 MJ}
ADMINISTRATION:
Director: Igor Trusov
["Rekvizity Mashinostroitelnogo konstruktorskogo byuro 'Raduga'," Firma Elektra Web Site,  http://kavkaz.elektra.ru/articles/office/vzt_raduga.htm.] {Entered 4/22/02 MJ}
General Designer: Igor Seleznev
["Mechanical Design Bureau 'Raduga'," Aviation.Ru Web Site, http://www.aviation.ru/Raduga/, 22 March 1999.] {Entered 4/22/02 MJ}
BACKGROUND:
MKB Raduga traces its history to 1946 when Aleksandr Bereznyak, who previously worked on the design of Russia's first rocket-propelled fighter aircraft, Bolkhovitinov Experimental Design Bureau's (OKB) BI-1,[1] formed Branch No. 2 of OKB-155 (also known as MiG OKB) based in Dubna. In 1947 Bereznyak began work on the first Soviet air-launched anti-ship cruise misssile, MiG OKB's KS-1 [NATO designation AS-1 'Kennel'] roughly based on the MiG-15 fighter's airframe and engine.[2] Bereznyak's bureau later took over from MiG OKB work on perfecting the missile and its production process.[3] Later it also collaborated with MiG OKB on the design of several other air-launched cruise missiles, including the Kh-20 [AS-3 'Kangaroo'] air-launched land-attack nuclear cruise missile designed by OKB-155 on the basis of the MiG-19 fighter[4] and the K-10S [AS-2 'Kipper'] heavy anti-ship missile for the Tu-16 ['Badger'] bomber.[5] 

After assisting in the design of MiG OKB's missiles, in the mid-1950s Bereznyak's bureau began independent work on new missile types. In 1955 Bereznyak received an assignment to design an anti-ship missile suitable for arming small warships, which became the P-15 [SS-N-2 'Styx'] missile that was widely deployed by the Soviet Navy and exported to client states. P-15 missiles and technical documentation supplied to China served as a point of departure for Chinese cruise missile designs, including the well-known HY-2 'Silkworm'.[3] In 1956 Bereznyak started work on the KSR-2 [AS-5 'Kelt'], also carried by the Tu-16 bomber[6], and in the early 1960s Bereznyak's bureau began developing the Kh-22 [AS-4 'Kitchen'] family of supersonic, air-launched, long-range cruise/aeroballistic missiles powered by liquid-fuel rocket motors and available in anti-ship or anti-radar, conventional or nuclear variants. The first variants entered service in 1967. These missiles armed Tu-22 ['Blinder'], Tu-22M ['Backfire'], and Tu-95 ['Bear'] bombers and, following many modernizations, remain in service with the Russian Air Force.[7] Bereznyak also designed the KSR-5 [AS-6 'Kingfish'] missile to replace older missiles arming Tu-16 bombers, including the K-10S. The KSR-5 entered series production in 1966 and was officially accepted into service in 1969.[5] Also in the late 1960s, Bereznyak worked on the Kh-2000 and Kh-45 experimental cruise missiles, which were intended to arm Sukhoi's planned T-4 and T-4MS supersonic strategic bombers.[8] Raduga also developed the Kh-15 [AS-16 'Kickback'] hypersonic aeroballistic short-range attack missile using liquid-fuel rocket propulsion. It is available in nuclear or conventional variants (150-250kg warhead), with inertial or radar (anti-ship) guidance and has a maximum range of up to 150km, depending on the speed and altitude of the launching aircraft. It was accepted into service in 1980 and remains in service on Tu-95MS, Tu-160, and Tu-22M bombers.[9] 

Following the Soviet Air Force's decision to arm its strategic bombers with subsonic, low-flying, long-range nuclear cruise missiles similar to US ALCMs, in 1976 MKB Raduga began work on the Kh-55 [AS-15 'Kent'] strategic ALCM, which was accepted into service in December 1983. It subsequently also developed the Kh-55MS variant with extended range (3,000 vs. 2,500km). Both missile types armed Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic bombers, and they remain in service today.[10] 

MKB Raduga was also active in the field of air-launched missiles for tactical aircraft. It was responsible for the development of the Kh-28 [AS-9 'Kyle'] anti-radar missile, which was adopted in 1973,[11] and its successor, the Kh-58 [AS-11 'Kilter'].[12] Soviet tactical aircraft also used MKB Raduga's Kh-59 Ovod [AS-13 'Kingbolt'] tactical air-to surface missile with TV guidance which was adopted by the Soviet Air Force in the 1980s.[13]

MKB Raduga continued work on naval anti-ship cruise missiles in the 1970s and 1980s as well. To replace the P-15 family of missiles, in 1973 MKB Raduga began designing the 3M80 Moskit [SS-N-22 'Sunburn'] ramjet-powered supersonic missile, carrying a 300kg warhead to a maximum range of 120km. The Moskit was accepted into service in 1984, arming Sovremennyy-class guided missile destroyers and a number of classes of fast attack boats. While MKB Raduga also worked on developing a surface-to-air variant of the Moskit and an air-launched version with doubled range, these projects were either cancelled or remained incomplete by the time the USSR collapsed.[14] MKB Raduga's cruise missile expertise was also demonstrated by the 85R and 85RU [SS-N-14 'Silex'] surface-launched torpedo-carrying anti-submarine missiles which were widely deployed aboard Russian frigates, destroyers, and cruisers and, like the Moskit, also remain in service.[12]

In addition to missiles, MKB Raduga developed a number of air-launched target drones. The MV-1 drone, developed for use by Tu-16 bombers, entered service in 1965. The KSR-5-NM target drone, developed on the basis of the KSR-5 missile, was accepted into service in 1979 and was used until the last Tu-16 bombers capable of carrying it were withdrawn from service.[15]

Throughout its history, MKB Raduga has been associated with the Dubna Machine-Building Plant (DMZ), which produced most of the weapons designed by Raduga. Between 1972 and 1982 MKB Raduga and DMZ were amalgamated into Raduga Production and Design Association and later Raduga Production Association.[16]
 
Other firms with close ties with MKB Raduga include GosNPO Altair, which developed the control system for the Moskit and is developing one for the AS-19/GELA hypersonic test vehicle,[17] and the Progress Aviation Company in Arsenyevo, Primorskiy Kray, which assembled Moskit missiles.[18]
Sources:
[1] Vladimir Bekhter, "Pogib v ispytatelnom polete," Na boyevom postu, 18 February 1999; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com/.
[2] "KS-1 Kometa," Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota Web Site, http://www.aviation.ru/Raduga/KS-1.html.
[3] Rostislav Angelskiy, "Raketa stanovitsya raketoy," Tekhnika i Vooruzheniye, April 2000; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com/.
[4] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998), pp. 14-17.
[5] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998)  pp. 17-18.
[6] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 23-25.
[7] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 22-33.
[8] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 35, 38-39.
[9] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 35-38.
[10] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 39-41.
[11] "Aviatsionnaya raketa Kh-28," Aviation.Ru Web Site, http://www.aviation.ru/Missiles/X/X-28.html.
[12] "Osnovnyye obraztsy samoletov i raket, osvoyennyye proizvodstvom Dubnenskoko mashinostroitelnogo zavoda v period 1951-1996," Dubna City Web Site, http://www.dubna.ru/win/airplane/dmz-06-7.htm.
[13] Aleksandr Yegorov, "Problemam vysokotochnogo oruzhiya - osoboye vnimaniye," Krasnaya zvezda, 9 June 1996; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com/.
[14] V.P. Kuzin, V.I. Nikolskiy, Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR 1945-1991 (St. Peterburg: Istoricheskoye morskoye obshchestvo, 1996)  p. 332.
[15] "V vozdukhe - krylatyye misheni," Armeyskiy sbornik, 1 August 1997; in Universal Database of Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com/.
[16] "Istoriya DMZ," Dubna City Web Site, http://www.dubna/ru/win/airplane/dmz-p3.htm.
[17] Dmitriy Safronov, "'Moskit' stal sovershenno nesekretnym," Kommersant-Daily, 14 April 1998; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com/.
[18] Viktor Litovkin, "Redkaya raketa doletit do Ameriki," Izvestiya, 18 July 1996; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com/.{Entered 4/22/02 MJ}
ACTIVITIES:
Despite the break-up of the USSR, MKB Raduga continued work on new types of missiles and new variants of already existing ones. The main emphasis appears to be the development of new types of strategic ALCMs and hypersonic missiles.

Raduga continued research into hypersonic missiles in the 1990s, using experimental hypersonic aerial vehicles such as the Raduga-D2 and GELA. While Raduga-D2 is based on the Kh-22 missile, the GELA (sometimes designated Kh-90 or AS-19 'Koala') is a brand-new test vehicle capable of speeds in excess of Mach 5 thanks to a ramjet cruise engine using hydrocarbon fuel.[1,2] Germany's DASA aerospace corporation has considered using the Raduga-D2 for joint experiments, in order to gather information for its own hypersonic test vehicle project. The Raduga-D2 was also considered for use as a test vehicle under Europe's Future European Space Transportation Investigation Programme. Raduga developed four variants of the on-board equipment for the Raduga-D2 required for the proposed experiments. On-board data-gathering equipment would be mounted by Raduga using its own facilities, while flight experiments would be conducted on Russian test ranges. European companies reportedly considered the Raduga-D2 to be comparatively inexpensive, since these test vehicles are built by reconfiguring existing Kh-22 missiles. For its own part, MKB Raduga had hoped to use data from such experiments to create Mach 14 aerial vehicles.[3]

The largest air-launched vehicles under development at Raduga are the Burlak and Burlak-M air-launched reusable space-launch vehicles (similar to the US Pegasus system), for use from modified Tu-160SK strategic bombers. These 20t, two-stage vehicles are to use liquid-fuel rocket engines (ramjet in the first stage of the Burlak-M) and be able to launch satellites up to 500kg, depending on the orbit.[4] The Burlak Technical Association was formed in 1992; the project involves MKB Raduga and the Tupolev Design Bureau (involved in modifiying Tu-160 bombers) and other design bureaus. Foreign entities were invited to finance the project, whose total cost was estimated at up to $300-600 million. Burlak TA hoped that at least 5-10% of that sum would be covered by foreign investments.[5] Burlak TA was joined by the German firm OXB-Systems, which conducted a feasibility study on the project. By 1995 the draft design of Burlak was completed, and Raduga had hoped to be able to conduct the first Burlak launch in 1998. However, the project has not been able to attract the necessary funding.[2]

In the meantime, Raduga has continued work on less ambitious missile projects and variants of older designs. In 1993 Raduga demonstrated a modified Kh-59M missile using turbojet propulsion, with its range extended to 115km. Like its predecessor, the missile can be carried by tactical aircraft.[6] In 2001 at the RDE-2001 defense exposition in Nizhniy Tagil, Raduga unveiled yet another Kh-59 variant, designated Kh-59MK, with the range extended from 115km to 285km. This subsonic missile uses an active radar guidance system instead of the TV guidance used by the Kh-59M.[7] 

In 1992 MKB Raduga designed an air-launched anti-ship cruise missile based on the Kh-55, designated Kh-65, with a much shorter range (300km) and a conventional warhead. The missile was displayed for the first time in 1993, but has not been accepted into service or exported.[8] While Raduga has not been able to find a customer for the Kh-65, its work on new ALCMs and other Kh-55 variants has attracted more support from the Russian Air Force. Raduga has been developing a conventional variant of the Kh-55 under the designation Kh-555.Work on the Kh-55's conventional successor, the Kh-101, started in the late 1980s and most of the design was complete by 1995. The Kh-101 is intended to be a stealthy, low-flying cruise missile with a conventional payload (a nuclear variant was also developed, under the designation Kh-102) and will arm Russian Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic bombers. The missile reportedly will fly at subsonic speeds, carry a 400kg payload, and have a maximum range of 5,000-5,500km. Its guidance system will include a TV terminal guidance system to ensure pin-point accuracy. [9] Reportedly as a result of lessons drawn from NATO operations against Yugoslavia, MKB Raduga received priority financing to accelerate the development of the Kh-101/102. Prototype Kh-101 missiles were test-launched during 37th Air Army exercises in April 2000,[10] although the first launch of a Kh-101 by an Air Force Tu-95MS crew took place as early as October 1998.[11]

As part of the plan to upgrade Tu-22M3 bombers to Tu-22M5 standards, Raduga has extensively modernized the Kh-22 missile. Designated Kh-32, the new weapon features a new propulsion system and a new warhead. Its capability to attack land targets is better than that of the Kh-22.[12]

Raduga also assists in the modernization of Tu-95MS and Tu-160 bombers, which will enable them to carry the new Kh-101 and Kh-102 ALCMs. Modernization work is performed at the 360th Aircraft Repair Facility in Ryazan under the Air Force modernization plan in effect until 2005. Tu-22M3 bombers are also being modernized to accept Raduga's Kh-32 missile. The modernization plan will cost up to 1.1 billion rubles.[13]

Like other Russian defense enterprises, the drop in state orders has led to an increased emphasis on export orders. In 1996 MKB Raduga unsuccessfully attempted to secure permission from the Ministry of Defense to sell Moskit missiles to the United States, which hoped to order up to 100 of these missiles for use as fast aerial targets to test US warships' ability to defend themselves against supersonic anti-ship missiles. The proposed cost of the contract was $107 million, and the deliveries would have taken place over a period of five years. MKB Raduga's lobbying effort also enjoyed the support of its subcontractors, many of which had had no defense orders for years. GosNPO Altair, which manufactures the guidance system for the Moskit, also supported the deal, on the grounds that funds would enable Russian firms involved in the deal to finance the development of a new generation of Russian weapons. Although the Moskit was cleared for export in the Moskit-E configuration, the Russian Navy voiced strong opposition to the deal, fearing transferring the missile to a "potential enemy" would enable the United States to perfect its defenses against such missiles. The Ministry of Defense also argued that Moskit missiles were not authorized for sale as targets. Raduga argued that selling an export variant of the missile would not compromise missiles arming Russian warships, due to design changes to the missile. However, the Ministry of Defense did not permit the sale. The United States later attempted to procure a quantity of Kh-31 missiles from GNPTs Zvezda-Strela, which have similar flight characteristics, but the Ministry of Defense eventually vetoed that contract as well.[14] 

Instead of the United States, China became the first export customer for the Moskit. In 1996 China signed a contract for the purchase of two Sovremennyy-class guided missile destroyers, each armed with eight Moskit missiles. The first ship was launched in 1998, and the second in 1999, at Severnaya Verf in St. Petersburg. Both ships, formerly named Vazhnyy and Aleksandr Nevskiy, were initially laid down for the Soviet Navy, but remained incomplete due to lack of funding.[15] Although the contract was implemented, the sale of Moskit missiles to China initially encountered Ministry of Defense resistance. The Russian military opposed the sale fearing the consequences of selling one of its most capable anti-ship missile systems to a potential enemy. The sale did enjoy the support of Primorskiy Kray Governor Yevgeniy Nazdratenko, who caused a scandal in March 1997 by proposing to sell China 500 Moskits. The Ministry of Defense eventually relented under the pressure of MKB Raduga officials, who insisted they needed the money from the sale to continue developing the next generation of Russian cruise missiles. The proceeds from the sale of Moskits to China were reportedly to be applied to further development of the GELA hypersonic vehicle, and for the development of a missile capable of reaching Mach 14. It is not clear whether the sale to China, following the refusal to sell the missiles to the United States, was motivated by political factors, or was caused by the gradually worsening financial situation in the Russian defense industry.[16]

Although the Moskit faces stiff domestic competition from NPO Mashinostroyeniya's Oniks [NATO designation SS-NX-26] and OKB Novator's Club system [NATO designation SS-NX-27], Raduga has continued to develop the system for domestic and potential export customers. In particular, it continued developing the air-launched variant of the Moskit, variously known as the ASM-MSS and Kh-41. In August 2001 MKB Raduga displayed a lightened 3M-80E1 Moskit missile with its weight reduced to 3970kg from 4150kg, and range to 100km vs. 120km. The new variant was developed for an unspecified party. There are also rumors of continued efforts to develop the air-launched version of the missile.[17] Although China is so far the only export customer for the missiles, Iran expressed interest in purchasing Project 12421 missile boats armed with Moskit missiles. In addition, Iran reportedly procured a small quantity of these missiles from Ukraine.[18]

While missile design is the most important aspect of Raduga's activities, the design bureau is also active in other areas. During the Soviet era, Raduga began designing and producing networked and autonomous wind turbines for domestic and foreign customers, up to 1,000kW.[19] The first example of a networked wind electricity generating facility in Russia is to be the Kalmytskaya wind power plant using 22 Raduga-1 wind turbines. It was ordered by the Unified Energy Systems of Russia (RAO YeES Rossii) utility company. Raduga is reportedly ready to mass-produce these turbines, but Russian utility companies are unable to afford them. The design bureau hopes to penetrate the Western market with these products.[2] 

In 1990 MKB Raduga in cooperation with Kharkov Aviation Plant formed the AVIaMotoR company to develop and produce prototype light aircraft for series production by the forming companies.[20] Finally, Raduga's non-military products include light aircraft and gliders, medical equipment, agricultural equipment, textile production lines, TV satellite systems, sport equipment.[21]
Sources:
[1] A.V. Karpenko, S. M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998)  pp. 44-46.
[2] Vladimir Ilyin, Yuriy Ponomarev, "Vse tsveta 'Radugi'," Vestnik vozdushnogo flota online edition, http://www.aviation.ru/afherald/3496/raduga.html.
[3] Dmitriy Litovkin, "Russkaya 'Kukhnya' pokorila nemtsev," Krasnaya zvezda, 24 May 1997; in  Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com/.
[4] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998)  pp. 49-50.
[5] Aleksey Tupolev, Igor Seleznev, "'Burlak' priglashayet k sotrudnichestvu," Vestnik voyennoy informatsii, February 1992; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com.
[6] "Kh-59 Ovod-M," Virtualnyy aviatsionnyy spravochnik Web Site, http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/avz/x59.html.
[7] Vladimir Ilyin, "Nizhniy Tagil: smotr oboronnykh tekhnologiy," Tekhnika i vooruzheniye, October 2001.
[8] A.V. Karpenko, S.M. Ganin, V.V. Kolnogorov, Aviatsionnyye rakety bolshoy dalnosti (St. Peterburg: Nevskiy bastion, 1998) pp. 42.
[9] "Raketa Kh-101 i opisaniye," Sekretnyye materialy Rossii Web Site, http://www.xfilesrus.narod.ru/kh101.htm.
[10] Ivan Safronov, "Yugoslavskiye uroki rossiyskikh VVS," Kommersant-Daily, 18 April 2000; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com.
[11] V. Rigmant, "Tu-95," Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika, March 2001; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com.
[12] "Kh-22," Virtualnyy aviatsionnyy spravochnik Web Site, http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/kr/x22.html.
[13] "K 2005 godu boyevyye vozmozhnosti Dalney aviatsii uvelichatsya na 15-20 protsentov," Agentstvo voyennykh novostey, 13 September 2001; in Universal Database of Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com.
[14] Viktor Litovkin, "Redkaya raketa doletit do Ameriki," Izvestiya, 18 July 1996; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com.
[15] "Second Russian-built PLAN destroyer rolls out," Jane's Navy International, 1 June 1999; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com.
[16] Dmitriy Safronov, "'Moskit' stal sovershenno nesekretnym," Kommersant-Daily, 14 April 1998; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com.
[17] Sergey Sokut, "Dlinnyye ruki dlya aviatsii i flota," Nezavisimoye voyennoye obozreniye, 24 August 2001; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.ru.
[18] Igor Korotchenko, "Vopreki davleniyu SShA," Nezavisimoye voyennoye obozreniye online edition, http://nvo.ng.ru/, 21 September 2001.
[19] Igor Seleznev, "I budet v upryazhke veter...," Vestnik voyennoy informatsii, March 1992; in Universal Database of Russian Military & Security Periodicals, http://online.eastview.com.
[20] "O nas -NPF 'AVIaMotoR'," AVIaMotoR Web Site, http://aviamotor1.narod.ru/site/onas_s.html.
[21] "Rekvizity Mashinostroitelnogo konstruktorskogo byuro 'Raduga'," Firma Elektra Web Site,  http://kavkaz.elektra.ru/articles/office/vzt_raduga.htm. {Entered 4/22/02 MJ}

MKB RADUGA DEVELOPMENTS:

12/1/2002: RADUGA BEGINS SERIAL PRODUCTION OF Kh-101 CRUISE MISSILE
According to a report in Jane's Defence Upgrades on 1 December 2002, the MKB Raduga factory in Smolensk has begun serial production of the Kh-101 air-launched cruise missile (ALCM). The Kh-101 conventional missile includes an electro-optimal terminal homing system which produces accuracy of between 12-20 meters (40-65 feet) and according to Russian press reports has a range of 5,000-5,500 kilometers (3,100-3,415 miles). Modernized Tu-95MS [NATO name 'Bear H'] and Tu-160 [NATO name 'Blackjack] strategic bombers eventually will be fitted with the Kh-101. The report also indicates that the Kh-32 anti-ship missile developed by Raduga presently is undergoing military launch tests from aircraft.
[Piotr Butowski, "Russia plans bomber fleet modernisation," Jane's Defence Upgrades online edition, http://jdu.janes.com, 1 December 2002.] {Entered 12/6/2002 EMC}

8/14/2001: RADUGA'S EFFORTS RECOGNIZED
Dubna City Web Site reported on 14 August 2001 that MKB Raduga took second place in the "Zolotaya Ideya" (Golden Idea) contest sponsored by NOMOS-Bank and conducted by the Committee on Military-Technical Cooperation.[1] Prizes were awarded for contributions in the area of developing new military products for export.[2] Raduga's contributions included developing the Moskit-E, Ovod-ME missile systems, and the Rubezh-E self-propelled coastal defense missile system.[1]
Sources:
[1] "'Zolotaya ideya' - nasha!," City of Dubna Web Site, http://www.dubna.ru/, 14 August 2001.
[2] "Osnovnyye itogi MAKS-2001," Kommersant-Daily, 20 August 2001; in Universal Database of Central Russian Newspapers, http://online.eastview.com/. {Entered 4/22/02 MJ}

Page last updated 25 April 2003

Comments or questions? Contact Cristina Chuen at MIIS CNS: Cristina.ChuenATmiis.edu

This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents. Copyright © 2003 by MIIS.

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