5/9/2002: US-RUSSIA TASK FORCE
FORMED TO PROTECT RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS At a 9 May 2002 press conference in Washington DC, US Secretary of Energy
Spencer Abraham and Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Aleksandr Rumyantsev announced an
agreement to cooperate on improving the security of radiological materials
that could be used to make so-called dirty bombs. The parties agreed to establish
a joint task force that will look for and create a registry of potential sources
of fissile materials that might enable terrorists to make a radiological
dispersion device. "This effort will be a new logical extension of the work we
are already doing together on protecting nuclear materials in the Russian
Federation," Abraham said. Initial funding for this activity will come from the
joint MPC&A program. ["Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham's Opening Remarks at
Press Conference with Russian Federation Minister of Atomic Energy
Alexander Rumyantsev," U.S. Information Agency Web Site,
http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/arms/02050905.htm.] {Entered 9/5/02 NL}
11/29/2001: ABRAHAM AND RUMYANTSEV
AGREE TO EXPAND MPC&A COOPERATION At a meeting in Moscow on 29 November 2001, US Energy Secretary
Spencer Abraham and Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Aleksandr Rumyantsev
agreed to enhance and expand cooperation in the sphere of nuclear material
protection. The formal statement issued at the meeting indicates that this
agreement is built on commitments from the November 2001 "Joint
Statement by President George W. Bush and President Vladimir V. Putin on a New
Relationship Between the United States and Russia", and, in particular, on
those sections in the statement that call for "improving the physical
protection and accounting of nuclear materials in all possessor states".[1] The Secretary and the Minister agreed to establish a formal
process to monitor progress of joint programs for improving the physical
protection, control, and accounting of nuclear materials in Russia. Abraham
and Rumyantsev also agreed "to be
personally engaged on a day-to-day basis in supervising this effort."[1,2] Sources: [1] 'U.S. and Russia Agree to Strengthen Nuclear Material
Protection," U.S. Department of State Press Release R-01-200, 29 November
2001, U.S. Department of State Web Site,
http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/arms/stories/01120404.htm.
[2] "Abraham and Rumyantsev Agree to Strengthen Nuclear Material Protection,"
NNSA Newsletter, February 2002, p. 2.
{Entered 9/4/02 NL}
12/15/2000: RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT
ADOPTS NEW DECREE ON MC&A Government Decree No. 962 of
15 December 2000 introduces regulations for state control and accounting
of nuclear materials. This decree defines the goals of and procedures for material
control and accounting (MC&A), lists government agencies and organizations
responsible for MC&A execution, and the ways for those entities to
interact in the MC&A process. Federal MC&A procedures must be followed by all entities dealing with nuclear materials,
including the following: federal government agencies
supervising organizations that use nuclear materials; federal agencies
responsible for state property accounting; the Russian Academy of Sciences;
organizations handling nuclear materials; and analytical centers providing
information on accounting and control of nuclear materials for the federal
government and governmental agencies.
Objectives of the system of
accounting and control of nuclear materials include the following:
- to determine actual quantities of
nuclear materials at storage sites;
- to support and develop a system
that constantly monitors and accounts for nuclear materials;
- to provide Russian state agencies
with necessary information on nuclear materials;
- to provide state control over
the
accuracy of data on nuclear materials;
- to secure restricted access to information on state accounting and control of nuclear materials.
The
Ministry of Atomic Energy is defined as one of the leading actors in the
sphere of nuclear MC&A. According to the decree, Minatom is charged with the
following:
- implementation of MC&A activities on
the federal level and for organizations under its supervision;
- provision of guidelines to and coordination of activities of federal agencies involved
in MC&A, development and adoption of federal MC&A norms and regulations, and oversight
of the
MC&A system as a whole.
Minatom presents annual reports on nuclear materials to the government and
maintains the State Register of nuclear materials. The State Register contains information about agencies that conduct
accounting and control activities and organizations that handle nuclear
materials.
Authorized federal agencies implement accounting and control of nuclear materials,
supervise affiliated organizations that handle nuclear materials,
and compile departmental registers of nuclear materials. These agencies inform
the
Ministry
of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service,
and Ministry of Atomic
Energy of all illegal activities with nuclear materials.
Organizations that handle nuclear
materials must establish a special division for nuclear accounting and develop and
implement a program of monitoring the quality of measuring operations with
nuclear materials. On a quarterly basis these organizations
report to the supervising federal agencies and the Ministry of Atomic Energy about
the changes in quantities (movements) of nuclear materials. At least once a
year, organizations must conduct a physical inventory of nuclear materials and send
the results to the supervising agency.
Gosatomnadzor is charged with
overseeing the system of state accounting and control of nuclear materials.
[Government
Decree No. 962, O poryadke vedeniya gosudarstvennogo ucheta i kontrolya yadernykh
materialov, 15 December 2000, The Legislation in Russia Database,
http://law.optima.ru.
{Entered 7/27/2002 NL}
11/23/2000: MINATOM CHARGED WITH
IMPROVING MPC&A At a 23
November 2000 meeting, the Russian Cabinet of Ministers charged the
Ministry of Atomic Energy with the
following tasks to improve the physical protection of installations that pose
nuclear and radiological hazards:
- analyze legislation to determine
the responsibilities of federal agencies and facility operators with regards to
physical protection of nuclear installations, nuclear and
radioactive materials, radiological devices, and storage sites;
- develop and implement automated
management systems for the transportation of nuclear materials;
- modernize material
protection systems; and
- implement countermeasures against nuclear terrorism and illicit trafficking
of nuclear and radioactive materials.
The Cabinet of Ministers
instructed the
Federal Security Service, the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
Minatom, the
Ministry of Defense, and other
relevant agencies to propose procedures for the assessment of
external and internal threats to nuclear and radiological installations in
order to increase the level of physical protection. The Ministry of Education
was
instructed to review the development of education and training programs in
the sphere of physical protection, accounting, and control of nuclear materials.
["Novosti,"
Nuclear.ru Web Site,
http://www.nuclear.ru/news_r/2411001.htm.] {Entered 8/1/2002 NL}
9/28/2000: MINATOM CHARGED WITH
DEVELOPING NEW MC&A REGULATIONS On 28 September 2000, the
Russian Cabinet of Ministers discussed the state system of accounting of nuclear
materials. Opening the session, Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov declared that
given the possession by Russia of "the whole range of nuclear technologies" and
Russia's responsibility to control them, accounting of all nuclear materials is
a very important issue for Russia.[1] During the session, First Deputy Minister of
Atomic Energy Valentin Ivanov presented Minatom's concept for developing a
federal system of accounting and control of fissile materials. There are 61
organizations that deal with nuclear materials (including 14 that are not under
Minatom supervision) in Russia. These organizations report to Minatom on a
quarterly basis about the movements of fissile materials.[2] The Ministry estimates
that to maintain comprehensive accounting and control of all fissile materials,
the system should cover about 70 organizations under 13 federal agencies.[1] Minatom
proposes that fissile materials be concentrated under Minatom supervision in several places that have
modern accounting and control systems in place. At
present, such a concentration is difficult due to the absence of necessary
legislation. Ivanov stressed the need to standardize methods for
measuring characteristics of nuclear materials. According to Ivanov, the
creation of the federal system of control and accounting requires more than two billion rubles ($71 million as
of September 2000)
over a period of five years. The current government allocation is 70 million rubles ($2.5
million as of September 2000) for a period of six years. Ivanov noted that at
present foreign
assistance (primarily from the USA and the European Union) constitutes about 90
percent of funding for these purposes.[4] At the end of the session, the
Government requested Minatom and Gosatomnadzor to submit a draft statute on
the nuclear accounting and control system. Minatom will also submit a report on specific
steps taken to facilitate development of this system by 15 December 2000.[5,6]
Sources:
[1] "Pravitelstvo RF rassmotrelo vopros ob effectivnosti
federalnoy sistemy ucheta i kontrolya delyashchikhsya materialov," Interfax, No.
1, 28 September 2000.
[2] Vladimir Kucherenko, "Yadernie materialy bez prismotra
ne ostanutsya," Rossiyskaya gazeta, No. 188, 29 September, 2000, p. 2.
[3] Ekaterina Kats, "Koloss na zapadnykh dengakh.
Rossiyskoye pravitelstvo ne finansiruyet yadernuyu bezopasnost," Segodnya,
No. 218, 29 September 2000, p. 2.
[4] "Dlya sozdaniya sistemy ucheta delyashchikhsya materialov
Rossii neobkhodimo svyshe dvukh milliardov rubley v techeniye pyati let -
Minatom," Interfax, No. 1, 28 September 2000.
[5] "Minatom RF do 15 dekabrya dolozhit pravitelstvu o
merakh po obespecheniyu gotovnosti sistemy goskontrolya yadernykh materialov,"
Interfax, No. 1, 28 September 2000.
[6] "O federalnoy sisteme ucheta i kontrolya delyashchikhsya
materialov v Rossiyskoy Federatsii," Yadernaya Rossiya Segodnya, 29
September 2000, p. 7. {Entered NL 8/20/2002}
The MPC&A program will receive $150 million in
FY 2000. During the next two years, 30MT of materials will be consolidated
into fewer buildings at fewer sites, and 2MT of weapons-grade materials will
be converted into non-weapons-usable forms. Transportation upgrades on 48
trucks and 33 rail cars, the submarine dismantlement feasibility study, and
the Federal Information System for tracking materials will also be completed.
Security upgrades are scheduled at sites in the ten nuclear cities, at 22
civilian power and research reactor sites, and at 10 Russian Federation Navy
sites.[2]
Sources: [1] Agreement Between the Government
of the United States of America and The Government of the Russian Federation
Regarding Cooperation in the Area of Nuclear Material Physical Protection,
Control and Accounting, available at DOE Web Site,
http://www.nn.doe.gov/.../mpca-agrmnt/eng_text.htm, 2 October 1999. [2] "The Agreement Between the United
States and the Russian Federation on Nuclear Materials Protection, Control
and Accounting (MPC&A) Is Signed!," DOE MPC&A News Web Site,
http://www.nn.doe.gov/mpca/oldnews/09-10_99.htm, September/October 1999.
{Entered 1/2/00 LWB}
7/22/99: TASK FORCE RECOMMENDS LARGER HEU PURCHASES
FROM RUSSIA On 22 July 1999, a task force organized by the Center
for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and chaired by former US Sentor
Sam Nunn presented its recommendations concerning US purchases of Russian HEU
at the CSIS headquarters in Wasington, DC. Task force vice-chairman Matthew Bunn
recommended that the United States offer to buy 50MT of HEU for $1 billion and
place the money in a fund to pay for nuclear security in Russia. In addition,
the United States should purchase HEU from research facilities that Russia can
no longer afford to guard. Finally, the task force recommended that the
United States provide capital investment to help blend Russian HEU down to an
intermediate level of around 19% in the next few years. US Undersecretary
of Energy Ernest Moniz noted that such purchases need to take market issues into
consideration in order not to impact the 500MT HEU
deal.
[Michael Knapik, "Task Force Recommends
U.S. Buy More HEU--and Faster--from Russia, NuclearFuel, 26 July 1999,
p. 17.] {Entered 11/17/99 MLB}
5/18/99: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT RELEASED On 18 May 1999, the Committee on Upgrading Russian
Capabilities for Controlling Highly Enriched Uranium and Plutonium of the National
Research Council released a report calling on the United States to continue supporting
cooperative efforts to improve the security of Russian nuclear materials for at
least a decade. The report said that since 1997, when the council conducted
an earlier review of joint US-Russian efforts in this area, the US government
has identified more facilities in Russia where nuclear material is stored, and
has determined that more extensive security upgrades are needed. In addition,
especially since the August 1998 financial crisis in Russia, the committee found
that many sites with nuclear materials in Russia do not have the funds to pay
salaries or ensure that security systems are properly installed and operated.
Richard Meserve, chair of the committee, said that "although joint efforts by
Russia and the United States have strengthened security at many sites, we believe
that terrorist groups of rogue nations have more opportunity to gain access to
Russian plutonium and highly enriched uranium than previously estimated." Meserve
said that given current conditions, reducing the risk of illicit transfer of nuclear
materials from Russia "will require years of steady work," and he argued that
"controlling the spread of these materials should be a high priority for US national
security." The committee recommended that the United States maintain funding for
these efforts at the current level of $145 millon/year for the next five years,
and then maintain an "adequate" level of funding for at least another five years.
Although the US Department of Energy, which administers the program, initially
estimated that security upgrades could be completed by 2002, it has become clear
that a substantially longer period of time will be needed. Adequate security systems
have yet to be installed at hundreds of buildings with nuclear materials. The
committee expressed particular concern about the need for improved inventory systems
at many Russian nuclear facilities, saying that without a complete and accurate
inventory of nuclear materials at these sites, it will be impossible to determine
for certain whether any has been lost or stolen. Among its other recommendations,
the committee also said that more US funding should be dedicated to operating
and maintaining inventory and security systems after they are installed. In addition
to Richard Meserve, a partner in the firm of Covington and Burling in Washington,
DC, the committee also included John F. Ahearne, Director of the Sigma Xi Center
in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Don Bostok, Vice-President for Engineering
and Construction at Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and
William Potter, Director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey
Institute of International Studies, Monterey, California. (The full-text
of the press release is available in the NIS Nuclear Profiles database. A
copy of the full report in HTML format will be incorporated soon after the final
version is released.)
["United
States Should Continue to Help Control Spread of Russian Nuclear Materials,"
National Research Council Press Release, 18 May 1999; in National Research Council
News, http://www2.nas.edu/whatsnew/2a1a.htm.]
10/96: NUCLEAR MATERIAL MONITORING PROCEDURES PROPOSED To address the issue of nuclear theft, the Russian government adopted a series
of proposals for establishing a nuclear materials register. The register will
consist of an inventory of plutonium, uranium, thorium (excluding ore), neptunium-237,
americium-241 and -243, californium-252, deuterium, tritium and lithium-6, as
well as any nuclear materials unaccounted for in gas, liquid, and powder states
or as components of solid objects.
[Interfax, 10/23/96; in "Government Approves Proposals on Nuclear
Material Security," FBIS-SOV-96-207.] {ENTERED 11/30/96 KVY} 4/5/96: EU AND UNITED STATES WILL GIVE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO MPC&A
PROGRAM IN RUSSIA The Russian Methodological and Training
Center will be established later this year at the Institute
of Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk. The European Union and the United
States plan to help Russian specialists learn Western nuclear materials accounting
methods. Another training center is under development at the Kurchatov Institute.
Sandia National Laboratory is devising the training material for these two centers,
whose goal is to train Russian specialists who can teach the MPC&A courses
to others in Russia.
["EU, US to Help Train Russians in Nuke Materials Accounting,"
Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/05/96, p. 9; "Protection and
Surveillance of Nuclear Materials in the FSU," Hearings Before the Senate Governmental
Affairs Committee Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 3/20/96.]
4/96: CURRENT MC&A REGULATIONS INADEQUATE According to one Russian nuclear official, existing MC&A regulations
in Russia are based on Ministry of Finance accounting procedures and requirements
regarding nuclear materials. Most nuclear experts in the former Soviet Union view
MC&A as synonymous with physical protection and remain concerned only with
production statistics. Even Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov views MC&A
in terms of PP.
[CISNP Discussions with Russian Nuclear Official, 4/3-5/96.] 11/95: US NRC FUNDING FOR RUSSIAN CONTROL PROGRAMS The Nuclear Regulatory Commission reported $383,000 in expenditures for assistance
to Russian and Ukrainian regulating bodies in developing programs to control the
use of radioactive materials.
["Nuclear Safety: Concerns With Nuclear Facilities And Other
Sources Of Radiation In The Former Soviet Union," GAO Reprt to the Honorable Bob
Graham, US Senate, 11/95, p. 31.] 9/28/95: UNITED STATES PROPOSES DIRECTIVE TO IMPROVE US-RUSSIAN COOPERATION
ON NUCLEAR SECURITY President Clinton announced a directive to "accelerate cooperation with Russia
and the other newly independent states to strengthen the security surrounding
nuclear weapons and fissile material." Included in the directive are efforts to
speed up current projects underway between the US Department of Defense and the
Russian Defense Ministry; strengthen ties between US and Russian law enforcement
agencies; and to enhance cooperation for development of a national MC&A system
between the US NRC and Gosatomnadzor.
["Clinton Directs US Agencies To Up Security Efforts For Soviet
Nukes," Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 10/13/95, p. 5.]
9/95: SAFEGUARDING DIFFICULTIES ATTRIBUTED TO ECONOMY AND POOR MPC&A
SYSTEM Alexander Bolsunovskiy from the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Biophysics and Valeriy
Menshikov from the Russian Security Council named the deteriorating economic well-being
of energy industry employees and a lack of a modern MPC&A system as reasons
for the problems associated with safeguarding locations with nuclear materials
in Russia.
["Problems With Safeguarding Nuclear Materials At Russian Facilities,"
Yadernyy kontrol, 9/95, pp. 16-17.]
7/18/95: LOWER-LEVEL MPC&A TRACKING SYSTEMS TO BE DEVELOPED Gosatomnadzor Chairman Vishnevskiy signed an agreement with US Energy Secretary
O'Leary to work together on developing MPC&A programs and creation of a tracking
system for nuclear materials on the national, regional, and facility levels. Additional
positive developments include: enhancing MPC&A systems at the Kurchatov Institute;
successful testing of a US-Russian joint security project at Arzamas-16; and plans
to equip and test access control measures at Mayak's plutonium storage facility.
["Agreement Signed To Track And Regulate Nuclear Materials,"
Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 7/18/95, p. 3.]
6/30/95: JCC CREATED AS SIGN OF US PLEDGE TO ASSIST MPC&A The US Department of Energy and Gosatomnadzor signed an agreement "to Cooperate
on National Protection, Control, and Accounting of Nuclear Materials," pledging
US assistance to Russia in the form of equipment, property, supplies, training,
and services, to improve the control, accounting, and physical protection of nuclear
material. The agreement also established the Joint Committee on Cooperation (JCC)
to implement the provisions of the accord.
[American Russian Commission on Economic and Technological
Cooperation, "Agreement Between The Department Of Energy Of The United States
Of America And The Federal Nuclear And Radiation Safety Authority Of The Russian
Federation To Cooperate On National Protection, Control, And Accounting Of Nuclear
Materials."] 3/31//95: UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA WORKING ON EXPERIMENTAL MONITORING
SYSTEM According to the US Department of Energy (DOE), the United States and Russia
are collaborating on an experimental system that monitors fissile materials remotely
through the use of automatic cameras and sensors in the storage areas. Argonne
National Laboratory and the Kurchatov Institute are both working on the project
and the system will first be put into use at these two facilities.
["US, Russia Collaborate on Nuclear Monitoring," Reuters, 3/31/95.
Also see "In The Department of Energy," Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor,
4/25/95, p. 13.] 1/13/95: RESOLUTION ENACTS PRESIDENTIAL DECREE ON MPC&A PROGRAM Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin signed the resolution, "On Priority Projects
for 1995 to Develop and Implement the State Nuclear Materials Control and Accounting
System," implementing Presidential Decree No. 1923 of 9/15/94. Through this resolution
Russia will approve various projects in order to create a state-wide nuclear materials
control and accounting system. Funding for the projects will be provided to the
Ministry of Science and Technology Policy, the Federal Nuclear and Radiation Safety
Authority, Minatom, the Ministry of Defense, the State Committee for Defense Industries,
the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Counterintelligence Service, the
State Customs Committee, and the Federal Border Service.
[Department of State, Office of Language Services, received
3/3/95.] 9/15/94: YELTSIN DECREE TO CENTRALIZE AND TIGHTEN CONTROLS President Yeltsin signed the decree "On Priority Measures For Improvement
of a System of Accounting and Safety of Nuclear Materials" in order to ensure
that tighter control be maintained over all nuclear stockpiles in Russia, including
stricter border and customs regulation. He has ordered that a state commission
be formed that involves representatives from the atomic energy, internal affairs,
and defense ministries and the Counterintelligence Service. The government will
allocate money from the FY94 budget and in 1995, MPC&A will be a top priority.
["Yeltsin Orders Tighter Control of Nuclear Stocks," Executive
News Service, 9/19/94.] 9/6/94: OFFICIAL CLAIMS THAT NUCLEAR MATERIALS ARE WELL-GUARDED Yuriy Volodin, head of the Department for Supervision over Assessment and
Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials of Gosatomnadzor, stated that Russia's
system of physical control over radioactive materials is "organized at the highest
level." Volodin maintains that nuclear materials in Russia are "guarded well enough"
and that it would be impossible to divert nuclear materials, but research institutions
are most at risk for theft of nuclear materials.
[ITAR-TASS, 9/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-173, 9/7/94, p. 33.] 9/94: RUSSIAN SPECIALISTS RECEIVE TRAINING IN UNITED STATES Russian nuclear specialists received MPC&A training at the Siemens LEU
fuel fabrication facility located in Richland, Washington.
[DOE Public Information, Office of Nonproliferation and National
Security, 1/27/95.]
8/29/94: FRANCE ASSISTS RUSSIAN MC&A The French Institute of Nuclear Safety & Protection (IPSN) is working
with Gosatomnadzor (GAN) to improve Russia's MC&A and physical protection
systems. IPSN pledged in 6/94 to provide GAN with the requisite technologies,
equipment, and expertise for a modern and effective MC&A system. Denis Flory,
deputy chief of IPSN, commented that Russia needs to create multiple barriers
to fissile material diversion. The Russians chose to emulate the French system
because the French nuclear industry is similar to Russia's--highly centralized,
state-controlled, with both military and civilian nuclear activities, and a closed
fuel cycle. IPSN manages the inventory, performs inspections, and provides technical
support for the Ministry of Industry. Russia's main obstacle in implementing an
MC&A system is the fact that GAN's authority for MC&A is only provided
by a Presidential decree, not national legislation.
[Ann MacLachlan, "French Helping Russians To Improve Safeguards
and Protection Regime," Nucleonics Week, 8/29/94, pp. 16-17.]
8/24/94: FLAWS IN CONTROL OF FISSILE MATERIALS ADMITTED Russian nuclear experts have acknowledged that their system of control over
nuclear material needed improvement and admitted that the radioactive material
found in Germany could have originated in Russia. They denied, however, that any
radioactive material is missing. Nikolay Ponamarev-Stepnoy, Vice President of
the Kurchatov Institute, stated that the institute has signed a number of agreements
with enterprises, including Los Alamos National Laboratory. These agreements will
work to improve physical security in Russian labs. Andrey Gagarinskiy, the Institute's
Director for Foreign Relations, stated that despite attempts to overhaul the Russian
system, flaws still remain; the system must be modernized in order to bring them
up to current international standards.
["Weak Points Exist in Nuclear Security, Russians Concede,"
International Herald Tribune, 8/24/94.] 5/9/94: MATERIALS CONTROL PROGRAM REQUESTS LUGAR-NUNN FUNDING FOR TRIAL
IN BELARUS NuclearFuel reported that the Kurchatov Institute and the American
Technical Institute have jointly designed an accountancy and control system for
fissile materials, called NUMACS (model automated system of nuclear materials
accounting, controls, and safeguards for complex nuclear facilities). The Kurchatov
Institute and the American Technical Institute would like $5.6 million in Nunn-Lugar
funding in order to try the system at Kurchatov Institute facilities and for a
state-wide trial in Belarus. According to the head of the Kurchatov Institute's
Division of International Projects, Vladimir Sukhoruchkin, the most difficult
aspects of establishing NUMACS will be the first physical accounting of the inventory,
which has not been done in at least 10 or 20 years. In the past, records were
only kept of materials which were brought to, or left, the facilities.
[Pearl Marshall, "Russia's Kurchatov Institute Designs New
Nuclear Material Control System," NuclearFuel, 5/9/94, pp. 15-16.]
1/94: SWEDEN AID FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CONTROLS Sweden approved $6.1 million in aid for nuclear fuel accounting and control
in the FSU.
[Nuclear News, 2/94. p. 50.] 6/93: UNITED STATES TO GIVE FRAMEWORK FOR MATERIALS PROTECTION By the end of 6/93, Russia will submit a formal request for assistance from
the United States to set up a regulatory framework similar to the one used by
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for material control and accounting and physical
protection of high-enriched uranium and plutonium in Russia's civilian nuclear
sector. The two facilities have not yet been named. The regulatory framework will
be run by Gosatomnadzor, and will cover approximately 27 nuclear facilities.
[Kathleen Hart, "Russia To Name Two Facilities as Models for
NRC-Style Controls," NuclearFuel, 6/7/93, pp. 5-6.]
To return to the main
MPC&A entry, see the 