BACKGROUND:
Initially known as OKB-692,[1] and later as NPO Elektropribor,[2] NPO Khartron
has traditionally closely collaborated with the
Pivdenne
(Yuzhnoye) Design Bureau and Pivdenmash (Yuzhmash),
and was the largest manufacturer of ballistic missile and space launch vehicle (SLV) guidance systems in
the Soviet Union.[3]
Khartron
may also have expertise in developing nuclear weapon command and control
systems. According to Professor Yakiv Ayzenberg, former
Khartron general director, the
conceptual framework of the strategic weapon control system employed by
the Russians is similar to the concepts his Kharkiv-based institute developed. Prior to the transfer of Ukraine-based
nuclear warheads to Russia,
Ayzenberg believed that an R&D facility similar to Khartron could develop
codes that would block Moscow-initiated commands, should the President
of Ukraine disagree with any action taken independently by Russia.[4,5,6]
Ukraine's independence and its subsequent abandonment of strategic weapons meant
a sharp drop in Khartron's strategic weapon-related activities. In 1995 Khartron
was established as a joint-stock company and underwent a first round of
privatization,[7] following which the government of Ukraine still owned 74.56% of Khartron.[8]
The remainder was split between Khartron employees, who held approximately 15%,
and various Ukrainian financial institutions and citizens, who had about 10% of the
shares.[9] Although sales of an additional 50% of enterprise stocks were planned on several
occasions, all of these plans eventually were cancelled. (For more information on Khartron
privatization controversies, see the Khartron Developments section.) Sources:
[1] Stanislav Averkov, "Indoneziyskiy NLO byl sozdan v Dnepropetrovske,"
Biznes vremya, 19 April 2002;
in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[2] "Mnogorazovaya kosmicheskaya sistema 'Energiya - Buran'," in Kniga 'Raketno-kosmichskaya
korporatsiya 'Energiya' imeni S.P. Koroleva: 1946-1996, 20 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[3] "Frantsuzskaya 'Thomson' razrabotayet sovmestno s kharkovskim NPO 'Khartron' novuyu sistemu upravleniya poletami," Interfax, 2 September 1994; in Integrum
Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[4] Kiyevskiye vedomosti, 15 January 1993, p. 8.
[5] Virginia Foran, "Ukraine's Creeping Nuclear Possession,"
NNN Bulletin, 30 May 1993.
[6] William C. Potter, "Ukraine's Nuclear Trigger," The
New York Times, 10 November 1992.
[7] "Direktor kharkovskogo AO 'Khartron' o finansirovanii rossiysko-ukrainskikh
kosmicheskikh issledovaniy," Russkoye byuro novostey, 17 June 1999; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[8] "Privatizatsiya-news," Biznes, No. 29, 16 July 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[9] "Ukrainskoye AOOT 'Khartron preobrazuyetsya v 14 AOZT," Agentstvo Praym-TASS,
No. 393,
14 October 1997; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.{Entered
9/27/99 SK; modified 10/14/99 CC;
updated 3/5/2003 MJ}
ACTIVITIES: Khartron has
reportedly converted 95% of its production facilities
to non-military purposes.[1] As a component of the former Soviet strategic
weapons complex, Khartron is eligible for US nonproliferation assistance. In 1994, together with the US company
Westinghouse,
Khartron created the Westron
joint venture specializing in the production of control systems for
Ukrainian
nuclear power plants (NPPs). Westron was the first joint venture set up with the use of
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR)
funds, and received $5 million in CTR monies.[2,3] Khartron was also able to attract foreign assistance from other sources.
In 1993, the
European Technical Assistance to the CIS (TACIS) program decided to fund Westron's bid to implement a project on monitoring
the level and use of drinking water at the
South Ukraine NPP.[4]
Khartron has also remained an active participant in the rocket industry,
relying on its Soviet-era industrial relationships with enterprises currently
located in Russia.
As of July 2001, some 95% of Khartron's rocketry-related production was
purchased by Russia.[5] Khartron is involved in the Rokot (conversion of SS-19
ICBMs into SLVs) and Dnepr (conversion of SS-18 ICBMs into SLVs) projects, and work on supply vessels for
the International Space Station (ISS). Khartron's partners
include NPO Mashinostroyeniya,
Khrunichev, and NPO Lavochkina.[3]
The Dnepr project is part of the
Kosmotras (also referred to as Kosmotrans)
joint venture, in which Khartron is
a 12.5% participant. Other companies
in the venture include the Pivdenne (Yuzhnoye) Design Bureau
and Pivdenmash (Yuzhmash).[6]
Khartron has also been actively seeking foreign partners for projects not
related to rocketry. In 1994, Khartron and
the French firm Thomson-CSF
(currently part of the
Thales
consortium) signed an agreement on
developing an automated flight control system.[7]
The equipment was to be International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) compatible and was to be used in both civil
and military aviation, for the purpose of improving flight safety. Khartron
hoped to eventually gain control of the joint venture.[8]
Khartron's fields of specialization also
include automated control systems for various industrial applications.
Between 1995 and 1998, Khartron was involved in the Monolit joint venture,
established in cooperation with the Swedish-Swiss company
ABB, which invested
$25 million in the venture. The purpose of the venture was to produce control
systems for Ukrainian NPPs. When the prospects for selling such equipment
dimmed, the venture was closed.[9] In 1998, Khartron created an energy trading company, in conjunction with
Enerhoatom. The company acts as the main seller of electricity to Kharkiv and
the surrounding areas and pays the NPPs by providing them with automated reactor
control equipment.[10]
Khartron's missile prowess has reportedly attracted the attention of countries of
proliferation concern. Khartron General Director Yakov Ayzenberg
reportedly visited
Iraq in 1993 as a member of a Ukrainian delegation. The delegation was met by
Brigadier General Naim Bakr Ali, the head of the missile
development directorate of the Ministry of Defense of Iraq. The two sides signed
a protocol under which Iraq was to receive components for surface-to-surface
missiles and receive technical assistance in developing air defense systems,
including gyroscopes for their guidance systems. In 1994, General Bakr came to
Ukraine and signed a second protocol under which Khartron was to design four
guidance systems, including two for multi-warhead systems. Ukraine was also to
provide a so-called "clean room" required for the manufacture of sensitive
electronic components. A key figure in the deals was Yuriy Orshanskiy,
the honorary consul of Iraq to Ukraine. According to Orshanskiy, he has had
contacts with Iraq since 1992 and visited the country 40 times. However, State Commission on
the Military-Industrial Complex Head Volodymyr Horbulyn has denied the reports
of Khartron's ties with Iraq. According to Horbulyn, as of 2001 Khartron was not
involved in any dealings with Iraq, and he said that such rumors abounded
whenever the issue of privatizing Khartron was raised.[3]
Sources: [1] "Kharkovskoye PO 'Khartron' pochti polnostyu pereshlo
na proizvodstvo nevoyennoy produktsii," UNIAN, 29 March-4 April 1999.
[2] Interfax, "Ukraine Business Panorama," 27 September-4
October 1999; in "Ukraine Business Panorama," FBIS Document FTS19991004001661.
[3] Sergey Zgurets, "Ukraina
ne pomogayet Iraku razvivat raketnyy potentsial. No v SShA uvereny v obratnom," UNIAN, No. 26
(166), 24 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[4] "Ukraina predlozhila ES profinansirovat v ramkakh programmy TASIS okolo 30-ti proyektov povysheniya bezopasnosti AES," Interfax, 8 April 1996; in Integrum
Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[5] "Privatizatsiya-news," Biznes, No. 29, 16 July 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[6] "K 10-letiyu so dnya obrazovaniya Rosaviakosmosa," Vestnik aviatsii i kosmonavtiki,
No. 001, 27 February 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[7] "Spetsialisty Ukrainy i Frantsii sovmestno razrabotayut avtomatizirovannuyu sistemu upravleniya poletami,"
Biznes MN, No. 33, 7 September 1994; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[8] "Frantsuzskaya 'Thomson' razrabotayet sovmestno s kharkovskim NPO 'Khartron' novuyu sistemu upravleniya poletami," Interfax, 2 September 1994; in Integrum
Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[9] "ABB zakroyet do oktyabrya 1998 g SP 'Monolit', samoye krupnoye iz trekh uchrezhdennykh na Ukraine svoikh sovmestnykh predpriyatiy," Agentstvo Praym-TASS,
No. 117,
30 March 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[10] "Kharkovskiy gorodskoy sovet svoim postanovleniyem podderzhal initsiativu AOOT
'Khartron' /Kharkov/ po sozdaniyu Kharkovskoy energeticheskoy birzhi," Agentstvo Praym-TASS,
No. 274, 22 July 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.{Entered 9/27/99 SK; modified 10/14/99 CC; 3/5/2003 MJ}
KHARTRON DEVELOPMENTS:
1/29/2003: GOVERNMENT TO RETAIN CONTROLLING SHARE OF KHARTRON
On 29 January 2003, Ukraine's Cabinet of Ministers decided to retain 50% plus
one share of Khartron's stock in government control for three years. According
to State Property Fund
First Deputy Chairman Mykhailo Chechetov, the
decision was made in order to preserve the Ukrainian government's influence over
Khartron, which is a unique enterprise. ["Khartron zakrepostili," Delovaya nedelya, 29 January 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
1/9/2003: SENIOR KHARTRON OFFICIALS DEPART
ForUm reported on 9 January 2003 that a group of senior Khartron officials,
including Marketing Director Aleksandr Bek and the Head of the Center for
External Economic and Public Relations Sergey Salenko, left Khartron for the
Investor joint stock company, a major commercial firm. ["Iz 'Khartrona' begut spetsialisty," ForUm, 9 January 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
4/29/2002: WESTRON WINS CZECH CONTRACT Zhurnal kompanyon reported on 29 April 2002 that the
Westron joint venture won a
contract to supply 40 emergency power supply devices for the Czech nuclear power
plant in Temelin. The contract is to be fulfilled within two years. ["'Vestron' nachnet postavlyat avariynyye istochniki pitaniya dlya cheshskoy AES,"
Zhurnal Kompanyon, No. 16, 29 April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
4/13/2002: KHARTRON HOPES FOR 15% ANNUAL GROWTH LIGA online reported on 13 April 2002 that the 2002-2004 development plan
adopted by Khartron calls for a 15% annual production growth rate. At least 25%
of the profits are to be invested back in the enterprise with the goal of
introducing advanced production technologies. Khartron's priority areas were
defined as rockets and space, energy (in collaboration with
Enerhoatom and
Ukraine's nuclear power plants), and railroads. Khartron's leadership reportedly
believes a privatization would not be advantageous unless a strategic investor
(defined as a firm that purchases Khartron products and would be willing to invest in
expanding its production volume) can be found. Russian and Ukrainian industrial
and financial conglomerates are viewed as the primary candidates. ["Khartron planiruyet yezhegodno uvelichivat obemy proizvodstva ne menee chem
na 15%," LIGA online, 13 April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
3/11/2002: PRIVATIZATION BACK ON THE AGENDA Biznes reported on 11 March 2002 that the
State Property Fund is preparing to
auction two thirds of state-owned Khartron shares, or nearly half of the total
shares. This represents the third such offer, and in both previous cases, in
1999 and 2001, the auction was cancelled by the Ukrainian government. Potential
buyers include the
Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos) and Russian
space firms. According to Khartron Marketing Director Aleksandr Bek, this time, in contrast to the earlier abortive
privatizations, Russian buyers should be willing to purchase Khartron
shares at nominal prices, with the condition that the profits from
privatization be invested in Khartron. Whereas in 2001 Khartron's shares,
worth 10 million hryvne [approximately $1.95 million as of 11 March 2002], were offered for 35 million hryvne
[approximately $6.8 million], as of March 2002 Russian companies
were no longer willing to pay such a price. Bek, therefore, believes that the
best option would be to halt privatization until a strategic investor can be
found. ["Privatizatsiya," Biznes, No. 10, 11 March 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
2/1/2002: KHARTRON TO DEVELOP SOFTWARE On 1 February 2002, Khartron and six other Kharkiv-based firms signed a contract
with the US company McFadden & Associates on creating the
Elite Software
Products consortium. Under the terms of the contract, the Ukrainian companies
will be engaged in developing software, while McFadden will be responsible for
marketing. According to Khartron representatives, the company has been preparing
to enter the software market for two years.[1,2] [1]"Khartron zaymetsya novym delom,"
Delovaya nedelya,
8 February 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[2]"S nebes na zemlyu," Biznes, No. 7, 18 February 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
1/10/2002: GENERAL DIRECTOR AYZENBERG RETIRES ForUm reported on 10 January 2002 that Khartron General Director Yakiv Ayzenberg
(born 1934) retired after over a decade at the top executive post of the company. The Vice President for Finances and Accounting Mykola Vakhno has taken over as
acting director.[1] According to Fakty i
kommentarii, following his retirement, Ayzenberg emigrated to Israel. The
newspaper speculated that Ayzenberg might become involved in the Israeli defense
industry.[2] Sources:
[1] "Gendirektor 'Khartrona' ukhodit na pensiyu," ForUm, 10 January 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[2] Igor Osipchuk, "Generalnyy konstruktor sistem upravleniya kosmicheskimi
raketami akademik Yakov Ayzenberg emigriroval iz Ukrainy," Fakty i kommentarii,
12 February 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
7/4/2001: PRIVATIZATION STOPPED On 4 July 2001, the Ukrainian
State Property Fund stopped the planned
privatization of 49.56% of Khartron stock. The stock auction was to have taken place
on 23 July 2001. The order to cancel it came from First Deputy Prime
Minister Oleh Dubyna. Khartron Marketing Director Aleksandr Bek
was displeased by what he called the government's "irresponsibility," and said
that Khartron will make no further attempts to seek purchasers of its stock. Bek believes that the decision to cancel privatization was motivated by
the opposition
of the
State Commission on the Military-Industrial
Complex, and that only a
large-scale stock sale will prevent Khartron from losing its scientific
potential.[1] According to Bek, Khartron needs $50 million in investments to
modernize the plant and introduce modern technologies.[2] Sources:
[1] "Privatizatsiya-news," Biznes, No. 29, 16 July 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[2] "Khartron zhazhdet investitsiy," Delovaya Ukraina, No. 44, 4 July 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
6/17/1999: AYZENBERG ON PRIVATIZATION POLICY
In an interview published on 17 June 1999, Khartron General Director Yakov
Ayzenberg strongly criticized Ukrainian government policy toward Khartron,
particularly concerning privatization. Ayzenberg gave the interview following
the 7 June 1999 decision by the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers to retain 50%
plus one share of Khartron's shares under government control. This effectively
cancelled the planned sale of two packets of shares, with 24.78% of shares each,
to the two Russian entities Khrunichev and
Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos).
This would have been a second round of privatization for Khartron, more extensive than the one
carried out in 1995 when 25.4% of Khartron's shares were sold. According to Ayzenberg, as long as the Ukrainian government continues to retain the
controlling packet of shares, Khartron has no hope of attracting foreign
investment, which in turn threatens to doom the enterprise. Uncertainty in the
Ukrainian nuclear energy sector has forced Khartron to look elsewhere for its
survival. Ayzenberg believes that
Khartron's position on the Russian missile and space market is more secure. Missiles using Khartron components include SS-18 and SS-19
intercontinental ballistic missiles, Proton and Tsiklon space launch vehicles. Replacing Khartron electronics with Russian ones would require a lot of time and
money, so Russian aerospace firms will likely continue to rely on Khartron's
services. Moreover, Ayzenberg says there is only one Moscow-based firm in
Russia that could compete with Khartron [Ayzenberg is most likely referring to
the Pilyugin NPTs AP, which also specializes in guidance systems]. However, Khartron
will require outside investment to remain competitive, and Ayzenberg believes Russian firms, which already have long-standing ties with
Khartron, are the best candidates. Although, according to Ayzenberg, unnamed US
and German firms have expressed interest in purchasing Khartron stock.
Nevertheless, Ayzenberg
believes that Ukraine ought to steer toward a closer economic relationship with
Russia, and acknowledged that the privatization proposal was crafted with
Russian entities in mind. ["Direktor kharkovskogo AO 'Khartron' o finansirovanii rossiysko-ukrainskikh
kosmicheskikh issledovaniy," Russkoye Byuro Novostey, 17 June 1999; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
5/27/1997: HELMETS FROM KHARTRON
Agentstvo Posledniye izvestiya reported on 27 May 1997 that the
Ministry of
Internal Affairs of Ukraine approved the series production of firefighters' helmets
for the ministry. Prototype helmets have already been successfully tested. ["Pozharniki dali 'dobro'," Agentstvo 'Posledniye izvestiya', 27 May 1997; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
1/17/1996: KHARTRON BEGINS PRODUCING CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR NPPS Delovaya Ukraina reported on 17 January 1996 that the
Westron joint venture,
established by Khartron and
Westinghouse, had started producing automated control
systems for Ukrainian nuclear power plants. Such a system is already undergoing
tests at the Zaporizhzhya NPP. [Viktor Demenev, "V Kharkove nachalos proizvodstvo ASU dlya AES,"
Delovaya
Ukraina, No. 3, 17 January 1996; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.]
{Entered 3/5/2003 MJ}
12/18/95: ADMINISTRATION OF KHARTRON PLANT WILL PAY STRIKERS Approximately 200 workers at the Khartron plant took part in a hunger strike,
demanding back-wages. It was reported that as a result the factory administration
began to pay the workers.
["Robitnyky Pozpochaly Goloduvannya A Dyrektor Raptovo Zakhvoriv,"
Holos Ukrainy, 18 December 1995, p. 4.]
KHARKIV SCIENTIFIC CENTER (ALSO KNOWN AS MONOLIT)
LOCATION: Kharkiv
ACTIVITIES: Kharkiv Scientific Center may have been engaged in work on developing enabling
codes for nuclear warheads on Ukrainian territory. Reportedly, Monolit
was the premier missile control engineering and manufacturing facility
in the Soviet Union.
[Wilson Dizard III, "ABB Wins Turbine Pact In Korea Plus Russian, Ukrainian
Deals," Nucleonics Week, 14 December 1995, p. 4.]
MONOLIT DEVELOPMENTS:
6/27/96:MONOLIT UNDERTAKING CONVERSION PROJECT WITH ABB In compliance with an agreement reached under the framework of the US Cooperative
Threat Reduction Program (CTR) between the Ukrainian Ministry of the Military-Industrial
Complex, the Ukrainian Ministry of Machine Building, other Ukrainian parties,
and the US Department of Defense (DoD), the United States will allocate
$4.8 million for the creation of a joint venture with the Kharkiv plant
Monolit and the US firm ABB-Combustion Engineering. The equipment at Monolit
will be converted to produce consumer electronic and power engineering
equipment, will supply the US-Russian space station program, and will also
produce digital equipment for civilian nuclear power reactors. ABB will
invest $20 million in technology and licenses. According to DoD officials,
the US Department of Energy has announced the payment of three contracts
to assist Ukraine in converting former military manufacturing plants into
commercial joint ventures. In addition to the Kharkiv plant, ABB will also
invest an unspecified amount of money in joint Ukrainian-US ventures in
Kiev and Smila (Cherkaska Region).
Sources: [1] "The Realization of Three Conversion Projects," Narodna
Armiya, 27 June 1996, p. 1, in FBIS Document UMA-96-150-S, 27 June 1996. [2] Wilson Dizard III, "ABB Wins Turbine Pact In Korea Plus
Russian, Ukrainian Deals," Nucleonics Week, 14 December 1995, p. 4.
M.K. YANGEL
PIVDENNE STATE DESIGN BUREAU (ALSO KNOWN AS KB PIVDENNE OR KB YUZHNOYE) (Державне конструкторське бюро "Пiвденне"
iменi М.К. Янгеля)
LOCATION: Address:
3 vulitsya Kryvorizka, Dnipropetrovsk 49008, Ukraine Telephone:
38-056-242-00-22 Fax:
38-056-292-50-41; 38-056-770-01-25 Teletype:
143294 DEVIZ E-mail:
kbu@public.ua.net HOMEPAGE:http://www.yuzhnoye.dp.ua SUBORDINATION:National Space Agency of Ukraine ADMINISTRATION: General Director/General
Designer: Stanislav
Mykolayovych Konyukhov
Deputy General Director/General Designer for Foreign Economic Relations:
Oleksandr Viktorovych Degtyarev [Yuzhnoye
State Design Bureau Web Site,
http://www.yuzhnoye.dp.ua]{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC} STRUCTURE: Facilities that comprise Pivdenne
State Design Bureau include:
Design Bureau No. 2 - responsible for designing missiles;
Design Bureau No. 3 - primarily responsible for satellite development;
Design Bureau No. 4 - responsible for engine design;
Design Bureau No. 5 - responsible for instrumentation.[1]
The design bureau has also opened a
branch office in Brussels in order to develop its contacts with the
French and
European Space Agencies and
advance its space-related proposals such as designing a space shuttle.[2] Sources:
[1]"Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (KBYu)," FAS Space Policy Project Web Site,
http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/ukraine/company/yuzhnoye.htm.
[2] Vadim Ryzhkov, "V Brazilii, Egipte, na Chukotke…," Den, No. 69, 13
April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.{Entered
10/27/2003 EMC} BACKGROUND: The history of the Pivdenne (Yuzhnoye
in Russian)
State Design Bureau dates to 1951 when the Soviet government decided to convert
a large automobile factory in
Dnipropetrovsk into a dedicated
facility for the serial production of ballistic missiles developed by Scientific
Research Institute 88 (NII-88, currently the Central Scientific Research
Institute of Machine-Building, or
TsNIIMash)[1,2]
Under the leadership of General Designer Vasiliy Sergeyevich Budnik,
the facility, officially the design division of Plant No. 586, recruited young
professionals who endeavored throughout the early 1950s to organize serial
production of R-1 [NATO designation SS-1A 'Scunner'],
R-2 [NATO designation SS-2 'Sibling'], and R-5M [NATO designation SS-3
'Shyster'] missiles, as well as the engines for these missiles. On 10 April 1954, in
recognition of the work performed by Budnik
and his colleagues, the Soviet Council of Ministers adopted a decree creating Experimental Design Bureau No. 586 (OKB-586),
an independent design bureau that was renamed
the Yuzhnoye State
Design Bureau in 1965 under the newly created Ministry of General
Machine-Building of the USSR [2,3,4]
Academician Mykhaylo Kuzmych Yangel,
previously head of Experimental Design Bureau No. 1 (OKB-1, currently
RKK Energiya) of NII-88, became the
first General Designer of OKB-586. Under the direction of Yangel
and Budnik,
who served as First Deputy General Designer, Experimental Design Bureau No.586
tackled the task of developing strategic missile complexes that would be
produced by the
A.M. Makarov Yuzhniy Machine-Building Plant,
or Yuzhmash (currently known
as Pivdenmash).[3,5]. Yangel passed away in 1971 and was succeeded by Volodymyr Fedorovych Utkin,
another of his deputies, who headed Yuzhnoye
until 1990 when current General Director/General Designer Stanislav
Mykolayovych Konyukhov assumed control over the organization. In the 1980s,
Yuzhnoye State Design Bureau and Yuzhmash,
together with the Dnipropetrovsk
branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology,
briefly united forces as the
Yuzhnoye Science and Production
Association (NPO Yuzhnoye),
but this association became defunct shortly before the collapse of the Soviet
Union.[2]
Unlike other design bureaus active at the time, OKB-586 focused upon storable liquid
fuels primarily due to the personal interests and beliefs of Yangel. Over time
OKB-586 would become one of the most prominent organizations in the USSR
dedicated to development of military missile complexes.[3] It produced the
widest variety of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).[2] The fruits of
its efforts include the R-12 [NATO designation SS-4 'Sandal']; R-14 [NATO
designation SS-5 'Skean']);
R-16 [NATO designation SS-7 'Saddler']; R-36 [NATO designation SS-9 'Scarp'];
MR-UR-100 [NATO designation SS-17 'Spanker']; R-36M [NATO designation SS-18
'Satan']; and the RT-23 [NATO designation SS-24 'Scalpel'].[1,2,3] The first
missile developed by the design bureau, the R-12, incorporated a completely
autonomous, jam-resistant control system, and, along with other missiles
designed by Yuzhnoye,
became the primary asset of the
Strategic Rocket
Forces upon their creation in
1959.[1,3,6] Yuzhnoye
also designed the first MIRVed
(multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles) Soviet missile, the R-36;
single-warhead and MIRVed versions of the R-36M, one of the largest and most
powerful strategic missile systems ever created; and the RT-23, the first and only rail-mobile missile
system.[1,7] At one point the design bureau simultaneously was engaged in the
design of five different missile systems.[7]
In addition to its work on military missile complexes, Yuzhnoye
also participated in the development of satellites and space launch vehicles.
Many of the rockets designed for space launches borrowed generously from technology developed for military purposes. The design bureau has developed a
total of 67 types of satellites and 12 different space complexes.[1] Its Kosmos,
Interkosmos, and Tsiklon boosters
have launched into orbit more than 1,000 satellites, including 400 satellites
developed and produced by the combination of Yuzhnoye
and Yuzhmash, in connection with a variety of military and commercial
programs.[1,5] Beginning in the 1970s, these same two organizations, together
with the
Pavlohrad
Mechanical Plant, also
successfully cooperated on the creation of solid fuel
engines for the R-12, the R-39 [NATO designation SS-N-20 'Sturgeon'], a naval
surface-to-surface missile, and the RSS-40 [NATO designation SS-X-26], a mobile
ICBM project later cancelled.[1]
With the demise of the Soviet Union, the design bureau lost many of its
traditional sources of funding, while Ukraine could not maintain the level of
financing previously provided to the facility. For example, in 1997, the design
bureau received 43% of the funding necessary for its operations and in 1999
government financing met only 12% of its needs. This has led to a 50% decrease in the number of people employed by Pivdenne since the collapse of the
Soviet Union, to 4,500 employees.[8,9,10]
In order to ensure its economic viability, thedesign bureau began to
diversify production. It opened branches that focus upon the production of agricultural machinery such as combines; a line of food processing
accessories; and trolleybuses.[1,5] Through the first six months of 2003, Pivdenne produced goods worth 42 million hryvna
(about $8.2 million as of 1 August 2003), announced total sales of 25 million hryvna
(about $4.8 million) -- an increase of 86.2% over 2002, and paid an average salary of 418 hryvna
(about $80).[5] The financial stability of Pivdenne
also depends to a great extent upon its participation in a number of
international commercial space projects that garner the design bureau
approximately $100 million annually and help to create jobs.[11]
Sources:
[1] Yuzhnoye State Design
Bureau Web Site,
http://www.yuzhnoye.dp.ua.
[2] "Yuzhnoye Design
Bureau (KBYu)," FAS Space Policy Project Web Site,
http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/ukraine/company/yuzhnoe.htm.
[3] S.N. Konyukhov, O.I. Drobakhin, "Pervoprokhodtsy raketostroyeniya: Akademik V.S. Budnik,"
Aerokosmicheskoye obozreniye, 30 June 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[4] "Pamyatnyye daty
po aviatsii i kosmonavtike: 8-14 aprelya," Aerokosmicheskoye obozreniye,
14 April 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[5] "Prezident posetil
konstruktorskoye byuro 'Yuzhnoye'," UNIAN, 1 August 2003;
in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[6] "Kosmicheskoy ere
ispolnyayetsya 41 god," Obozrevatel, 12 April 2002;
in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[7] Vladimir Platonov,
"Shchit i mech 'Satany'," Zerkalo nedeli, No. 43 (212), 24 October 1998;
in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[8] "Konstruktorskoye byuro 'Yuzhnoye' sozdayet novyy raketonositel 'Mayak'," UNIAN, No. 192 (1819), 28 May 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[9] Denis Semenov, "'Raketnaya kuznitsa' pustila slezu," Segodnya, No.
71, 10 April 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[10]
"Dlya sozdaniya, zapuska, i ekspluatatsii ukrainskogo
sputnika svyazi neobkhodimo 140 mln dol.- gendirektor KB 'Yuzhnoye'," UNIAN,
No. 15 (207), 10
April 2002; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[11] Vadim Ryzhkov, "V Brazilii, Egipte, na Chukotke…," Den, No. 69, 13 April
2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
ACTIVITIES: Once Ukraine gained its
independence, Pivdenne,
the sole Soviet missile design facility located outside the territory of the
Russian Federation, discontinued its work on ballistic missiles.[1,2,3] However,
since 1994 its personnel, under a contract with the Russian
Strategic Rocket Forces, have continued to provide a wide range of services
aimed at extending the service life of those missile complexes still in
use.[1,3,4]
Pivdenne
did maintain its programs dedicated to the development of booster rockets and
satellites and, as a result, has become one of the leading design bureaus in the
former Soviet Union in terms of adapting military technology for civilian and
commercial use. Following a decision in 1999 to subordinate Pivdenne
to the National Space Agency of Ukraine, the design bureau became the primary
research and design organization for projects included in the Ukrainian National
Space Program.[2,5] Its contributions to this program include efforts to develop
the Sich and Okean satellites designed to observe the surface of the
Earth, including environmental monitoring; the Lybed geostationary space
communications system; and the MS-1-TK micro-satellite.[1,2,6,7] The first
Ukrainian satellite, the Sich-1, launched in 1995 with the assistance of a
Tsiklon-3 booster rocket, both of which Pivdenne designed.[5]
Furthermore, despite a serious funding shortage, Pivdenne
also continues to investigate new technologies, such as the Mayak booster rocket
that would utilize an environmentally friendly form of fuel consisting of oxygen and
kerosene.[2,5]
The design bureau also
participates in a number of international projects.[2,5,6] Pivdenne has shaped
its design efforts to take advantage of international commercial opportunities. For example,
the design bureau, in collaboration with
Pivdenmash,
developed and produced the first two stages of the Zenit-3SL booster rocket used
in the Sea Launch
program. Sea Launch, founded in 1995 by
Boeing Commercial Space Co.
(40% share),
RKK Energiya (25%),
Kvaerner Maritime (20%), and
Pivdenne,
which together with Pivdenmash has a 15% share in the project, provides commercial space launch services from a
floating platform in the Pacific Ocean.[2,5] Sea Launch is a $2 billion
project of which Russia will provide approximately $660 million.[8] It also
enjoys the support of a World Bank program that aims to reduce non-commercial
risks so as to encourage private investment. As a result of this
program, Pivdenne
and Pivdenmash
received $100 million from Chase Manhattan Bank
and Boeing, and ten years of guaranteed orders.[9]
As a member of the
Space Transport Systems (Kosmotras)
joint venture formed in 1997 by the
National Space Agency of Ukraine and the
Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos),
Pivdenne
developed the Dnepr rocket on the basis of the R-36M [NATO designation SS-18
'Satan'] ICBM. Plans called for 30
to 100 of these missiles to be modified at a cost of $100 million. Although the
Russian Strategic Rocket Forces reportedly took great interest in the initial launches of
the Dnepr, which differed from the Satan only in its software program, Kosmotras emphasized the civilian nature of this new technology.
The project shows that close ties remain between organizations in Russia
and those in Ukraine that were links in the same missile production chain during
Soviet times.[2]
In July 2003,
Ukraine and Brazil announced plans to form a joint venture that would provide
launch services from the Brazilian Alcantara Space Center using Tsiklon-4
booster rockets, the latest generation in launch vehicles developed by Pivdenne.
According to Brazilian Minister of Science and Technology Roberto Amaral,
who visited Kiev to seal the deal, cooperation between the countries may also
involve information sharing that would allow Brazil to develop its own space
launch vehicles.[10] According to the General Director of the National Space
Agency of Ukraine, Oleksandr Negoda,
the Tsiklon-4 is an inseparable part of the Ukrainian National Space Program for
2003-2007, which will help finance its further development and construction.[11]
In June 2001,
Pivdenne
participated in and won a tender to design, prepare, and launch the first
Egyptian satellite dedicated to remote Earth sensing. Its bid was chosen
over proposals from companies in Great Britain, Russia, and Italy, and involved
development of a satellite weighing approximately 100kg to be launched into
orbit by a Dnepr booster rocket. Pivdenne, together with Pivdenmash,
Khartron,
and other partners, also agreed to create a ground control system for the satellite,
modernize an existing data processing station, and train Egyptian
personnel.[2,12]
The design bureau also plays an important role in the realization of a
presidential decree issued on 6 February 2001 that promotes the use of technologies
developed for space programs to stimulate economic growth. As
part of this program, the bureau created the KZS-9-1 (Slavutich) grain combine,
developed an experimental method for burning low-quality coal, and constructed instruments
that provide for the wet and dry cleaning of gases produced during the
electricity generation.[13]
Sources:
[1] "Yuzhnoye Design
Bureau (KBYu)," FAS Space Policy Project Web Site,
http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/ukraine/company/yuzhnoe.htm.
[2] Vladimir Kirillov, "Kosmicheskaya deyatelnost v interesakh bezopasnosti gosudarstva," Eksport
vooruzheniy, No.4, 28 September 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[3] Mikhail Pervov,
"Ot 'Katyushi' do 'Topolya'," Yadernaya bezopasnost, No. 20-21, 15 January
1999; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[4] Artur Usenkov,
"Konstruktor pariteta," Krasnaya zvezda, No. 264, 17 December 1999; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[5]"Kosmicheskoy ere
ispolnyayetsya 41 god," Obozrevatel, 12 April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[6] Yuzhnoye State Design Bureau Web Site,
http://www.yuzhnoye.dp.ua.
[7] Vladimir Platonov, "Konversiya i ekologiya," Zerkalo nedeli, No. 17
(134), 7 May 1997; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[8] "Pryamyye inostrannyye investitsii v realnyy sektor ekonomiki Rossii,"
Vneshneekonomicheskiy byulleten, 26 May 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[9] Aleksandr Rozhen, "Printsip gippokrata dlya ozhivleniya ukrainskoy
kosmicheskoy otrasli," Zerkalo nedeli, No, 5 (226), 6 February 1999; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[10] Andrey Lubenskiy, "Ukraina i Braziliya vmeste budut zapuskat v kosmos 'Tsiklony'," Pravda.Ru, 6 June 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[11] "Materialy press-konferentsii po itogam vizita v Ukrainu brazilskoy
delegatsii, vozglavlyayemoy Ministrom nauki i tekhnologii Brazilii Roberto
Amaralom," Space Inform, 31 May 2003; in Aerokosmicheskoye obozreniye, 2 June
2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[12] "DKB 'Yuzhnoye' ispolnilos 48 let,"
Obozrevatel, 10 April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[13] Dmitriy Tymchuk, "KB 'Yuzhnoye': ot unichtozheniya k sozidaniyu," Den, No. 150, 22
August 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
PIVDENNE
(YUZHNOYE) DEVELOPMENTS:
10/20/2003: SEA LAUNCH
PROGRAM TO EXPAND TO LAND LAUNCH A press release issued on 20 October 2003 by the Sea Launch Company, LLC,
based in Long Beach, California announced that the company, which is 15% owned
by the Pivdenne State Design Bureau and
Pivdenmash, intends to
expand its successful Sea
Launch program to provide land-based space launch services as well. The Land
Launch program will use a version of the Pivdenne-designed Zenit-3SL booster
rocket to lift commercial satellites into orbit from the
Baykonur Cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan. The first launch tentatively will take place in the fourth quarter
of 2005.
["Sea Launch to Offer
Land-Based, Medium-Lift Launches from Baykonur in Cooperation with Space
International Services," Sea Launch LLC Company Web Site,
http://www.sea-launch.com.] {Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
8/11/2003: SEA
LAUNCH SENDS ECHOSTAR-9 INTO ORBIT
A press release distributed
by the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau Information Center on 11 August 2003 announced the
successful launch on 8 August 2003 of an Echostar-9 satellite from the Odyssey
floating launch platform off the coast of Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean.[1] The floating station allows launches to take place in close proximity to
the equator, maximizing the effect of the Earth’s rotation and
increasing the effectiveness of the launches.[2] Pivdenne designed the first and
second stages of the Zenit-3SL booster rocket, produced by
Pivdenmash, that propelled the $90 million telecommunications
satellite into orbit. This launch was the tenth within the framework of the
Sea
Launch program, which came on line in 1999, although plans call
for five-six launches per year.[1,3] It was the second of three planned launches
in 2003; the first launch took place in June 2003 and involved a Thuraya
D2 satellite from the United Arab Emirates.[2] The 8 August launch also was the
first since the Boeing Corporation, the
largest shareholder in the joint venture at 40%, indicated that it intended to
withdraw from the commercial space launch market for a period of five years due
to unfavorable conditions in the market and a desire to focus on launches for
the U.S. Department of Defense and
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA).[3] Boeing later
indicated that it remains committed to the project.[4]
Sources:
[1] GKB 'Yuzhnoye' Information Center, "Press-reliz o zapuske
rakety-nositelya 'Zenit-3SL' s kosmicheskim apparatom 'Echostar-IX'," 11 August
2003, Yuzhnoye State Design Bureau Web Page,
http://www.yuzhnoye.dp.ua.
[2] "S plavuchego kosmodroma 'Morskoy start' zapushen telekommunikatsionnyy
sputnik SShA," NEWSru.com, 8 August 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[3] Ivan Safronov,
"Boeing prodlil vizu v kosmos," Kommersant, No. 141, 11 August 2003; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[4] Aleksey Berezhkov, "'Boing' ostayetsya priverzhennym proyektu 'Morskoy
start,' nesmotrya na rezkoye sokrashcheniye kosmicheskikh zapuskov," ITAR-TASS,
16 September 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com. {Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
8/1/2003: PRESIDENT KUCHMA VISITS PIVDENNE DESIGN BUREAU UNIAN
reported on 1 August 2003 that President Leonid Kuchma had
paid a visit to the Pivdenne State Design Bureau as part of a one-day trip to Dnipropetrovsk
Oblast. During the course of his stay, the president, who also stopped at
Pivdenmash, met with workers from Pivdenne and became acquainted with the
latest developments in space and rocket technology. He also inspected commercial
civilian goods produced by the design bureau,
including new trolley buses, which will be presented on
24 August during Independence Day celebrations. [Note: The President began his
professional career at Pivdenne
as an engineer
and rose through the ranks to serve as First Deputy General Designer from
1982-1986.]
["Prezident posetil konstruktorskoye byuro 'Yuzhnoye,'" UNIAN, 1 August 2003;
in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered
10/27/2003 EMC}
6/11//2003: UAE
SATELLITE ORBITED BY SEA LAUNCH An article posted on E1.Ru on
11 June 2003, with reference to RIA Novosti, indicated that an
enhanced Zenit-3SL booster rocket
had successfully launched into orbit a telecommunications satellite from the
Thuraya
Satellite Telecommunications Company of the United Arab Emirates. A series of
design innovations allowed the rocket, the first two stages of which were designed by
the Pivdenne State Design Bureau and produced by
Pivdenmash, to lift the Thuraya-2 satellite, which weighed over 5 metric
tons, into orbit as part of the
Sea Launch program. The Thuraya-1
satellite, launched in October 2000 within the framework of the same commercial
program, also used the Zenit-3SL.
["'Zenit-3SL' smozhet
vyvodit na orbitu do 6 tonn gruza,", E1.Ru, 11 June 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
6/6/2003:
UKRAINE, BRAZIL TO CREATE JOINT SPACE LAUNCH VENTURE Pravda.Ru
reported on 6 June 2003 that Brazil and Ukraine intend to create a joint venture
in order to provide commercial space launch services from the Alcantara Space Center
in Brazil. Ukraine will contribute its newest booster rocket, the Tsiklon-4
developed by the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau, Pivdenmash, and AO Khartron, to the joint venture.
The article also quotes Mr. Roberto Amaral,
the Minister of Science and Technology of Brazil,
as informing senators in the National Congress that cooperation on space with
Ukraine under the terms of agreements to be finalized in the near future
may include information sharing that could allow Brazil eventually
to develop its own booster rockets.
[Andrey Lubenskiy,
"Ukraina i Braziliya vmeste budut zapuskat v kosmos 'Tsiklony'," Pravda.Ru, 6
July 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
12/21/2002: KOSMOTRAS
LAUNCHES THIRD DNEPR The Press Service of the
Russian Space Forces announced on 21 December 2002 the successful launch of a
modified Dnepr-1 booster rocket carrying six small satellites from the
Baykonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This was the third launch since the creation in 1997 of the
Russian-Ukrainian joint venture
Kosmotras to adapt R-36M
[NATO designation SS-18 'Satan']
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) for commercial launches. The Pivdenne
State Design Bureau, Pivdenmash, and NPO Khartron
together hold a 50% stake in the venture.
["Eks-satana vyvela na
orbitu shest sputnikov," ForUm, 21 December 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
4/11/2002:
PIVDENNE WINS TENDER FOR EGYPTIAN SATELLITE On 11 April 2002, ForUm
reported that the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau had won a tender to design, produce, and launch a remote Earth sensing
satellite for Egypt in a competition that also included firms from France, Great Britain,
Italy, Russia, and South Korea. In addition to creating and deploying the
satellite using its Dnepr booster rocket, Pivdenne
will provide training in
Dnipropetrovsk to Egyptian
specialists and build ground control and data collection stations in Egypt.
["KB 'Yuzhnoye' v zhestkoy borbe vyigralo tender na zapusk sputnika dlya Egipta," ForUm, 11 April
2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
4/10/2002:
PIVDENNE DEVELOPING TSIKLON-4 BOOSTER UNIAN reported on 10 April
2002 that at a press conference in
honor of the 48th
anniversary of the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau, its General Director and General Designer Stanislav Konyukhov
announced that the enterprise is working on a new booster rocket, the Tsiklon-4,
as part of a space cooperation agreement signed by the Presidents of Brazil and
Ukraine. Plans call for this new rocket to be used for joint Brazilian-Ukrainian
commercial launches from the
Alcantara Space Center in Brazil.[1] The Tsiklon-4 project, in which
Pivdenmash and AO Khartron also are involved, will
produce a three-stage rocket that primarily will be used to launch satellites
into low-Earth and middle-Earth orbits.[2]
Sources:
[1] "Konstruktorskoye byuro 'Yuzhnoye' rabotayet nad sozdaniyem kosmicheskogo nositelya
'Tsiklon-4'," UNIAN, No. 15 (207), 10 April 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
[2] "Dlya obyedineniya
preimushchestv 'Tsiklona' i 'Alkantara," Elektronnyye vesti, 18 January
2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com. {Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
4/2/2002: RUSSIA
LIKELY TO REPLACE UKRAINE IN VEGA PROJECT According to a report in Vedomosti
on 2 April 2002, it appears that Russia will become a partner in the Vega
project developed by the European Space Agency to create a new booster rocket
for use in commercial space launches.[1] It would take the place of Ukraine,
whose Pivdenne
State Design Bureau from
Dnipropetrovsk bid for the contract to produce the engine for the fourth stage
of the Vega.[1,2] In November 2001,
FiatAvio,
the main developer of the Vega, decided to discontinue its participation in the
modernization of Tsiklon-4 booster rocket designed by Pivdenne
for use in commercial launches from the Brazilian Alcantara Space Center.
Shortly thereafter, it also chose not to cooperate with Pivdenne
on the Vega project and, as a result, has turned to companies in Russia.[1]
Sources:
[1] Yuriy Granovskiy, Mikhail Kozyrev, "'Vega' vernetsya v Rossiyu. Iz Italii
cherez Ukrainu," Vedomosti, 2 April 2002; in ForUm; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com
[2] "Ukraina mozhet
poluchit zakaz ot evropeyskogo kosmicheskogo obshchestva na sozdaniye dvigatelya
dlya rakety," UNIAN, No. 224 (1851), 20 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.
{Entered
10/27/2003 EMC}
6/19/2001:
PIVDENNE RECEIVES NEW ORDERS FOR ZENIT BOOSTER UNIAN
reported from Paris on 19 June 2001 that the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau had received an order for the preparation of an additional
three Zenit-3SL booster rockets in connection with commercial space launches
planned under the Sea Launch program. UNIAN
quoted the General Designer of Pivdenne, Stanislav Konyukhov,
as stating that the Ukrainian rocket booster already successfully has launched into
orbit several satellites under this program.
"Ukraina poluchila
zakaz na izgotovleniye eshche trekh raketonositeley 'Zenit-3SL' dlya
mezhdunarodnogo proyekta 'Si Lonch'," UNIAN, No. 25 (165), 18 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered
10/27/2003 EMC}
5/28/2001:
PIVDENNE TO DESIGN NEW MAYAK BOOSTER UNIAN
reported on 28 May 2001 that the Pivdenne State Design Bureau
intends to develop a new series of booster rockets based on the technology
involved in the Zenit
rocket. The new three-stage rocket, named the Mayak,
will be designed to launch mid-size satellites and will occupy its own niche. It
likely will incorporate in its first two stages the RD-120 engines developed by
the Russian NPO Energomash
corporation and the Pivdenne-designed
RD-8 engine in its third stage. According to the press secretary of Pivdenne, Yuriy Alekseyenko,
the design bureau plans to pursue foreign investment in order to bring the
project to fruition by its target date of 2005-2006.
["Konstruktorskoye
byuro 'Yuzhnoye' sozdayet novyy raketonositel 'Mayak'," UNIAN, No. 192 (1819), 28 May 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
3/17/2000: ZENIT
NOT AT FAULT IN FAILED SATELLITE LAUNCH According to a report in Segodnya
on 17 March 2000, an investigation has identified incorrect mathematical
calculations during launch preparations as the cause of the crash of a Zenit-3SL
booster rocket. The rocket, launched from the Odyssey floating platform in the
Pacific Ocean with a US telecommunications satellite as cargo under the Sea Launch program, exploded shortly after liftoff. The investigation
also absolved the Zenit-3SL and its developers at the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau of any fault in the accident.
["'Zenit' v avarii ne
vinovat," Segodnya, No. 550, 17 March 2000; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
11/10/1998: PIVDENNE
INVOLVED IN SS-19 DESTRUCTION On 10 November 1998, Segodnya
reported the
visit to Dnipropetrovsk
of US Senator Richard Lugar and discussed implementation of
Nunn-Lugar
programs that foresee the destruction of 130 SS-19 intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs) for which Ukraine bears responsibility. According to the article, 90 missiles have been destroyed to
date. The Pivdenne State Design Bureau is responsible for the final
neutralization and destruction of the missiles. Pivdenne Ecological Security
Department Head Anton Sheiko insisted that the transport and
dismantling of the missiles do not present a threat to the environment or local
population.
[Denis Semenov, "Poka ekologi ne
'poskandalyat,' budet 'pakhnut otravoy'," Segodnya, No. 218, 10
November 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
4/17/1998:
CONVERTED SS-18 LAUNCHED FROM BAYKONUR Segodnya
reported on 17 April 1998 that a Dnepr rocket, a civilian version of the
Soviet R-36M [NATO designation SS-18 ‘Satan’] intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), was launched
from the Baykonur Cosmodrome
in Kazakhstan. The launch took place under the aegis of the joint
Russian-Ukrainian consortium Kosmotras, which plans to modernize and convert
decommissioned SS-18 ICBMS for commercial use. Specialists from the Pivdenne
State Design Bureau are involved in implementation of the project.
["'Satanu' peredelali
v 'Dnepr' i zapustili dlya proby,” Segodnya, No. 76, 17 April 1998; in
Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com.]
{Entered 10/27/2003 EMC}
PRODUCTION AND DISMANTLEMENT FACILITIES
A. M. MAKAROV PIVDENNYY (YUZHNYY)
MACHINE-BUILDING PLANT PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION [also known as PIVDENMASH
and YUZHMASH]
(Виробниче Об'єднання
Південний Машинобудівний Завод
імені А.М. Макарова)
LOCATION: Dnipropetrovsk SUBORDINATION:National Space Agency of Ukraine HOMEPAGE:
http://www.yuzhmash.com/ ADMINISTRATION: General Director: Yuriy Serhiyovich Alekseyev [Vsevolod Kopeyko, "Fenomen Makarova," Stolichnyye novosti, 1 October 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.ru/.]
Deputy General Director: Mykola Filippovskiy ["Zolotaya perchatka," Obozrevatel, 28 October 2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ} BACKGROUND:
Conversion of the Plant 586 to missile
production began when Academician Mikhail Yangel,
who previously headed OKB-1 (Experimental Design Bureau No. 1, currently
RKK
Energiya) of NII-88 (Scientific Research Institute No. 88, currently the
Central Scientific Research Institute of Machine-Building, or
TsNIIMash), was
authorized to convert the chief designer's division of the plant into an
autonomous design bureau designated OKB-586 (subsequently designated Yuzhnoye
Design Bureau, currently Pivdenne Design Bureau)
in 1954. Unlike Sergey Korolev, who
was a supporter of missiles using cryogenic fuels, Yangel preferred a liquid
fuel technology. Yangel's
OKB-586 was established to pursue development of ballistic missiles using
storable liquid fuels. Plant 586, which was renamed Yuzhnyy
Machine-Building Plant in 1966, and subsequently Yuzhnoye
Machine-Building Production Association, or Yuzhmash,
concentrated on producing ballistic missiles designed by the Yuzhnoye
Design Bureau.[1] Missiles produced at Yuzhmash
included R-5M [SS-3 'Shyster'], R-12 [SS-4 'Sandal'], R-14 [SS-5 'Skean'],
R-16 [SS-7 'Saddler'], R-36 [SS-9 'Scarp'], MR UR-100 [SS-17 'Spanker'], and R-36M
[SS-18 'Satan'].[2]
During the Soviet era, the plant was capable of producing of up to 120 ICBMs a
year.[3] In the late 1980s,
Yuzhmash was selected to be the
main production facility of the RT-2PM2
Topol-M ICBM. However, the
break-up of the Soviet Union eliminated Yuzhmash
as a potential manufacturer.[4]
Pivdenmash
is now one of the largest industrial enterprises in Ukraine.
As of January 2003, Pivdenmash employed 13,000 workers. In
2001 it sold production worth 335.6 million hryvne ($62.7 million as of December
2001), although in 2002 its sales
decreased to
122.1 million hryvne ($22.8 million as of December 2002).[5] In addition to production facilities in Dnipropetrovsk, Pivdenne
Production Association includes the Pavlohrad Mechanical
Plant, which specialized in producing solid-fuel missiles.[1] Pivdenmash's
importance is further bolstered by its links to Ukraine's President Leonid Kuchma, who worked at Pivdenmash between 1975 and 1992. He was the plant's
general director from 1986 to 1991.[6] Sources:
[1] Pavel Podvig,
ed., Russian Strategic Nuclear
Forces (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2001), pp. 160-161.
[2] Pavel Podvig,
ed., Russian Strategic Nuclear
Forces (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2001), pp. 178, 185, 188, 190, 198, 213, 218.
[3] Ilya Bulavinov, "Mir vo vremya Kuchmy," Kommersant, 12 February 2001, p. 2; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/..
[4] Pavel Podvig,
ed., Russian Strategic Nuclear
Forces (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2001), p. 162.
[5] "Yuzhmash vypustit obligatsii," Delovaya nedelya, 31 January 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/..
[6] "Kuchma priyedet v Moskvu," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 16 February 2000; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/..{Updated
2/18/2003 MJ} ACTIVITIES:
Pivdenmash
is no longer involved in the manufacture of ballistic missiles. However, Pivdenmash specialists continue to service
Russian ballistic missiles and visit
Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF)
missile bases to perform repairs and maintenance.[1] To help Ukraine meet
its disarmament obligations, a missile elimination facility was established at
Pivdenmash. The plant has dismantled
all of Ukraine's SS-19 ICBMs, including the rocket motors and fuel tanks, at the rate of four per month beginning in
October 1995,
with
the final SS-19 missiles being eliminated in February 1999.[2]
Pivdenmash
remains active in the space launch vehicle field. It has been involved in the
Sea Launch program since 1996.[3] Pivdenmash, in collaboration with
the
Pivdenne Design Bureau, developed
and produces the
first two stages of the Zenit-3SL rocket used in the Sea Launch program. Other
participants in Sea Launch include
Boeing Commercial Space Co. (with
a 40% share),
RKK
Energiya (25%), Kvaerner Maritime (20%), and Pivdenne Design Bureau, which
together with Pivdenmash
has a 15% share in the project.[4]
Pivdenmash is also one of the leading companies in the
Kosmotras joint venture. Pivdenmash, Pivdenne Design Bureau, and
Khartron control 50% of the joint
venture, and the remaining 50% is split among various Russian firms. Kosmotras' main project is the Dnepr (Dnipro) SLV, a converted
R-36M-series [SS-18 'Satan'] ICBM.[5] The
SS-18 conversion work is conducted at the
Baykonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and
not at Pivdenmash facilities.[6] Pivdenmash products
also include the Tsiklon-3 SLV.[7] Tsiklon SLVs
are based on the R-36 [SS-9 'Scarp'] ICBM. In 2001 Pivdenmash began developing the Tsiklon-4 variant for use in collaborative
projects with
Brazil. The Italian firm Fiat Avia will participate in financing the development
of the Tsiklon-4. Modernization is to include the enlargement of fuel tanks and
the increase of the useful cargo weight of the rocket.[8] Pivdenmash continues
to view rocketry as its core business. According to General Director Alekseyev, if Pivdenmash
manages to sell eight or nine rockets a year it will be able to consider expanding its work force.[9]
In the early 1990s, there were reports that Pivdenmash was preparing to start
manufacturing small arms and tactical missiles of unspecified type for the
Ukrainian army.[10] These plans were not implemented, however.
Instead, Pivdenmash
has focused on expanding its civilian production, which was already a major area of its
activities during the Soviet period, when it produced agricultural
tractors at a rate of up to 50,000 a year.[7]
In 1998, Pivdenmash began assembling tractors in
collaboration with the US company John Deere.[11]
Other areas of production include combines and other agricultural machinery.[12]
Conversion activities, financed by hard currency earned through the Sea Launch
project, began with such items as toys and
kitchenware. Pivdenmash also produces trolleybuses, and has organized streetcar
production in cooperation with a Czech firm.[9]
By 1998, Pivdenmash had produced several hundred trolleybuses.[13]
Pivdenmash is also involved in the construction of wind power stations in
Ukraine. A government program approved in 1997 provides for the construction of wind
power stations capable of producing 1900 MW by 2010. Pivdenmash is a leading
Ukrainian enterprise in this field.[14] In addition,
Pivdenmash controls an airline, Yuzhmashavia/Pivdenmashavia, which is one of the
three air carriers authorized by the Ukrainian government to transport military
materiel and related controlled goods for export.[15]
Pivdenmash's
sensitive work on ballistic missiles has made it a target of foreign secret
services.
In 1995, a citizen belonging to an unnamed "adjacent country" was deported
allegedly for seeking access to classified rocket technologies. In 1997-98,
several North Korean diplomats were expelled for attempting to gain access to
such technologies.[16]
In 1996, three citizens of the People's Republic of China were arrested, along
with several Pivdenmash employees, allegedly for engaging in espionage. The
Chinese citizens were reportedly seeking ICBM engine information.[17]
The three Chinese citizens, employees of the
Shanghai Institute of Power
Machinery, were expelled from Ukraine, and several Ukrainian security officials were disciplined for
"provoking an international incident."[18] Sources:
[1] Viktor Yuzbashev, "Parovozik iz Romashkovo,"
Zhurnal Profil, 15 September 1997; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[2] M2 Presswire, 3 August 1999; in
"United States and Ukraine extend Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
agreement," Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe.
[3] "Prisoyedineniye Ukrainy k RKRT
dalo vozmozhnost uchastiya v mezhdunarodnom proyekte "Morskoy start" -
V. Gorbulin," UNIAN, No. 42, 18-24 October 1999.
[4] "'Morskoy start' dobavil optimizma rossiyskim raketostroitelyam,"
Zhurnal Profil, 16 February
1998; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.com/.
[5] V. Voronin, "Naznachen pervyy start 'Dnepra'," Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 15/16,
1998, p. 44; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 4 November 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[6] Boris Andresyuk, "I konversiya, i raketa-nositel," Golos Ukrainy, 31 March
2001, p. 6; in WPS Oborona i Bezopasnost, 31 March 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[7] Dmitriy Tymchuk, "Prizemleniye kosmosa," Den, 12 April 2001, pp. 1, 2; in
WPS VPK i Biznes/Konversiya, 25 May 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[8] Valentin Badrak, "Tsiklon-4 - novaya vizitka ukrainskogo kosmosa?"
Ekspert-tsentr, 20 February 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[9] Gennadiy Tsurkanov, "'Kosmicheskiye' dengi rabotayut na zemnyye proyekty,"
Region, 4 December 1999, p. 6; in WPS VPK i Biznes/Konversiya, 4 December 1999;
in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.com/.
[10] "Na Ukraine razrabatyvayut sobstvennoye strelkovoye oruzhiye," Agentstvo PostFactum, 29 April 1994; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[11] "Na 'Yuzhmashe' nachali sborku amerikanskikh kolesnykh traktorov,"
Golos Ukrainy, 22 October 1998, p. 6; in WPS VPK i Biznes/Konversiya, 27 November
1998; in Integrum Techno, http://www.integrum.com/.
[12] Renata Yambayeva, Grigoriy Rudenko, "'Rostselmash' obvinili v khishchenii gossredstv Ukrainy,"
Kommersant, 28 November 2002, p. 16; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[13] "Dnepropetrovskiy 'Yuzhmash' vypustil uzhe neskolko soten trolleybusov,"
Gudok,
27 February 1998, p. 1; in WPS VPK i Biznes/Konversiya, 13 March 1998; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[14] "Dubina budet rukovodit stroitelstvom vetryakov," LIGA online, 26 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[15] Valentin Badrak, "Gosudarstvennyy kontrol chuvstvitelnogo eksporta v Ukraine," UNIAN, No. 26, 24 June 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[16] Oleg Yeltsov, "Shpionomaniya. SBU i shpiony: 'My ikh lovili - lovili...'," Stolichnyye novosti,
No. 38, 22 October 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[17] Mikhail Melnik, Raisa Stetsyura, "Ukraina-Kitay-Shpionazh," ITAR-TASS, 31
January 1996; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.
[18] Yanina Sokolovskaya, "Mesto poiska kitayskikh shpionov izmenit nelzya - Dnepropetrovsk,"
Izvestiya, 21 February 1996; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.{Entered 7/25/2000 MJ;
updated 2/18/2003 MJ}
PIVDENMASH (YUZHMASH) DEVELOPMENTS:
1/31/2003: PIVDENMASH TO ISSUE BONDS Delovaya nedelya reported on 31 January 2003 that Pivdenmash plans to issue
18-month bonds worth 50 million hryvna [approximately $9 million as of 31
January
2003] in order to finance the development of
Ukraine's space industry. ["Yuzhmash vypustit obligatsii," Delovaya nedelya, 31 January 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
1/27/2003: HELICOPTER ASSEMBLY CONSIDERED FOR PIVDENMASH Obozrevatel, citing Interfax-Ukraine, reported on 27 January 2003 that Pivdenmash is considering the
possibility of assembling light utility helicopters. Pivdenmash is reportedly
engaged in negotiations with an unnamed foreign partner. ["Rakety perekuyem v vertolety," Obozrevatel, 27 January 2003; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
12/23/2002: PIVDENMASH PERSONNEL DIE IN AIRCRAFT CRASH IN IRAN On 23 December 2002, a Ukrainian An-140 aircraft belonging to the Aeromost-Kharkiv
airline carrying 47 passengers crashed during approach to the Isfahan airport
in Iran. Senior officials from a
number of Ukrainian and Russian enterprises, including Pivdenmash, were among
the passengers. The delegation represented enterprises involved in an Iranian project to produce the Iran-140
airliner, a copy of the An-140 and traveled to Iran to witness the plane's
test flight. [Mikhail Khodarenok, Roman Ukolov, "Bratskaya mogila v samolete An-140,"
Nezavisimaya gazeta, 25 December 2002, pp. 1, 10; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
7/24/2002: TSIKLON-4 DEVELOPMENT GIVEN A GREEN LIGHT On 24 July 2002, Obozrevatel reported that the government of Ukraine
has decided to
authorize Pivdenmash, Pivdenne Design Bureau, and
Khartron to proceed with the
development of the Tsiklon-4 space launch vehicle (SLV). According to
State Commission on the
Military-Industrial Complex Chairman Volodymyr Horbulyn, Tsiklon-4 may earn
Ukraine up to $240-260 million in profits over a 10-year period. Tsiklon-4 is to
be used in a joint Ukrainian-Brazilian space project to be implemented at the
Alcantara space launch facility in Brazil. Ukraine will contribute half of the
estimated $180 million
cost of the project. Private investments may also be
sought. In addition to the firms already named, some 50 to 70 other Ukrainian
enterprises will participate in the three-year project. The first test launch of Tsiklon-4 from Alcantara is
planned for 2005. ["Ukraina nachinayet realizatsiyu proyekta 'Tsiklon-4',"
Obozrevatel, 24 July
2002; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
2/9/2001: PIVDENMASH DIRECTOR ON POSSIBILITY OF RESUMING ICBM PRODUCTION UNIAN reported on 9 February 2001 that Pivdenmash General Director Yuriy
Alekseyev had said that although resuming ICBM production at Pivdenmash was
theoretically possible, it would require a great deal of time and significant
financial investments. Alekseyev also said that during debates on the
START II treaty in the
Russian State Duma, Pivdenmash
received a query concerning the possibility of resuming missile production. ["Vozobnovleniye proizvodstva boyevykh raket v Dnepropetrovske vozmozhno, no
potrebuyet ochen bolshikh sredstv - gendirektor 'Yuzhmasha'," UNIAN
Biznes-Novosti, No. 052
(1680), 9 February 2001; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
1/17/2001: POSSIBILITY OF ICBM PRODUCTION RESUMPTION RAISED Nezavisimaya gazeta reported on 17 January 2001, citing "informed sources" in
the Russian Ministry of Defense, that Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev may hold
talks with Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma concerning the possibility of
resuming "heavy ICBM" [SS-18] production at Pivdenmash.
["Moskva i Kiev gotovyatsya vozobnovit sovmestnoye proizvodstvo tyazhelykh raket,
chemu mogut pomeshat SShA," Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 January 2001, p. 1; in Integrum Techno,
http://www.integrum.com/.] {Entered 2/18/2003 MJ}
7/26/96: ICBM DISMANTLEMENT FACILITY OPENED An ICBM neutralization facility was opened on 7/26/96 at the site of the
Pivdenne (Yuzhnoye) Design Bureau and Pivdenmash Production Association
for dismantling and eliminating 130 SS-19 strategic missiles. The US government
contributed a significant amount of assistance. It is expected that the
facility will eliminate at least four missiles every month.
Sources: [1] ITAR-TASS, 25 July 1996; in "Kiev Unveils New Center for Dismantling
Strategic Missiles," FBIS-SOV-96-145. [2] Barbara Starr, "Ballistic Missile Destruction Begins In
Ukraine," Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 August 1996, p. 8. {Entered 10/9/96 GN}
5/5/96: UKRAINIAN RADA RATIFIED AGREEMENT ON USING SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES The Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada ratified an agreement signed by Ukraine and
the United States on 11/22/94 which dealt with research into and use of
space launch vehicles. The agreement calls for 20 commercial launches through
2002.
Sources: [1] "Zakon Ukrainy," Holos Ukrainy, 8 May 1996, p. 3. [2] "Ukraine Ratifies Agreement With United States On Cooperation
In Space," The Monitor, 6 May 1996.
2/96: PIVDENMASH PARTICIPATING IN JOINT VENTURE Pivdenmash is part of a joint venture financed in part by Boeing (20%),
Norway's Kvaerner (20%) and Russia's Energiya Concern (25%) They are developing
the Sea Launch sea-based space launch complex.
[Ustina Markus "Ukraine's Aerospace Industry," Jane's
Intelligence Review, 2/1996, pp. 52-53.]
12/2/95: PIVDENMASH IS PRODUCING TROLLEYBUSES AND STREETCARS.
["Viyna I Myr Pivdenmashu," HOLOS UKRAINY, 12/2/95, p. 1.]
2/94: PIVDENMASH CONVERTS TO PERFUME MACHINES According to a TACIS Report, Pivdenmash is now making machines to dry rose
petals for perfume.
[G. Niehus, D. Larsimont, and H. Slotboom; "Activities In
Ukraine," Report from the TACIS Information Office, 2/94, p. 25.]
PAVLOHRAD MECHANICAL
PLANT (Державне підприємство "Павлоградський механічний
завод")
LOCATION: Pavlohrad
ADMINISTRATION: General Director: Oleksandr Andriyovich Romanov [Natsionalne kosmichne agentstvo Ukrayini Web Site,
http://www.nkau.gov.ua.]{Entered
2/6/2004 CC} ACTIVITIES: Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant was the sole RS-22 [NATO
designation SS-24 'Scalpel'] assembly plant in the former Soviet
Union. According to the START I Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), as of
December 1994 one SS-25, five SS-24 (silo-based), and eight SS-24
(rail-based) non-deployed missiles were located at this facility.[1] As of 1
July 1998, the MoU only listed one non-deployed SS-24 (rail-based) at the
facility.[2]
Sources: [1] Richard Kaufman, John Hardt, eds., The Former
Soviet Union In Transition, (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1993). [2] START Treaty Memorandum of Understanding
Data for Ukraine, US Department of State web site, http://www.state.gov/www/.../ukmoutoc.html.
PAVLOHRAD MECHANICAL PLANT DEVELOPMENTS
6/8/2002: EXPLOSION AT
PAVLOHRAD MECHANICAL PLANT On 8 June 2002, an explosion
took place on the territory of the
Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant, involved in solid-fuel ICBM elimination. Four
plant employees were injured by flying glass fragments. The blast shattered
windows up to five kilometers away from the plant, and resulted in a greenish
cloud of smoke. The explosion reportedly took place during the
incineration of solid rocket fuel and other flammables. According to the
Emergencies Ministry office in Pavlohrad the explosion has not resulted in air and soil pollution above maximum permissible levels. [UNIAN, 11 June 2002; in "Officials dismiss missile explosion
scare in eastern Ukrainian city," FBIS Document CEP20020611000082.] {Entered
6/18/2002 MJ}
PAVLOHRAD CHEMICAL PLANT (Державне підприємство "Виробниче об'єднання "Павлоградський
хімічний завод" (ВО "ПХЗ"))
LOCATION: Pavlohrad
ADMINISTRATION: General Director: Leonid Mykolayovich Shyman [Sergey Zgurets, "Strategicheskiye
raket SS-24 dolzhny byli vzorvat Ameriku. No budut vzryvat rudu," UNIAN,
No. 46, 15-21 November 1999.] {Entered 12/17/99 SK; checked 2/6/04 CC} ACTIVITIES: The
plant was responsible for the production of all three stages of the RS-22
[NATO designation SS-24 'Scalpel'] ICBM. It was selected as the site
for extracting solid rocket fuel from RS-22 missiles and converting it
to industrial explosives. This project is being funded by the Cooperative
Threat Reduction program. The plant has an on-site storage facility
where disassembled ICBM stages are stored pending fuel extraction and dismantlement.[1]
Fuel extraction and conversion is scheduled to begin in 2002.[2] (Please see
also the Ukraine: Nuclear Weapons: Missile
Silo Dismantlement section.)
Sources: [1] Sergey Zgurets, "Raketnyye voyny
mestnogo masshtaba," Den online edition, http://www.day.kiev.ua/,
9 December 1999. [2] Dinau News Agency, 1 July 2000; in
"Ukraine to use US Technology for Recycling Nuclear Missiles," FBIS Document
CEP20000701000108.{Entered 12/17/99 SK}{Updated 7/24/00 MJ}
PAVLOHRAD CHEMICAL PLANT DEVELOPMENTS:
3/6/2001: CITY COUNCIL ORDERS HALT TO
OPERATIONS AT PAVLOHRAD MISSILE DISMANTLEMENT PLANTS The Pavlohrad Mechanical and Chemical Plants have halted
RT-23UTTKh [NATO designation SS-24 'Scalpel'] missile elimination activities. The Pavlohrad City Council ordered
the operations halted on 6 March 2001, citing a lack of environmental
safety guarantees from the plants. The City Council also sent a
recommendation to the Cabinet of Ministers to declare Pavlohrad an environmental
emergency zone and conduct an official evaluation of the situation.
Beginning in December 2000, various local organizations announced intentions to organize a referendum prohibiting project implementation.[1] Local branches of the Green Party and Rukh are against the
dismantlement project and claim that it will be harmful to the environment. Citing
a lack of funds, however, the city turned the issue over to the local council
without a referendum. Pavlohrad Chemical Plant Technical Director Yevhen Ustymenko
stated that there have been no negative
environmental effects related to the plant's operation, and that the shutdown
will have detrimental effects on the local economy. US and
Ukrainian health, military, and environmental experts are expected to provide
assessments to guarantee that the project is environmentally safe.[2]
Sources: [1] "Sessiya gorsoveta Pavlograda
reshila priostanovit realizatsiyu programmy likvidatsii strategicheskikh raket
SS-24 v gorode," UNIAN, No. 10, 6 March 2001. [2] Television UT2, 17
March 2001; in "Ukraine: Recycling of missiles halted under
pressure from centrist parties," FBIS Document CEP20010318000048.
{Entered 4/23/01 RG}
10/4/2000: UKRAINE TO RECEIVE US FUNDS FOR
PILOT FUEL CONVERSION On 4 October 2000, Interfax reported that the US
Congress had approved $24 million for construction of a pilot solid rocket
fuel conversion plant at the Pavlohrad Chemical Plant. For more
information see the 10/4/2000
entry in the Ukraine Missile/Silo
Dismantlement Section.
{Entered 11/29/2000 RG}
11/95: PAVLOHRAD PLANT WILL USE CTR FUNDS CTR Strategic Nuclear Arms Elimination funds ($1 million) will be used
to help the Pavlohrad Plant as it studies technologies to dismantle SS-24
missile motors and recover valuable materials to recycle for peaceful uses.
The Global Environmental Solutions Company in Utah will also work on this
project.
["Environmental Work," Jane's Defense Contracts, 11/95, p.
11-12.]
3/13/97: UKRAINE AND RUSSIA PLAN TO USE DECOMMISSIONED
SS-18s IN SPACE LAUNCHES For more information, see the 3/13/97
item under Missile/Silo Dismantlement.
5/21/96: UNITED STATES CONCERNED ABOUT RUSSIA AND UKRAINE SELLING TECHNOLOGY
TO CHINA The United States recently warned Ukraine and Russia against selling strategic
missile technology to China after information surfaced that China was attempting
to obtain SS-18 missiles or components from those two countries. Ukraine
and China signed an agreement on the peaceful exploration of space in 12/95
and in early 5/96 signed a contract to sell the $1 million research station
IMITATOR to China.
Sources: [1] Steven Erlanger, "United States Warns Three Nations On
Missile Technology Sale," New York Times, 22 May 1996, p. A9. [2] IRNA, 20 May 1996; in "Iran: Tehran, Kyiv Explore
Areas Of Technical Cooperation," FBIS-NES-96-101, 20 May 1996. [3] UNIAN, 6 June 1996; in "Ukraine: PRC To Buy Ukrainian-Made
Equipment For Space Exploration," FBIS-SOV-96-089, 6 June 1996.
5/20/96:MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY CALLS FOR COOPERATION WITH IRAN
AND CHINA Deputy Prime Minister for Industry Anatoliy Kinakh called for increased
cooperation with Iran in the fields of space activity and rocket manufacturing.
Ukraine and China signed an agreement on the peaceful exploration of space
in 12/95 and in early 5/96 signed a contract to sell the $1 million research
station IMITATOR to China.
Sources: [1] TEHRAN IRNA, 20 May 1996, in "Iran: Tehran, Kyiv Explore
Areas Of Technical Cooperation," FBIS-NES-96-101, 20 May 1996. [2] UNIAN, 6 June 1996, in "Ukraine: PRC To Buy Ukrainian-Made
Equipment For Space Exploration," FBIS-SOV-96-089, 6 June 1996.]
1/96: UKRAINE HAS POTENTIAL TO BUILD NUCLEAR WEAPON According to a recent study, Ukraine has the technical, engineering, and
scientific personnel needed to design and build a nuclear weapon. In addition,
it has the available, secret and international information about physical
principles of first and possibly second-generation nuclear weapons.
[Valentin Zakharov, Andrey Sviridov, and Ildar Akchurin,
"Sostoyanie Oruzheynogo Kompleksa V Stranakh Blizhnego Zarubezhya," Yadernyy
kontrol, January 1996, p. 15-23.]
