Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control
The AQ Khan Revelations and Subsequent Changes to Pakistani Export Controls
Brazil's Nuclear Ambitions, Past and Present
The Bush Proposals: A Global Strategy for Combating the Spread of Nuclear Weapons Technology or a Sanctioned Nuclear Cartel?
Bush-Putin Summit, November 2001
на русском (In Russian)
China Enters the Nuclear Suppliers Group: Positive Steps in the Global Campaign against Nuclear Weapons Proliferation
Companies Reported to Have Sold or Attempted to Sell Libya Gas Centrifuge Components
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
на русском (In Russian)
Congressional Oversight of U.S. Nuclear Weapons
Cooperative Threat Reduction and Pakistan
The Costs of U.S. Nuclear Weapons
DOE's Domestic Nuclear Security Initiatives
Egypt and Saudi Arabia's Policies toward Iran's Nuclear Program
The Emerging Arab Response to Iran's Unabated Nuclear Program
Entry into Force of the CTBT: All Roads Lead to Washington A Report from the Fifth Article XIV Conference
Going Beyond the Stir: The Strategic Realities of China's No-First-Use Policy
IAEA Board Deplores Iran's Failure to Come into Full Compliance: Is Patience with Iran Running Out?
IAEA Board Welcomes EU-Iran Agreement: Is Iran Providing Assurances or Merely Providing Amusement?
Illicit Nuclear Trafficking in the NIS
на русском(In Russian)
Implications of Proposed India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Cooperation
Indo-Pakistani Military Standoff: Why It Isn't Over Yet
The International Uranium Enrichment Center at Angarsk: A Step Towards Assured Fuel Supply?
Iran and the IAEA: A Troubling Past with a Hopeful Future?
Is Syria a Candidate for Nuclear Proliferation?
Japan and Kazakhstan: Nuclear Energy Cooperation
Japan's Evolving Security Policies: Along Came North Korea's Threats
The New IAEA Resolution: A Milestone in the Iran-IAEA Saga
North Korea's Nuclear Test and its Aftermath: Coping with the Fallout
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program and the Six-party Talks
Nuclear Conflict in the 21st Century: Reviewing the Chinese Nuclear Threat
Nuclear Posture Review
на русском(In Russian)
Nuclear Proliferation and South Asia: Recent Trends
Nuclear Submarine Dismantlement
на русском(In Russian)
Nuclear Trafficking Hoaxes: A Short History of Scams Involving Red Mercury and Osmium-187
A Pause in the Indo-US Nuclear Agreement
Practical Steps for Improving U.S. Nonproliferation Leadership
Presidential Nuclear Initiatives: An Alternative Paradigm for Arms Control
на русском(In Russian)
Plutonium Disposition
на русском(In Russian)
Radiological Materials in Russia
на русском(In Russian)
Reykjavik Summit: The Legacy and a Lesson for the Future
Risks of Plutonium Programs
The Role of Security Assurances: Is Any Progress Possible?
Russian Spent Nuclear Fuel
на русском(In Russian)
Russia's Nuclear Doctrine
на русском(In Russian)
The Second NPT PrepCom for the 2005 Review Conference: Prospects for Progress
Seven Years After the Nuclear Tests: Appraising South Asia's Nuclear Realities
The Six-Party Talks and President Obama's North Korea Policy
Sixty Years After the Nuclear Devastation, Japan's Role in the NPT
START Process and Russian Strategic Force Modernization
Submarine Dismantlement Assistance
Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW)
на русском(In Russian) 
Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Germany: Time for Withdrawal?
Taiwan and Nonproliferation
The Treaty of Moscow
на русском(In Russian)
Understanding Obama and Jerusalem
UN Disarmament Committee Forecasts Troubled Nonproliferation Future
UN General Assembly Tackles Nonproliferation and Disarmament After Disappointing Summit
U.S.-Russian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation
на русском(In Russian)
Venezuela's Search for Nuclear Power — or Nuclear Prestige
Vying for Influence: Saudi Arabia’s Reaction to Iran’s Advancing Nuclear Program
Will Saudi Arabia Acquire Nuclear Weapons?


Biological Weapons
The Anti-plague System in the Newly Independent States, 1992 and Onwards: Assessing Proliferation Risks and Potential for Enhanced Public Health in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Assessing the Threat of Mass-Casualty Bioterrorism
на русском(In Russian)
The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)
на русском(In Russian)
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Compliance Protocol
на русском(In Russian)
Developments in the Biosciences: Do Recent Scientific and Technological Advances Lower the Threshold for the Proliferation of Biological Weapons?
на русском(In Russian)
The Fifth Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC)
на русском(In Russian)
International Assistance for Anti-plague Facilities in the Former Soviet Union to Prevent Proliferation of Biological Weapons
на русском(In Russian)
Is the Avian Influenza Virus a Suitable Agent for a Biological Weapon?
Lessons from Select Public Health Events Having Relevance to Bioterrorism Preparedness
на русском(In Russian)
The Next Generation of Sensor Technology for the BioWatch Program
Security and Public Health: How and Why do Public Health Emergencies Affect the Security of a Country?


Chemical Weapons
Dusty Agents and the Iraqi Chemical Weapons Arsenal
на русском(In Russian)
First Review Conference of the CWC: Coming of Age
Global CW Assistance
Industrial Chemicals as Weapons: Chlorine
The Risks and Challenges of a Cruise Missile Tipping Point
The Seventh Conference of State Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
на русском(In Russian)
The United States and the CTBT: Renewed Hope or Politics as Usual?
Vinalon, the DPRK, and Chemical Weapons Precursors
на русском(In Russian)
What to Expect at the Eighth Conference of State Parties to the CWC


Missiles, Missile Defenses, and Delivery Vehicles
A Look at National Missile Defense and the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense System
Addressing the Spread of Cruise Missiles and Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs)
Examining China's Debate on Military Space Programs: Was the ASAT Test Really a Surprise?
Future Space Security
на русском(In Russian)
Japan's Space Law Revision: the Next Step Toward Re-Militarization?
Radiological and Nuclear Detection Devices
Russia's Approach to the U.S. Missile Defense Program
на русском(In Russian)
Space Security and Bush Administration Policy: Results of the First Term
Taiwan's Response to China's Missile Buildup
Theater Missile Defense (TMD) and Northeast Asian Security
на русском(In Russian)
Unmanned Air Vehicles as Terror Weapons: Real or Imagined?


General Nonproliferation Topics
The Chechen Resistance and Radiological Terrorism
China's White Paper on Nonproliferation: Export Controls Hit the Big Time
Department of Homeland Security: Goals and Challenges
на русском(In Russian)
DP World and U.S. Port Security
The European Union and the Arms Ban on China
G8 10 Plus 10 Over 10
на русском(In Russian)
The Global Partnership 2004
Global Submarine Proliferation: Emerging Trends and Problems
Instability in Georgia: A New Proliferation Threat?
Iraq's WMD Scientists in the Crossfire
Islamist Terrorist Threat in the Tri-Border Region
на русском(In Russian)
Kazakhstan's Proposal to Initiate Commercial Imports of Radioactive Waste
на русском(In Russian)
The Mitutoyo Case: Will Japan Learn from its Mistakes or Repeat Them?
Nonproliferation Assistance to the Former Soviet Union
на русском(In Russian)
North Korea's 11th Supreme People's Assembly Elections
Nuclear Watch—Pakistan: The Sorry Affairs of the Islamic Republic
Radiological Materials in Russia
на русском(In Russian)
To Comply or Not to Comply: Outline of the UN Inspections Mechanism in Iraq
на русском(In Russian)
Unlocking the Impasse: Who Holds the Key to the Conference on Disarmament
Was Libyan WMD Disarmament a Significant Success for Nonproliferation?
Weapons of Mass Destruction in Central Asia
на русском(In Russian)
Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East
на русском(In Russian)
Will Emerging Challenges Change Japanese Security Policy?

Issue Brief
redline

Plutonium Disposition
Elena Sokova, Research Associate
CNS NIS Nonproliferation Program
June 2002

Issue Introduction   Issue Brief   Relevant Resources

Relevant Resources

CNS Database Resources

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Russia: Plutonium Disposition Developments,” updated January 2002.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Russia: Plutonium Disposition Overview,” updated October 2001.

Dr. Adam Bernstein, “Introduction to Plutonium Disposition,” Center for Nonproliferation Studies Database, November 1997.

Official Documents

Surplus Plutonium Disposition Program, Amended Record of Decision, Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, April 19, 2002.

Secretary Abraham Announces Administration Plan to Proceed with Plutonium Disposition & Reduce Proliferation Concerns, Department of Energy Press Release, January 23, 2002.

Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Management and Disposition of Plutonium Designated As No Longer Required for Defense Purposes and Related Cooperation, September 2, 2000.

Fact Sheet on the U.S.-Russian Plutonium Disposition Agreement, distributed by the White House, June 4, 2000.

Joint U.S.-Russian Statement Concerning Management and Disposition of Weapon-Grade Plutonium, distributed by the White House, June 4, 2000.

Joint Statement of Principles for Management and Disposition of Plutonium Designated as No Longer Required for Defense Purposes, September 2, 1998.

Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation on Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Management of Plutonium that Has Been Withdrawn from Nuclear Military Programs, July 24, 1998.

Final Report of the U.S.-Russian Independent Scientific Commission on Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, June 1, 1997.

Articles and Reports

Kevin O’Neill, editor, “Addressing Excess Stocks of Civil and Military Plutonium,” Panel: U.S. and Russian Military Plutonium Disposition Programs, proceedings of the December 10, 2001 ISIS Conference.

Frank von Hippel, “Recommendations for Preventing Nuclear Terrorism,” FAS Public Interest Report, November/December 2001, Vol. 54, No. 6.

Frank N. von Hippel, “Plutonium and Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel,” Science, Vol. 293, No. 5539, Issue of September 28, 2001, pp. 2397-2398.

Allison Macfarlane, Frank von Hippel, Jungmin Kang, and Robert Nelson, “Plutonium Disposal, the Third Way,Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May/June 2001, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 53-57.

Arjun Makhijani, “Plutonium End Game: Stop Reprocessing, Start Immobilizing,” Science for Democratic Action, Vol. 9, No. 3, February 2001.

Arjun Makhijani, “Plutonium End Game: Managing Global Stocks of Separated Weapons-Usable Commercial and Surplus Nuclear Weapons Plutonium,” January 2001.

Christopher Ficek, “Plutonium Disposition Update,” Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council (RANSAC), July 22, 2000.

F. Reshetnikov, Nekotoryye aspekty problemy utilizatsii izbytochnogo oruzheynogo plutoniya v Rossii, (Some aspects of disposition of excess plutonium in Russia), Vestnik Rossiyskoy Akademii nauk, Vol. 70, No. 2, 2000, pp. 117-128.

Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley, “The Plutonium Fallacy: An Update,” The Nonproliferation Review, Spring-Summer 1999, Vol. 6, No. 3.

Kory W. Budlong Sylvester, “Alternative Approaches to Russian Plutonium Disposition,” The Nonproliferation Review, Winter 1999, Vol. 6, No. 2.

Alexandra von Meier, Jennifer Lynn Miller, and Ann C. Keller, “The Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium: A Comparison of Three Narrative Contexts,” The Nonproliferation Review, Winter 1998, Vol. 5, No. 2.

A. Diakov and Ye. Sharov, “Ekonomika utilizatsii oruzheynogo plutoniya v yadernykh reaktorakh,” (Economy of plutonium disposition in nuclear reactors), January 1998.

Adam Bernstein, “Getting Burnt by Weapons Plutonium: Security Implications of U.S. Disposition Options,” The Nonproliferation Review, Winter 1997, Vol. 4, No. 2.

Matthew Bunn and John Holdren, “Managing Military Uranium and Plutonium in the United States and the Former Soviet Union,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1997, Vol. 22, pp. 403-486.

Steven Dolley, “Burn It or Bury It? Burying Warhead Plutonium as Waste is Safer and Cheaper Than Burning it in Reactors,” Nuclear Control Institute, March 28, 1997.

Charles N. Van Doren, “Getting to Burn Weapons Plutonium: Principal Issues and Obstacles,” The Nonproliferation Review, Fall 1996, Vol. 4, No. 1.

Betsy Perabo, “The Disposition of Fissile Materials: An Extended Interview with Oleg Bukharin, Thomas Cochran, and Wolfgang Panofsky,” The Nonproliferation Review, Winter 1994, Vol. 1, No. 2.

Books and Printed Material

Arjun Makhijani and Annie Makhijani, Fissile Materials in a Glass, Darkly (selected chapters), (IEER Press, 1995; also available in Russian).

Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences, Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium: Reactor-Related Options (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995).

Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences, Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).

Issue Introduction   Issue Brief   Relevant Resources

Back to Top

CNSThis material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents. Copyright © 2007 by MIIS.

Get the factsGet informedGet involved