Issue Brief

Text of the BWC.

Final Declaration of the Fourth Review Conference,
November 25- December 6, 1996.

Chairman's Text of BWC Protocol
April 3, 2001.

Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford,
Preventing Biological Warfare: Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.

Federation of American Scientists,
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Program, Biological Weapons Convention and Documents.

The Acronym Institute's BWC Page.

Graham S. Pearson, Malcolm R. Dando, and Nicholas Sims,
"The US Rejection of the Composite Protocol: A Huge Mistake based on Illogical Assessment,"
Table 1
Table 2
University of Bradford Department of Peace Studies, Evaluation Paper No. 22 (August 2001).

Daniel Feakes, "The BWC Protocol: Dissecting The Composite Text," VERTIC Briefing Paper No. 01/01 (July 2001).

Graham S. Pearson, "The Regime To Prevent Biological Weapons: Opportunities For A Safer, Healthier, More Prosperous World,"
University of Bradford Department of Peace Studies (June 2001).

Graham S. Pearson, "Why Biological Weapons Present The Greatest Danger," University of Bradford Department of Peace Studies (June 2001).

Michael Moodie, "The BWC Protocol: A Critique," Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, Special Report No. 1 (June 2001).

Jenni Rissanen, "BWC Update: US Jeopardises BWC Protocol," Disarmament Diplomacy 57 (May 2001).

Stimson Center, "House of Cards: The Pivotal Importance of a Technically Sound BWC Monitoring Protocol," Report No. 37 (May 2001).

Michael Moodie, "The Soviet Union, Russia, and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,"
Nonproliferation Review 8 (Spring 2001), pp. 59-69.

Marie Isabelle Chevrier & Iris Hunger, "Confidence-Building Measures for the BTWC: Performance and Potential," Nonproliferation Review 7 (Fall-Winter 2000), pp. 24-42.

Annabelle Duncan and Kenneth G. Johnson, "Strengthening the BWC: Lessons from the UNSCOM Experience," Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997), pp. 49-54.

Brad Roberts, "Controlling the Proliferation of Biological Weapons," Nonproliferation Review 2 (Fall 1994), pp. 55-59.

Daryl Kimball and Kerry Boyd, "Briefing Paper on the Status of Biological Weapons Nonproliferation," Arms Control Association Fact Sheet, September 2002.

Christopher F. Chyba, "Microbe Warfare Hides the Enemy," The New York Times, August 10, 2001.

Jenni Rissanen, "BWC Protocol Update: Uncertain Future as AHG Drafts Report," The Acronym Institute, August 10, 2001.

Jonathan B. Tucker, "Another Chance to Join is Wasted," International Herald Tribune, July 30, 2001.

Jenni Rissanen, "BWC Faced With a Major Challenge,"
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 28, 2001.

Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation,
Executive Order No. 12735, November 16, 1990.

US-China Joint Statement on BW, June 27, 1998.

The Biological Weapons Convention, United Nations: Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch,
Department of Disarmament Affairs, April 10, 1972.

US House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, Written Testimony of Graham S. Pearson, July 10, 2001.

US House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform, Group Written Testimony, July 10, 2001.

Statement by Amy E. Smithson to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform: Biological Weapons Convention, Protocol: Status and Implications, June 5, 2001.

Graham S. Pearson, "The US Rejection of the Composite Protocol: A Huge Mistake based on Illogical Assessments," summarizing the main points of Evaluation Paper No. 22, broadcast on University of Bradford Website, August 14, 2001.

Robin Oakley, "U.S. Opposes Germ Warfare Ban,"
broadcast on CNN News, July 25, 2001.

Sackur, Stephen, "The US is Under Fire for Failing to Cooperate," broadcast from Washington, D.C. on BBC News Online, July 25, 2001.

Composite Text, Address by the Chairman of the Ad Hoc Group Ambassador Tibor Toth, broadcast on University of Bradford Website, April 10, 2001.

Raymond A. Zilinskas, ed., Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).

Graham S. Pearson, The BTWC Protocol: Proposed Complete Text for an Integrated Regime, Dept. of Peace Studies, University of Bradford Evaluation Paper No. 17, (Bradford, UK, 2000).

Joshua Lederburg, ed., Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).

James Lewis, Handshake with the Dragon: Engaging China in the Biological Weapons Convention (Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998).

Michael Schiller, Verifying the Biological Weapons Convention: The Role of Technology in Biological Arms Control (Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998).