Year/Date

Exporter

Item(s)

Remarks

2/12/97

Canada

Two CANDU-6 728 MW(e) heavy water reactors

— For Qinshan Phase 3 (Qinshan-3), units 4 and 5
— Canadian company involved: Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL).

10/21/03

Canada

Cooperation in the use of uranium resources for nuclear power and the commercialization of CANDU technology outside of China; Improvement of China's nuclear power plant equipment design capability; assessment of the potential for CANDU-type reactors to utilize recycled spent fuel from light-water reactors and thorium resources

— Based on Memorandum of Understanding between AECL and China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC);
— Signed by Robert Van Adel and Kang Rixin, presidents of AECL and CNNC respectively;
— Also covers further technical support to Qinshan-3 (Units 4 and 5).

1/18/05

Canada

Joint nuclear cooperation, including work on CANDU technology, as well as CANDU reactor development

— Based on "strategic alliance" between Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (AECL) and Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI);
— This agreement was signed after years of close cooperation on the Qinshan nuclear power plant project, the third phase (Qinshan-3) of which uses CANDU reactors.

10/51

France

10 g of radium salt standardized for radioactive emissions

— Given to Chinese radiochemist Yang Chengzong by French Nobel laureate Irene Joliot-Curie because she wanted "to support the Chinese people in their nuclear research" and to end the Western monopoly of the atomic bomb.

9/23/86

France

Two nuclear islands each with a 985 MW(e) reactor

— Agreement Between Framatome and GNPJVC;
— For construction of Daya Bay nuclear power plant in Guangdong Province;
— While the contract for supply was signed September 23, 1986, the contract for assembly of equipment for the nuclear islands was signed on January 14, 1988;
— Initial estimate at least $1.3 billion;
— Construction contract was awarded to a Franco-Chinese joint venture — CNI 23rd Company — which carried out the project.

05/28/91

France

Fuel fabrication technology, including AFA 2G fuel assembly technology

— For use in the Yibin Fuel Plant;
— Transfer was completed in 1994;
— French company involved: Framatome;
— China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation was the contractual interface, NPIC was the designer, and Yibin Fuel Plant was the manufacturer;
— Yibin Fuel Plant's initial customer for the fuel was Guangdong Nuclear Power Joint Venture Company (for 2 Daya Bay nuclear power plant units), but by end of the program, YFP also supplied the complete AFA 2G first cores for both units of Qinshan-2.

7/2/92

France

Transfer of nuclear island design technology along with the provision of technical assistance for construction of nuclear islands at Qinshan-2

— Agreement between CNNC and Framatome;
— Allowed for French nuclear design technology used in the nuclear islands at Daya Bay to be transferred and used in the construction of nuclear islands at Qinshan-2.

10/25/95

France

Two nuclear islands at Ling Ao each with a 985 MW(e) pressurized water reactor (PWR)

— Contract is between Framatome and China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corporation (CGNPC);
— The contract also included technology transfer agreements that gave Chinese industry access to technology for the N4 model, then Framatome's newest reactor design;
— Framatome subcontracted much of the equipment production to local companies, such as Dongfang Boiler Corporation (DBC) and subsidiaries of Shanghai Electric Corporation (SEC);
— The construction was carried out by Company 23 (C23);
— On Sept. 21, 1997, an additional technology transfer agreement was signed to assist C23 in the construction of the nuclear islands at Ling Ao.

12/19/95

France

Technical assistance; Components and equipment; reactor internals, in-core instrumentation, core cooling monitors, the hydro test pump, and other components

— French company involved: Framatome;
— For Qinshan-2;
— Around 100 French engineers were sent to China to provide technical assistance and design reviews.

1/19/96

France

Components for use in the manufacture of nuclear fuel

— Fragema (a subsidiary of Framatome) signed a contract for the supply of components produced by two other Framatome subsidiaries — FBFC and Zircotube;
— For the manufacture of nuclear fuel for the units at Qinshan-2.

1/18/99

France

AFA 3G fuel technology

— Agreement between Framatome and Yibin Fuel Plant;
— At the end of 2001, the first AFA 3G assembly was loaded into reactors at Daya Bay;
— GNPJVC decided to extend the 12-month fuel cycle to 18 months to reduce operating costs for the Daya Bay plant. This change necessitates more efficient fuel assemblies, like those utilizing AFA 3G fuel technology. The goal is to reduce the number of refueling outages, thus improving plant availability.

03/99

France

Know- how in the manufacture of MONOBLOC guide tubes (to reduce fuel assembly distortion) and fuel tubes made of M5 advanced alloy

— Between Framatome subsidiary CEZUS (formerly Zircotube) and Shanghai Gaotai Rare & Precious Metals.

1999

France

Eight emergency diesel generator sets

— Between Framatome, as consortium leader, and MTU (a subsidiary of Daimler Chrysler) for the Tianwan nuclear power plant;
— Framatome, together with MTU, was scheduled to deliver four generator sets to Unit 1 by March 2002 and the remaining four to Unit 2 by 2003.

04/00

France

Zirconium alloy tubing and cladding

— Between Framatome subsidiary CEZUS (formerly Zircotube) and North West Zircocladding (NWZ) to manufacture Zircalloy 4 and M5 cladding.

2000

France

Equipment for ventilation system

— Framatome was expected to deliver the ventilation equipment to the Tianwan nuclear power plant between February 2002 and April 2004;
— Framatome used 13 subcontractors from China, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Germany to complete the order;
— Chinese companies will be responsible for startup and installation.

04/03

France

Fuel manufacturing, on-site inspection, and repair activities

— Between Framatome and Yibin Fuel plant;
— Agreement is for five years.

08/18/84

West Germany

Equipment to monitor combustible elements in nuclear reactors

— Involving the West German firm Kraftwerk Union.

04/88

(West) Germany

Joint cooperation on High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technology

— Between China's Nuclear Industry Ministry and Innotech, a German consortium backed by Brown Boveri, Deutsche Babcock, Mannesmann, and Strabag.

03/01/95

Germany

Co— production of two 600— MWe steam turbines

— Between the German company Siemens and the Chinese company Dongfang Steam Turbine Works;
— For use at Ling Ao;
— Steam turbines to be co-produced at Eyang in Sichuan province.

1995

Germany

ASDEX fusion facility

— For controlled nuclear fusion research for power generation;
— Dismantled in Germany, shipped to Physics Research Institute in Chengdu, China for reconstruction;
— Renamed HL-2A ("A" for ASDEX) facility;
— Went into operation again on 12/2/02.

07/08/98

Germany

Instrumentation and control (I&C) equipment

— For use in the Tianwan nuclear power plant;
— Siemens will provide its Teleperm XP operational I&C systems and Teleperm XS safety I&C systems;
— As a result of this deal, Tianwan will house the first new VVER-1000 reactors to incorporate western I&C.

05/17/84

Japan

Reactor pressure vessel

— Japanese company involved: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries;
— For use in Qinshan-1;
— First reactor export for Japan;
— The contract is in excess of $4.33 million.

11/16/96

Japan

Turbo— generators

— Japanese company involved: Hitachi ;
— For supply of turbo— generators to Qinshan-3.

1951, 1952

North Korea

Radioactive material

— In both 1951 and 1952, China sent scientist Wang Gan Chang to North Korea to "collect radioactive material."

05/92

Russia

Russian neutron source, neutron detector, and fluorescent analysis equipment

— For the Sino-Russian Nuclear Analysis Laboratory, located in Harbin, China;
— Items were manufactured and exported by the Chemical Research Institute, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mid— 1992

Russia

Assistance in installation of a Tokamak— 7 fusion research reactor

— Installed at the Institute of Plasma Physics in Hefei, capital of Anhui Province;
— Russian scientists form the Kurchatov Institute, where the reactor was designed, participated in the installation.
[Note: Because this type of reactor is not fueled by fissionable material, it is not considered a proliferation risk.]

1992

Russia

Entire uranium enrichment facility, including a gas centrifuge plant

— Built at Hanzhun (also spelled Hanzhong), Shaanxi Province;
— Russia and China established joint venture in January 1996, involving the Russian firm Zarubezhatomenergostroy;
— Includes a three-phase gas centrifuge plant;
— The first phase was completed in June 1996 with an annual capacity of 200,000 Standard Work Units (SWU);
— The second phase was completed in late 1998 and has a reported capacity of 200,000 SWU;
— In 1999, the Chinese government decided to relocate the third phase to a site 25 km north of the now decommissioned Lanzhou enrichment facility. It is expected to have a capacity of 500,000 SWU;
— The Hanzhun enrichment facility produces low enriched uranium (LEU, at 4%) for Chinese PWRs;
— Under the Sino-Russian agreement, China cannot re- export Russian-supplied centrifuges or produce HEU at the facility;
— Also, Russia will replace any machines that break down within 15 years, and will train Chinese operators to take over the facility's operation;
— According to Chinese officials, the facility will enrich only Chinese-origin uranium.

1993

Russia

Technical assistance and equipment for China's fast breeder reactor (FBR) project, including pressure vessel and first core of highly enriched uranium

— Consultation with Russian entities began in 1993, with technical co— design running from 1994-1995;
— Construction began in May 2000;
— Initial load of UO2 to be enriched up to 64.4% U-235
— Pressure vessel to be supplied by Russian industry;
— The reactor design is close to the Russian BN— 600, which is located in Beloyarsk, the result of close cooperation between Russian design engineers and the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE);
— Reactor building construction completed in August 2002;
— Installation of equipment into reactor building began June 2003;
— Reactor scheduled to reach criticality by August 2008.

11/94— First reported

Russia

Joint venture— China— Russia Nuclear Company, Shenzhen

— Based on speculative reports that a secret $10 million joint venture was set up between Chinese and Russian nuclear scientists to promote cooperation in the field. [Note: Since it was first reported 11/94, no open source literature has mentioned this project.]

Mid— 1990s

Russia

"Computer simulation technology on nuclear warheads"

A 6/12/92 article in the Nihon Keizai Shimbun says that purpose was to help in development of MIRV capability. [Note: These reports are poorly documented and not considered very credible.]

12/30/97

Russia

Two Russian AES power plants with two 1000 MW(e) VVER-91 pressurized water reactors, including project design, equipment supply, installation and calibration, and personnel training

— For the Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in Jiangsu Provence;
— While the contract was signed 30 December 1997, construction did not begin until 27 April 1998;
— Two Russian companies signed the contract— AO Atomenergoeksport (AEE) and VPO Zarubezhatomenergostroy (ZAES), along with the Tianwan Nuclear Power Corporation of China;
— The initial nuclear fuel for the Tianwan facility will be provided by the Russian company TVEL's plant in Novosibirsk, to be delivered six months before the first reactor goes on line;
— Tianwan-1 is estimated to start up in 2005, with Tianwan-2 expected to go on line in 2006.

1994

South Africa

Fission molybdenum-99

— For nuclear medicine applications;
— Fission molybdenum-99 is a byproduct of highly enriched uranium (HEU), which can be injected into the human body to locate cancer cells.

1998

South Africa

Zirconium tubing production plant

— This plant previously produced zirconium tubing to sheath fuel rods used in the reactors at Koeberg, South Africa;
— It was closed in 1993, sold to China in 1997 and reportedly shipped to China in 1998;
— The sale went through after China provided assurances against re-transfer to third parties;
— The plant reportedly sold for $5 million.

8/13/96

South Korea

Power reactor technology— including steam generators, pressurizers, primary circuit equipment, heat exchangers, feed— header assemblies

— South Korean company involved: Korean Heavy Industries & Construction (Hanjung);
— For use at Qinshan-3;
— Deal totaled over $120 million and took two years to negotiate;
— It was South Korea's first major nuclear export order;
— Hanjung worked as a subcontractor of Canada's AECL, which was awarded the contract to build two 700MW(e) CANDU heavy water reactors at Qinshan-3.

1951

Soviet Union

Assistance in the nuclear field

— Based on a secret agreement between the governments of China and the Soviet Union;
— In exchange for the Soviet assistance, China provided uranium ores to Moscow.

04/55

Soviet Union

A Soviet reactor and a cyclotron

— Based upon a nuclear cooperation agreement between Moscow and Beijing;
— The 25-Mev Cyclotron can be used for uranium enrichment.

10/15/57

Soviet Union

Additional nuclear assistance; promise of a sample atomic bomb and technical help in manufacturing nuclear weapons

— Based on the Sino-Soviet New Defense Technical Accord signed October 15, 1957;
— In 1959, the Chinese accused the Soviets of not living up to this agreement, citing the failure of the USSR to supply China with a sample atomic bomb or relevant technical data regarding its manufacture. The Soviet Union subsequently withdrew their technicians and advisors from China, along with key blueprints and technical plans, delaying China's nuclear weapons program by several years.

1958

Soviet Union

10 MW(th) heavy water research reactor (HWRR) and supply of heavy water

— The Soviet Union reportedly cut off the supply of heavy water to China by 1962.

Late 1950's

Soviet Union

Technical assistance and equipment for building gaseous diffusion facility for the production of enriched uranium

— Built at the Lanzhou Nuclear Fuel Complex in Gansu Province;
— Soviet assistance ceased after 1960 Sino-Soviet split.

Late 1950's

Soviet Union

Design blueprint for construction of three uranium mines and a magnetic separator facility (at Chenxian), including industrial equipment

— Based on Sino-Soviet accord signed in August 1956 in which the USSR agreed to design the Chenxian Uranium Mine in Hunan, the Dapu Uranium Mine in Hunan, and the Shangrao Uranium Mine in Jiangxi.

1990s

Spain

Training

— Operators of Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant trained in Spain.

03/17/99

Spain

Four steam generators

— Spanish company involved: Equipos Nucleares (ENSA);
— Installed at Qinshan-2 and -3;
— First two generators shipped in March 1999, while the last two were shipped in 2000;
— ENSA worked as a Westinghouse subcontractor;
— Each steam generator weighed 325 metric tons. and was 21.7 meters long, fitted with 4,640 tubes of alloy 690;
— Shanghai Boiler Works worked as a subcontractor to ENSA for the second generator for Qinshan-3.

02/27/95

United States

Two 650,000 kilowatt steam turbines

— US company involved: Westinghouse Electric Corporation;
— Installed at Qinshan, but only in non-nuclear aspects of plant;
— First sale of nuclear-related equipment post-Tiananmen Square crackdown;
— President Clinton issued a waiver for this transaction to be completed.

1996

United States

Supercomputers

— Two supercomputers with 6,000 million theoretical operations per second (MTOPS) capability were sold by Silicon Graphics, Inc. to the China Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reportedly conducts nuclear weapons and missile-related research;
— One supercomputer was sold by Sun Microsystems to the Computer Institute of the University of Science and Technology for National Defense in Changsha, Hunan Province;
— 46 supercomputers in total were sent to Chinese entities since early 1996;
— It is possible and widely speculated that many of these supercomputers were diverted to military use.

01/03/86

United Kingdom

Turbine Generators

— British company involved: General Electric Company of Britain;
— Contract was for $362 million;
— For Daya Bay nuclear power plant.