There is dearth of open source information with regards to Egypt's alleged biological warfare (BW) program. Most sources that make such assertions do so without presenting valid evidence or by citing classified data. On doing an extensive search of possible laboratories or institutions that could be linked to a hidden BW program, few facilities could be profiled. Even so, most of the information is based on claims that cannot be verified. There are several laboratories, hospitals, factories, and research institutions that work within the biotechnology realm, but an investigation into their operations leads to no indication of illicit activity.

The El-Nasr Company for Medicinals and Antibiotics is the only name identified in most open sources as being connected to an alleged Egyptian BW program. Other universities and facilities profiled in this section do not prove a direct link to any BW activities, but they serve to demonstrate an understanding of the current scientific capabilities in Egypt. As pharmaceuticals and biotechnology-related facilities are believed to be used as legitimate "covers" for illicit activities, some institutions demonstrating Egyptian capabilities are reviewed. Furthermore, the dual-nature resources (scientific knowledge, equipment, cultures used) involved in pharmaceutical/biotechnology research and BW activities are often noted by experts. However, it must be strongly reiterated that these facilities do not prove any direct linkages to a military program but demonstrate the scientific capability Egypt currently possess. If Egypt indeed does have a covert BW program, it is well hidden behind a maze of legitimate institutions conducting work on pharmaceuticals, academic research, and health services. Alternatively, Egypt could also have a pilot-scale production level that is relatively easier to hide. At any rate, there is no evidence of an extensive BW program that is producing offensive weapons.

Key Sources: Ronald Mason, "Buying Time to Face New Weapons Arms-Control Efforts in the Gulf May Fall on Stony Ground," International Defense Review, Vol. 27, No. 12, 1 December 1994, p. 33; Dany Shoham, "Chemical and Biological Weapons in Egypt," The Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 5, No. 53, Spring-Summer 1998, pp. 48-58.

	Updated February 2004