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Updated April 2007
Nuclear Chronology
2006
This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.
Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.
16 January 2006
In reference to Iran, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu al-Ghayt states that Egypt upholds the right of NPT members to peaceful nuclear energy, but does not support a new nuclear weapons power in the region. Also, Abu al-Ghayt stresses "that Iran should reassure the international community that its nuclear programme is purely for civilian purposes." He adds, Egypt agrees with NATO that WMD proliferation is a danger and feels that the situation with Iran "highlights the need for the international community to bear its responsibilities and take concrete steps in making the Middle East a region free of weapons of mass destruction." In light of the failure of the nuclear talks, Egypt supports referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council.
— "Minister Says Egypt 'Closely Following' Iranian Nuclear Issue," BBC, 16 January 2006; "Foreign Minister Says Egypt Keen on Making Middle East Free of WMDs," Middle East News Agency, in FBIS Document GMP20060116710023, 16 January 2006; "Egypt Upholds Iran's Right to Nuclear Technology," BBC, 19 January 2006; "Egypt's Abu-al-Ghayt Says Arab-Israeli Conflict Hinders Cooperation," Middle East News Agency, in FBIS Document GMP200060213710012, 13 February 2006.
17 January 2006
Egypt concludes an agreement with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), which is acknowledged as a center of major particle physics research. This agreement allows five Egyptian researchers to travel to Geneva to participate in nuclear physics research.
— "Egypt, Europe Sign Higher Education Agreement," Middle East News Agency, in FBIS Document GMP20060117719013, 17 January 2006.
22 January 2006
A technical committee of the Arab League meets to begin the drafting of a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone treaty for the Middle East. One of the main topics of discussion was a draft protocol on nuclear facilities and materials. Another committee is researching the aspects of Israel's nuclear program that violate the NPT and has asked that the results be submitted at the next meeting of the IAEA along with a resolution on IAEA safeguards in the Middle East.
— "Egypt: Arab League Committee Discusses WMD-free Middle East," Middle East News Agency, in FBIS Document GMP20060122710040, 22 January 2006.
27 January 2006
Talks between Russia and Egypt on a Russian proposal to construct a civilian nuclear infrastructure in Egypt resume. An unnamed source says that Egypt is hoping to gain the ability to produce the complete nuclear fuel cycle on its soil.
— "Egypt, Russia Discuss Nuke Cooperation," Middle East Newsline, 27 January 2006.
1 February 2006
In a joint news conference between Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt and Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, Abu-al-Ghayt reaffirms Egypt's commitment to establishing a Middle Eastern Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone.
— "Egypt Urges Israel to Release Palestinian Funds, Hamas to Take Responsibility," Middle East News Agency, 1 February 2006.
4 February 2006
Egypt insists on including a paragraph on international efforts to form a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone in the Middle East in the resolution to refer Iran to the United Nations Security Council. This caused the IAEA Council of Governors to postpone the vote on the draft resolution for two days. The wording was softened from Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone to Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone. The inclusion of the paragraph was supported by Russia, China, Europe, and eventually the United States. The necessity of making the NPT universal to prevent the Middle East from becoming "a region of nuclear dispute" has been highlighted by Egypt. The text of the paragraph on the Middle Eastern WMD-Free Zone states: "Recognizing that a solution to the Iranian issue would contribute to global non-proliferation efforts and to realizing the objectives of a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction, including their means of delivery."
— "Egypt's Foreign Minister Urges More Diplomacy After IAEA Decision on Iran," BBC, 4 February 2006; "Elaine Sciolino, David E. Sanger, Steven R. Weisman, and Nazila Fathi, "Nuclear Panel Votes to Report Tehran to U.N.," New York Times, 5 February 2006; "Confrontation with Iran Over Nuclear Capability," Dhaka Courier, 3 March 2006; "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran Resolution Adopted on 4 February 2006," International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 February 2006.
22 February 2006
During a press conference with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abu-al-Ghayt states that Egypt supports a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone in the Middle East. In addition, Abu-al-Ghayt reiterates that Egypt would like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to be universal, which would require Israel to join. Also, Abu-al-Ghayt says that Egypt wants to apply the same standard of compliance to all countries in the Middle East, which is an allusion to Iran and Israel. Rice states that the United States feels that Iran is more of a concern than the Israeli nuclear weapons program or a Middle Eastern Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone.
— Joel Brinkley, "Rice, on Tour, Finds Egypt Unreceptive to Hamas Aid Cutoff," New York Times, 21 February 2006; "Remarks by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Ali Aboul Gheit After Their Meeting (as released by the State Department)," Federal News Service, 21 February 21, 2006; "U.S. Secretary of State, Egyptian Foreign Minister Hold News Conference," BBC, 22 February 2006.
22 February 2006
In response to President Bush's offer to aid developing countries and friendly nations in the Middle East to develop peaceful nuclear energy, jailed Egyptian opposition leader Ayman Nour inquires of U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice whether Egypt could participate in such a program. Nour anticipates that Egypt would require six 2,000 megawatt reactors to generate half of its electricity, which would release the country from its dependence on natural gas.
— "Egyptian Opposition Leader Seeks Nuclear Reactors," Reuters, 22 February 2006; "Turkey Decides on First Nuke Plant," Middle East Newsline, 23 February 2006.
23 February 2006
During South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun's visit to Egypt, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak states that he admires South Korea's attempt to rid the Korean Peninsula of nuclear weapons.
— Yoo Cheong-mo, "(Yonhap Interview) Egypt Indicates Support for S. Korea's UN Candidate," Yonhap, 23 February 2006; "South Korean President Ends Visit to Egypt, Leaves for Nigeria," Yonhap, 9 March 2006.
26 February 2006
Egypt and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries state that a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone should be formed in the Middle East.
— Habib Toumi, "Egypt's Mubarak Begins Gulf Tour," Gulf News, 26 February 2006.
28 February 2006
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Kislyak meets with Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abu-al-Ghayt where it is expected that they will discuss President Mubarak's initiative to form a Middle East Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone.
— German Krylov, "Russian Deputy FM to Discuss Nonproliferation in Egypt," ITAR-TASS, 27 February 2006.
28 February 2006
At the Arab Parliamentary Union meeting, Egypt expresses its desire for a Middle Eastern Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone. In addition, Egypt states that a draft resolution requiring Israel to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty should be submitted to the United Nations.
— "Arab Parliamentarians Discuss Egyptian Strategy on Collective Action," Middle East News Agency, 28 February 2006.
28 February 2006
In the plenary meeting of the Conference on Disarmament, Egypt as well as Brazil, Sweden, Norway, Syria, and the Netherlands state their disagreement with military doctrines that emphasize nuclear weapons. These countries also express their concern with the United States' policy of creating new types of nuclear weapons and preemption.
— "DPRK Party Organ Claims DPRK 'Main Target' of US Nuclear Preemptive Attack," Pyongyang Rodong Sinmun, in FBIS Document KPP20060315051003, 15 March 2006.
4 March 2006
At their 125th foreign ministers meeting, the Arab League expresses their support for a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone in the Middle East. The League also would like Israel to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty because it believes that is the only way to ensure "stability and security in the Middle East."
— "Iraqi Draft Resolution on Kuwaiti POWs Presented at Cairo Summit," Kuwaiti News Agency, 4 March 2006; "AL Chief Musa Says US-Iran Dialogue on Iraq to Ease Nuclear Dispute," Middle East News Agency, in FBIS Document GMP20060322710016, 22 March 2006; "Arab Leaders to Voice Great Concern for Setback in NPT," Kuwaiti News Agency, 26 March 2006.
28 March 2006
At the 18th Arab League summit, the Secretary-General Amr Mousa [former Egyptian foreign minister] urges the member states to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes to ensure future energy supplies. Mousa says that the Arab states should "enter into the nuclear club and make use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes."
— "Khartoum Summit Reveals Dualistic Arab Agreement," al-Safir, 3 March 2006; "Arab Nations Urged to Enter Nuclear Club," Associated Press, 28 March 2006.
11 April 2006
The statement by Egyptian representative Amr Abou El Atta at the United Nations Disarmament Commission expresses Egypt's concern at the lack of progress in implementing a Middle Eastern Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone and disarmament.
— "Concluding General Debate, Disarmament Commission Hears Calls for Adherence to Test-ban, Non-proliferation Treaties," U.S. Fed News, 11 April 2006.
14 April 2006
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak states that Egypt would like to form a Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone with all states in the region, which is a reference to Israel's alleged nuclear weapons program.
— "Egyptian Leader Says Own Statements on Shiites Cast No Doubt on Loyalty to Iraq," Middle East News Agency, 14 April 2006.
18 April 2006
Amr Mousa, the Secretary-General of the Arab League, expresses his disapproval of the United States along with other states for ignoring Israel's alleged nuclear weapons program. He states: "Supporting the nuclear armament of certain countries in the region, while rejecting the nuclear programs of other countries is a baseless argument that makes matters extremely dangerous." In a reference to Iran, Mousa states that members of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty have the right to pursue peaceful nuclear energy programs.
— "Arabs Prompted to Seek Nuclear Energy," United Press International, 18 April 2006.
19 April 2006
During French President Jacques Chirac's visit, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak reaffirms Egypt's commitment to a Middle Eastern Weapons of Mass Destruction-Free Zone. Chirac expresses his agreement with this goal. Also, Mubarak reiterates Egypt's concern over Israel's alleged nuclear weapons program and resistance to signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
— "Egypt, France Urge Dialogue on Iran's Nuclear Program," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 April 2006; "Chirac, Mubarak Urge Diplomacy with Iran," Agence France Presse, 19 April 2006; "Egyptian, French Presidents Discuss Regional Issues at News Conference," BBC, 20 April 2006.
29 April 2006
While visiting Tehran, Ambassador Mohammed Ibrahim Shaker, the Deputy Chairman of the Egyptian Foreign Affairs Council, states that Iran could join Egypt in the creation of a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone.
— "Egyptian Diplomat Asks Iran to Subject Nuclear Activities to IAEA," Middle East News Agency, 29 April 2006, in Open Source Document GMP20060429710023.
5 May 2006
In a media interview, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt asserts that his country has been putting forth initiatives in the United Nations for 32 years to create a Middle Eastern Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone. He says Egypt has "been proposing such resolutions every year, and we have been participating in the work of the IAEA and NPT conferences. Egyptian stands are well-known and active and enjoy international support."
— "Egypt: ForMin Abu-al-Ghayt Denies Egypt, US Agree to Topple HAMAS Government," Al-Sharq al-Awset, 5 May 2006, in Open Source Document GMP20060505700002.
13 May 2006
The "Developing Eight", of which Egypt is a member, adopts the Bali Declaration during the fifth D-8 Summit. The declaration states that "we reaffirm our commitment to enhance cooperation in the field of energy to develop alternative and renewable energy resources, among others bio-fuel, biomass, hydro, solar, wind and the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes."
— Riyadi Suparno and Abdul Khalik, "D-8 Endorses Bali Declaration, Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy, Urges Debt Relief," Jakarta Post, 14 May 2006, in Open Source Center Document SEP20060514015012; "Developing 8 Countries: VII. Developments Since the Fourth Summit (Tehran) and Declaration of the Fifth Summit (Bali)," Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2006.
19 May 2006
Egypt opposes the United States' new draft of the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty that was presented to the United Nations Disarmament Commission. Egypt insists that the agreement include existing stocks of fissile materials as well as a means of verification.
— Aluf Ben, "Israel, US 'At Odds' on Nuke Treaty Proposal; Olmert Asked Not to Raise Issue," Ha'aretz, 19 May 2006 in Open Source Center Document GMP20060519613004.
20 May 2006
During a speech at the World Economic Forum in Sharm al-Shaykh, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak says that Egypt hopes for "a world that deals with weapons of mass destruction, foremost of which the nuclear weapon, without politicizing or [adopting] double standards." He also discusses the need for a Middle East Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone.
— "FYI - Egypt's Mubarak Calls for Avoiding Double-Standards on Nuclear Weapons," Nile News TV, 20 May 2006, in Open Source Center Document GMP20060520710026.
29 May 2006
During an interview with a Spanish newspaper, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt discusses Egypt's stance regarding the international debate surrounding Iran's nuclear program. He states that "there are some principles which mark our position. Firstly, the right of any country to nuclear energy for peaceful ends, as accepted by the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). And secondly, we oppose the introduction of nuclear weapons in this region. Therefore we are promoting the establishing of a region free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. We have asked Israel, because everybody talks about its nuclear capability, to join the NPT. And we call on other countries not to protect Israel and to ask the same of it. Nuclearization will lead to proliferation of other powers. The resolving of the crisis is a matter for the five permanent members of the Security Council plus the EU."
— "Egyptian Foreign Minister's Interview in Spanish Newspaper," El Pais, 29 May 2006, in Open Source Center Document EUP20060529950047.
31 May 2006
In the final document of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Foreign Ministerial Conference, Egypt is successful in pressing for the inclusion of a paragraph regarding the creation of a Middle Eastern Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone.
— "Egypt Welcomes Outcome of NAM Ministerial Conference," Middle East News Agency, 31 May 2006, in Open Source Center Document GMP20060531710042.
22 June 2006
The United States and Egypt sign an agreement to cooperate in an effort to halt nuclear smuggling by sea. United States Customs and Border Protection and the National Nuclear Security Administration signed a "declaration of principles" with Egyptian officials. This agreement extends two U.S. security programs into Egypt: the Customs and Border Patrol's Container Security Initiatives (CSI), which "identifies high-risk ocean cargo containers destined for the United States," and the NNSA's Megaports program, in which "radiation detection equipment [is installed to] detect and interdict illicit shipments of nuclear and other radioactive materials."
— "Egypt to Cooperate with U.S. on Preventing Nuclear Smuggling," United States Department of State, 22 June 2006.
24 June 2006
On the Egyptian television program Beyond the Scene, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt makes a reference to the Iranian nuclear issue and reaffirms that a Middle East weapons of mass destruction free zone should be created.
— "Egypt Rejects Olmert's Unilateral Border Plan with Palestinians," BBC, 25 June 2006.
27 June 2006
Dhananjay Ravat, a geophysicist at Southern Illinois University, will work with the director of research at the Egyptian Nuclear Materials Authority, Ahmed Salem, on a project to search for new ways to measure the temperature of the Earth. This will entail an exchange of Southern University of Illinois students with Egyptian scientists. Ravat estimates that the first group of Egyptian scientists will come to the United States in spring of 2007.
— "Project to Explore Conditions Inside Planet," US States News, 27 June 2006.
7 August 2006
The vice-chairman of the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, professor Laila Fikri Fouad, is part of a delegation from the African Regional Co-operative Agreement (AFRA), which is meeting in Zimbabwe, that aims to inform leaders on issues related to nuclear technology, including: benefits, training, and research and development. The delegation is anticipated to recommend that the region not rely on other states for nuclear technology. Some of the areas that have been discussed for using nuclear technology are: cancer treatment, radiation protection and safety, sterilization of medical supplies, and food preservation.
— "Zimbabwe; Delegation on Nuclear Technology Expected," Africa News, 7 August 2006.
7 September 2006
At a press conference with British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett, Secretary-General of the Arab League Amr Musa states that all Arab states have the right to peaceful nuclear programs, and that there will be executive measures relating to such activities in the future. Also, Musa advocates diplomacy as a solution to the Iranian nuclear issue and the establishment of a Middle East nuclear-weapon-free zone.
— "Egypt: Arab League Chief Supports Arab Right to Use Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document GMP200600908950008, 7 September 2006.
7 September 2006
The Arab League approves a resolution to encourage peaceful nuclear programs in member countries and the undertaking of joint research in nuclear technology. In addition, at an Arab League Conference in Manama, Bahrain, members receive advice to look into developing nuclear technology to hedge against Iran's possible nuclear weapons program. Egypt, along with the Gulf Cooperation Council member states, reiterates the need to free the Middle East of nuclear weapons. They also include a statement insisting that Israel dismantle its nuclear weapons program and become a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
— "Xinhua World News Summary at 0030 GMT, Sept. 7," Xinhua, 7 September 2006; "Arabs Urged to Acquire Nuke Tech," Middle East Newsline, 13 September 2006.
18-19 September 2006
A resolution requesting that Israel join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in order to form a Middle East nuclear-weapon-free zone is submitted to the 50th General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency. There are 15 states sponsoring the resolution, including Egypt. The last time that a resolution of this nature was brought to the International Atomic Energy Agency was in 1991 where it was passed.
— "Resolution on 'Israeli Nuclear Threat' Presented at IAEA Conference," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 21 September 2006; Veronika Oleksyn, "Arab Nations Continue to Push Resolution Labeling Israel a Threat," Associated Press, 22 September 2006.
18-22 September 2006
At the 50th General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Egypt is one of many countries that declares its intentions to explore nuclear energy. Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy, the Egyptian ambassador to the United Nations, clarifies that Egypt is not intending to enrich uranium and only wants to build power plants.
— Christine Spolar, "More Nations Clamor for Nuclear Energy," Chicago Tribune, 18 October 2006.
19 September 2006
During a speech at the ruling National Democratic Party, Gamal Mubarak, the son of President Hosni Mubarak and assistant secretary general of the NDP and head of the policies committee, announces that Egypt should pursue a peaceful nuclear program. He did not go into the specifics of such a program. Gamal Mubarak insists that it is needed to meet Egypt's growing energy demands, which increase about 7% each year, because there is only a limited supply of natural energy resources. He also reiterates the right of members of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to engage in peaceful nuclear activities. Insisting that this is not a new idea, Mubarak states that the idea of a civilian nuclear program has been talked about for the past year. This statement was well received by the leading politicians of Egypt.
— "Mubarak's Son Proposes Developing Nuclear Energy," Associated Press, 19 September 2006; Michael Slackman and Mona El-Naggar, "Mubarak's Son Proposes Nuclear Program," New York Times, 20 Septemeber 2006; "Egyptian Ruling Party Official Says President Entitled to Appoint Vice-President," Middle East News Agency, 20 September 2006; "Egypt: Mubarak's Son Pushes Nuke Energy," AFX, 20 September 20, 2006; "Egyptian Ruling Party Meeting Discusses Peaceful Usage of Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, 21 September 2006; "Egypt Unveils Nuclear Power Plan," BBC, 25 September 2006; "Egyptian President Mubarak; 'We Must Take Greater Advantage of New...Energy Sources, Including Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy': Renewed Debate in Egypt on Egyptian Nuclear Program for Peaceful Purposes," The Middle East Media Research Institute, 26 September 2006.
21 September 2006
At the end of the governing National Democratic Party conference, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak requests that Egypt seriously consider nuclear energy as a way to meet energy needs in the face of a shortage in national oil and gas reserves. Currently, the Egyptian government is providing subsidized oil and gas to its citizens, which is costing billions. President Mubarak also states that of all the forms of alternative energy, Egypt has experience with nuclear technology. In addition, Mubarak affirms that energy is a part of the concern for Egypt's national security.
— "Egyptian President Discusses Reform Plans, Nuclear Energy at Party Conference," BBC, 22 September 2006; "Egypt's President Urges Nuclear Energy Debate," Global Security Newswire, 22 September 2006; "Mubarak: We Want to Develop Nuclear Energy," Yediot Aharonot, 22 September 2006; "William Wallis and Roula Khalaf, "Speculations After Egypt Revives Nuclear Plans," Financial Times, 25 September 2006; "Egyptian President Mubarak; 'We Must Take Greater Advantage of New...Energy Sources, Including Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy': Renewed Debate in Egypt on Egyptian Nuclear Program for Peaceful Purposes," The Middle East Media Research Institute, 26 September 2006.
21 September 2006
According to the U.S. ambassador to Egypt, Francis Ricciardone, the United States would be willing to work with Egypt if they engage in a civilian nuclear program. Ricciardone mentions the Global Nuclear Energy Program as a possible framework for cooperation with Egypt.
— "U.S. Ready to Give Nuclear Aid to Egypt, Envoy Says," Global Security Newswire, 21 September 2006; "U.S. Could Cooperate with Egypt on Nuclear Energy: Envoy," Reuters, 21 September 2006.
22 September 2006
A resolution encouraging Middle Eastern countries to submit to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safeguards and to work on the formation of a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone passes at the 50th General Conference of the IAEA. Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt states that this development is a positive step towards nonproliferation and a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone, which, in his opinion, is a jumping off point for Egyptian efforts in this area. Abu-al-Ghayt states that International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohammed El Baradei and other nuclear countries need to commit to working seriously on the implementation of the resolution. He also requests that Israel join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and submit their nuclear program to safeguards. In addition, Abu-al-Ghayt communicates his dismay that several countries blocked the vote on the resolution on Israeli nuclear capabilities. He states that the West should take the Israeli nuclear weapons program as seriously as they do the Iranian nuclear issue to show their unbiased commitment to nonproliferation.
— "Veronika Oleksyn, "Arab Nations Fail to Get Vote on Resolution on Israel's Nuclear Capabilities," Associated Press, 22 September 2006; "Egypt Welcomes Endorsement of Proposal to Apply IAEA Safeguards System to Mideast," Xinhua, 23 September 2006; "Egyptian FM Comments on IAEA Resolution on Mideast Nuclear Safeguards," Middle East News Agency, 23 September 2006; "Egypt Slams West for Blocking Resolution on Israeli Nuclear Arms," Reuters, 24 September 2006; "Israel-Nuclear-Iran," Islamic Republic News Agency, 24 September 2006; "Egypt Hails IAEA Resolution," Financial Times, 27 September 2006 "Why Egypt is Joining the Nuclear-Power Game," The Economist, 30 September 2006.
24 September 2006
The recently established Supreme Council of Energy, headed by Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmad Nazif, chooses to pursue alternative sources of energy, which will include nuclear power. Other sources indicate that the Council is not new, but has lain dormant for 20 years. Also, the Council forms a five-member ministerial committee made up of ministers of petroleum, finance, electricity, economic development, and planning. This committee has the task of determining the course of action for developing nuclear power, as well as researching the financial and technical requirements. The committee is intended to accelerate the development of the program. The first meeting will occur after Ramadan.
Minister of Electricity and Energy Hassan Younes states that Egypt intends to construct a 1,000 megawatt nuclear power plant in the Al-Dabaa region that could be operational as soon as 2015. He estimates that this project will cost about $1.5 billion and therefore Egypt will pursue foreign funding. The former chairman of the Nuclear Security Center, Ahmed al-Qadi, states "that the al-Dabaa reactor could produce more electricity than the Aswan High Dam." [Note: the dam produces 2.1 gigawatts of hydroelectric power.] Also, there have been reports by government sources in several newspapers that the government also has plans to construct three 600 megawatt nuclear power plants, which would be completed by 2020. In addition, sources quote Younes as saying that possible sites have been found for reactors with a maximum capacity of 5,000 megawatts. Other sources state that Younes has refuted the claim that Egypt intends to construct nuclear power plants in al-Dabaa. Originally, the Egyptian nuclear power program was halted in 1986 after the disaster at Chernobyl. Egypt has made no mention of pursuing a uranium enrichment program.
Former Egyptian Electricity Minister, Ali el-Saidi, welcomes Egypt's decision to develop civilian nuclear energy. El-Saidi is also a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency's consultative committee and the Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs. He states that the International Atomic Energy Agency would aid Egypt in setting up their nuclear program. In addition, the Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs has set up a working group of nuclear energy experts to research the requirements for a civilian nuclear program in Egypt. He states that, "Egypt has all the potential to launch this program."
— "Report on Egypt's Plans to Build Three Nuclear Power Stations," Al-Sharq al-Awsat, OSC Document GMP20060924836007, 24 September 2006; "Egypt to Start Building Nuclear Power Plants Soon, Minister Says," The Associated Press, 24 September 2006; "IAEA to Help Egypt in Developing Peaceful Nuclear Technology," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document GMP20060924950022, 24 September 2006; Lin Jianyang, "Roundup: Egypt Decides to Pursue Nuclear Energy," Xinhua, 24 September 2006; "Egyptian Energy Council Decides to Pursue Nuclear Power Option," Middle East News Agency, 24 September 2006; Rafael Bikbayev, "Egypt is About to Launch National Atomic Energy Program," ITAR-TASS, 24 September 2006; Alain Navarro, "Egypt to Relaunch Civil Nuclear Program," Agence France Presse, 24 September 2006; Herb Keinon and Associated Press, "Olmert Unfazed by Egypt's Plans to Build Nuclear Plants," The Jerusalem Post, 25 September 2006; William Wallis and Roula Khalaf, "Speculation After Egypt Revives Nuclear Plans," Financial Times, 25 September 2006; Paul Reynolds, "Concern Over Middle East Nuclear Plans, BBC, 25 September 2006; "Egypt to Begin Building Nuclear Power Reactors," Global Security Newswire, 25 September 2006; "Egypt to Relaunch Civil Nuclear Program," Turkish Daily News, 26 September 2006; "Aswan Dam," Wikipedia, 17 October 2006; "Egyptian President Mubarak; 'We Must Take Greater Advantage of New...Energy Sources, Including Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy': Renewed Debate in Egypt on Egyptian Nuclear Program for Peaceful Purposes," The Middle East Media Research Institute, 26 September 2006.
25 September 2006
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert states that he does not believe that the Egyptian civilian nuclear program constitutes a military threat. He also asserts his opinion that Egypt will "'submit itself to the real, genuine effective control' of the International Atomic Energy Agency," and thereby preclude its use as a military program.
— Herb Keinon and the Associated Press, "Olmert Unfazed by Egypt's Plans to Build Nuclear Plants," Jerusalem Post, 25 September 2006.
25 September 2006
Officials in Egypt state that the nuclear program is only intended to provide a source of energy and there are no plans to use this technology to produce weapons.
— Richard Beeston and Suna Erdem, "Nations Raise Stakes in Arms Race by Revealing Nuclear Ambitions," The Times, 25 September 2006.
26 September 2006
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak plans to conduct talks on Egypt's peaceful nuclear program with Russia and China in his upcoming visits.
— "Egyptian Press Highlights 26 Sep 06," BBC, 26 September 2006.
26 September 2006
The Egyptian Consultative Council, the upper house of the Egyptian parliament announces that it will pursue a popular campaign to promote support for Egypt's peaceful nuclear energy program.
— "Selection List: Egyptian Pres 26 Sep 06," Al-Wafd, OSC Document: GMP20060926013001, 26 September 2006.
26 September 2006
Jean-Baptiste Mattei, a spokesman of the French Foreign Ministry, states that "Egypt has a 'legal' right [to] use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes...as a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty." In addition, Mattei expresses France's support for a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone and a United Nations Resolution on Israel joining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
— "France Says Egypt Has 'Legal' Right to Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document GMP20060926950031, 26 September 2006; "Remarks by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesman, Discussing Events in the Middle East (French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, September 26, 2006)," Federal News Service, 27 September 2006.
26 September 2006
Egypt is selected as the first Middle Eastern state to have the Pugwash conference on science and world affairs. The conference will take place on November 11 and 12. Some of the items on the agenda is nuclear nonproliferation, a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone, and a regional security system.
— "Egypt to Host Pugwash Conference," Middle East News Agency, 26 September 2006.
27 September 2006
Egyptian Minister of Electricity and Energy Hassan Younes states that the National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control will become an independent entity that will supervise and control licensing of nuclear activities in Egypt.
— "Major News Items in Leading Egyptian Newspapers," Xinhua, 28 September 2006.
28 September 2006
Russian Ambassador to Egypt Mikhail Bogdanov states that Russia would be willing to work with Egypt in developing a peaceful nuclear program. Bogdanov reveals that a draft economic trade agreement with provisions for peaceful nuclear collaboration is expected to be signed during an upcoming visit to Russia by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. He also touts Russia's experience with peaceful nuclear technology, which could be very helpful for Egypt. Bogdanov points out that Egypt is allowed to pursue a peaceful nuclear program if it abides by its treaty commitments.
— "Russia Ready to Help Egypt with Nuclear Power- Cairo Ambassador," Middle East News Agency, 28 September 2006; "Envoy: Russia Ready to Cooperate with Egypt in Use of Peaceful Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document GMP20060928950016, 28 September 2006.
29 September 2006
Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt states that Egypt is permitted to develop a peaceful nuclear program under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and that Egypt has applied International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards in a "literal" manner. Also, he stresses that advancements in technology have led to the development of safer and more secure nuclear power stations, which has caused more countries to consider nuclear power. Abu-al-Ghayt expresses Egypt's approval of nuclear countries' encouragement of other states to develop peaceful nuclear programs.
— "Foreign Minister Reiterates Egypt's Right to Peaceful Nuclear Technology," Middle East News Agency, 29 September 2006.
29 September 2006
A report entitled "Close Associates of Jamal Mubarak Deny that He is Coordinating with the United States Regarding the Nuclear Project: Jamal's Opponents Stress that he is Trying to Gain Popularity," authored by Husam Abu-Talib appears in Al-Quds al-Arabi, an Arabic newspaper published in London. The report claims that members of the Policies Committee of the National Democratic Party, of which Mubarak is the head, have rejected claims that Mubarak and the United States are collaborating on the Egyptian civilian nuclear program.
— "Egypt's Jamal Mubarak Supporters, Opponents Comment on Nuclear Remarks," BBC, 30 September 2006.
29 September 2006
In an interview, Dr. Efrayim Sne who is head of the Labour Party bloc in the Israeli Knesset and a member of the Knesset's Foreign and Security Affairs Committee states that if the Egyptian nuclear program is peaceful, then he does not foresee any problems.
— "Israeli Labour MP Says Final Status Deal with Palestinians Top Priority," BBC, 1 October 2006.
1 October 2006
The Industrial Production Committee of the upper house of the Egyptian Parliament, the Shura Council, meets to discuss peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The committee headed by Mohamed Farid Khamis will look into working papers on the subject.
— "Egypt: Shura Council to Discuss Peaceful Usage of Nuclear Energy 1 Oct," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document GMP20060928950043, 28 September 2006; "Major News Items in Leading Egyptian Newspapers," Xinhua, 1 October 2006.
2 October 2006
The Supreme Council for Energy has its first meeting to debate different sources of alternative energy. At the meeting, Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis proposes plans to construct a 1,000 megawatt nuclear reactor that would be operational in 10 years.
— "Egypt's Nuclear Bombshell, New Era or Marketing Ploy?" Turkish Daily News, 2 October 2006.
2 October 2006
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert says that there is no concern over Egypt's decision to resume its nuclear energy program because he is sure that Egypt will submit its new facilities to International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. Also, he states that Israel is willing to aid Egypt in constructing and operating the nuclear reactors.
— "Egypt Writer: Olmert Remarks Indicate Israeli Approval of Egypt Nuclear Program," Middle East News Agency, OSC Document: GMP20061005013002, 4 October 2006.
3 October 2006
A donation fund for the Egyptian nuclear program is set up by the Industrial Production Committee of the Consultation Council, the upper parliamentary house. Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis acknowledges this gesture as more a declaration of support than a source of funding.
— "Major News Items in Leading Egyptian Newspapers," Xinhua News Agency, 3 October 2006; "Egypt's Energy Minister on Nuclear 'Dream'," Al-Ahram, OSC Document: GMP20061006007002, 6 October 2006.
3 October 2006
Egypt's Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt states that Egypt is in earnest about reviving its nuclear energy program and that they will speak with the following countries about aiding them in their objective: U.S., China, the EU, Russia, Japan, and other Arab states. He also affirms that the Egyptian program has faced no opposition from the U.S., and that the program is a separate issue from the nuclear programs of Iran and Israel. Also, Abu-al-Ghayt reiterates Egypt's call to form a Middle East Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone.
— "Egyptian Foreign Minister Regrets Palestinian Violence, Comments on Sudan," Middle East News Agency, 3 October 2006.
3 October 2006
During a speech at a meeting of with the foreign ministers of eight Arab states, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice states that the U.S. is in favor of any country pursuing a nuclear energy program "for the diversification of energy resources," with the provision that they do not engage in uranium enrichment. Also, Rice says that the U.S. is willing to cooperate with Egypt.
— Pakinam Amer, "Roundup: Rice Rallies Support for Palestinian President Abbas," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 4 October 2006; "Rice, Egyptian Foreign Minister Exchange Words in Cairo- Saudi Daily," BBC, 7 October 2006.
5 October 2006
Hassan Yunis, the Egyptian Electricity and Energy Minister, has a discussion with the Egyptian Nuclear Safety Authority about their future role in the revived Egyptian nuclear energy program. He says that they are working on an agreement whereby the Nuclear Safety Authority would be involved in every step of the project from design to day-to-day operation.
— "Egypt: Electricity Minister Meets Nuclear Safety Authority," Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061005950027, 5 October 2006; "Egypt's Energy Minister on Nuclear 'Dream'," Al-Ahram, in OSC Document: GMP20061006007002, 6 October 2006.
5 October 2006
Francis J. Ricciardone, the U.S. Ambassador to Egypt, states that the U.S. will send a group of nuclear energy experts to Egypt in the near future to aid the Egyptians with their peaceful nuclear program. Also, he reiterates the willingness of the U.S. to work with the Egyptians on their nuclear program.
— "US Envoy Says Nuclear Energy Experts to Visit Egypt Soon," Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061005950020, 5 October 2006.
6 October 2006
Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmad Abu-al-Ghayt states in an interview that the Egyptian nuclear program will not "be a collective Arab effort," but that he will "listen to Arab viewpoints." He says that Egypt will talk to other Arab states in case they want to invest in the project and profit from the energy resources, but that there are currently no concrete plans.
— "Egyptian Foreign Minister on Palestinians, Lebanon, Darfur, Rice's Tour," BBC, 6 October 2006.
6 October 2006
In an interview, Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis discusses aspects of the Egyptian civilian nuclear program. He feels that the cost of the project will not be prohibitive and funding will be sought from international sources. Also, Yunis acknowledges that Egypt will require the aid of foreign experts, but that Egyptians already have some experience in this field. He states that there has been no decision on which country to approach for technical expertise. In addition, he expresses his belief that Al-Daba`a will be chosen as the location for the nuclear power plants and refutes rumors that the land was sold. According to Yunis, it was the Sidi Abd-al-Rahman site, which is 28 kilometers from Al-Daba`a that was sold.
— "Egypt's Energy Minister on Nuclear 'Dream'," Al-Ahram, in OSC Document: GMP20061006007002, 6 October 2006.
7 October 2006
At the Muslim Brotherhood banquet, the Coordinator-General of the National Front for Change Aziz Sidqi expresses his disdain for the Egyptian peaceful nuclear program because it has taken so long to implement and has been halted and restarted.
— "Egyptian Government Policies Assailed at Muslim Brotherhood Banquet," Al-Wafd, 7 October 2006.
7 October 2006
U.S. Ambassador to Egypt Francis J. Ricciardone announces that a conference organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency on peaceful nuclear energy in developing countries will take place in Vienna sometime in December. It is expected that Egypt will be asked to attend to present the steps they are taking to launch their civilian nuclear program. Also, Ricciardone reiterates the U.S. willingness to contribute financial resources and technical expertise to Egypt's nuclear program. He says that several nuclear experts from the U.S. are expected to travel to Egypt in the next couple of days to discuss possible cooperation. Ricciardone feels that Egypt will need additional expertise to realize this program and cites past cooperation between the two countries as a possibility for the future.
— "US Backs Egypt's Call for Nuclear Power Conference in December," Middle East News Agency, 7 October 2006.
7-9 October 2006
The People's Assembly (lower house of parliament) Committee on Industry and Energy, under the direction of its chairman Mohamed Abul-Enein, is debating whether Egypt should pursue nuclear energy. The Minister of Electricity and Energy Hassan Yunis is expected to make a speech on how this goal can be achieved and the possible advantages. Also, the Minister of Petroleum Sameh Fahmi will explain the effect of nuclear power on oil usage. He states that nuclear energy is necessary to generate power for the future. At the end of the meeting, a report will be presented to the People's Assembly.
— "People's Assembly to Discuss Egypt's Use of Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061004950040, 4 October 2006; "Egypt: Minister Says Electricity Generation From Nuclear Plants 'a Must,'" Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061011950010, 10 October 2006.
8 October 2006
Jamal Mubarak, head of the National Democratic Party's Policy Committee and son of President Hosni Mubarak, states that there are no deals influencing the nuclear energy program. He says that the program is intended to address Egypt's dwindling oil and natural gas reserves. Also, Jamal Mubarak expresses his belief that this topic should be tackled at the national level and not fall prey to partisan politics.
— "Jamal Mubarak Says Egyptian Nuclear Plans Not Linked to Foreign Deal," Nahdat Misr, in OSC Document: GMP20061009950033, 9 October 2006.
8 October 2006
Wu Sike, the Chinese Ambassador to Egypt, affirms that, as a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Egypt is within its rights to pursue a nuclear energy program.
— "Major News Items in Leading Egyptian Newspapers," Xinhua News Agency, 9 October 2006.
9 October 2006
German Parliament Member Fritz Kuhn comes to Egypt with a delegation from the German Green Party to discuss Egypt's research into alternative energy sources. Kuhn states that Egypt possesses the means to utilize both wind and solar power, and that nuclear energy is too costly and harmful to the environment.
— Visiting German MPs Support Egypt's Plan to Use New, Renewable Energy," Middle East News Agency, 9 October 2066.
9 October 2006
In an interview, former U.S. Under Secretary for Non-Proliferation Henry Seculsky says that there has been information stating that Egypt wants to develop nuclear weapons. He does not provide the sources for this information.
— "The World Tonight 10:00 PM BBC Radio," Global Broadcast Database, 9 October 2006.
9 October 2006
Several studies of possible sites for nuclear power plants, beyond the proposed Al-Daba`a site, will be conducted soon so that many plants can be constructed and ensure the continuity of the program. Hassan Yunis, the Minister of Electricity and Energy, says that the Egyptian nuclear program will be open-ended and does not have a set maximum number of plants. He says that there are plans to construct two stations at once. According to Yunis, Egypt will also look at setting up nuclear-powered desalination plants on the Red and Mediterranean Seas.
Also, he assures that Egypt will not pursue uranium enrichment, but has not said which country will provide the fuel for its reactors. Yunis acknowledges the deposits of ore in the Sinai, but says that these will not necessarily be exploited to fuel Egypt's reactors. However, Petroleum Minister Sameh Fahmi is looking into the feasibility of this venture.
Yunis also expresses Egypt's desire to set up a budget to encourage Egyptian nuclear scientists to return to work on the project. In addition, Yunis affirms that the Nuclear Safety Administration will not become a separate entity.
— Muhammad al-Sa'dani, "Egypt: Electricity Minister Views Plans for Nuclear Power Stations," Al-Ahram, in OSC Document: GMP20061009013002, 9 October 2006; "Egyptian Press Highlights 9 Oct 06," BBC, 9 October 2006.
9 October 2006
During a meeting of the Industry and Energy Committee of the People's Assembly, Dr. Hani Hillal is looking at a strategy for developing nuclear expertise in Egypt through research. Also, the Chairman Mohamed Abul-Enein states that there should be a conference at the national level to talk about the program and means of involving local businesses in the construction of the plants. The speaker for the committee Ahmad Fathi Surur states that the rise in oil prices and pollution concerns were responsible for the choice to pursue a nuclear power program.
— Muhammad al-Sa'dani, "Egypt: Electricity Minister Views Plans for Nuclear Power Stations," Al-Ahram, in OSC Document: GMP20061009013002, 9 October 2006; "Egyptian Parliamentary Panel Considers Peaceful Nuclear Energy Plans," BBC, 9 October 2006.
11 October 2006
In an interview, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs David Welch states that considering Egypt's past history of following its safeguards agreements the U.S. is not apprehensive about their peaceful nuclear program. He acknowledges that Egypt has a genuine need for alternative energy sources. Also, Welch says that the U.S. could offer aid, but has not looked into the specifics of cooperation.
— "Media Roundtable with David Welch, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, and Arab Journalists (as Released by the State Department) Subject: The Middle East and Mr. Welch's Recent Trip to the Region with Secretary of State Rice," Federal News Service, 11 October 2006.
11 October 2006
The Egyptian cabinet announces that Egypt is within its rights to pursue peaceful nuclear energy and that Egypt already possesses the expertise and material to reach this goal. Majdi Radi, the Cabinet spokesman, states that Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif affirms that the Supreme Energy Council will soon meet to consider the issue.
— "Egyptian Cabinet Affirms Right to Develop Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, 11 October 2006.
11 October 2006
Ukrainian Ambassador to Egypt Yevhen Mykytenko states that all countries, including Egypt, possess the right to pursue peaceful nuclear programs.
— "Ukraine to Launch Egypt's Third Satellite Within Three Months," Middle East News Agency, 11 October 2006.
13 October 2006
According to Egyptian Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis, Egypt is planning on conducting talks with France, Australia, South Korea, Germany, China, the United States and Canada on cooperation with their peaceful nuclear program. Also, Foreign Trade and Industry Minister Rashid Mohamed Rashid states that there is "obviously [a] need... [for]... Russian experience of peaceful atomic energy uses." ITAR-TASS reports that Egypt is looking at ten countries as possible partners in its nuclear program.
— "Egyptian Press Highlights 13 Oct 06," Al-Wafd, 13 October 2006; "ITAR-TASS News Outlook for Sunday, October 15," ITAR-TASS, 15 October 2006; Rafael Bikbayev, "Egypt to Involve Energy Partners in NPP Project," ITAR-TASS, 16 October 2006.
16 October 2006
A committee of experts is to present its report on the financial, security, and technical needs for a peaceful energy program. The report will first go to the ministerial group set up to explore this issue and then be sent to the Supreme Energy Council. Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis states that there is no intention to form a new entity to implement the program.
— "Egypt to Recruit Experts for Its Nuclear Project, Minister Says," Al-Misri al-Yawm, OSC Document: GMP20061016950021, 16 October 2006.
17 October 2006
At the 115th session of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in Geneva, Egypt expresses its desire for the IPU to establish Nuclear Weapon Free Zones. Egyptian Minister of Legal Affairs Mufid Shihab states that countries that possess nuclear weapons need to take definitive action to disarm according to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. He also reiterates Egypt's condemnation of the nuclear test in North Korea. Shihab feels that nuclear nonproliferation should treat everyone equally and that this is "inevitable."
— "Egypt Calls for Nuclear-Free Middle East," Middle East News Agency, 17 October 2006.
19 October 2006
Deputy Leader of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Egypt's foremost opposition party Muhammad Habib states that, "Any country should have the right to obtain nuclear technology or even nuclear arms for deterrence, especially if it is being threatened by another nuclear country."
— "Coalitions of the Unwilling," The Economist, 19 October 2006.
19 October 2006
The Human Resources Development Committee of the Consultation Council (Egypt's upper house of parliament) expresses its approval for launching a peaceful nuclear program. The committee would like 40% of the reactors to be Egyptian and highlights a need for training Egyptians to operate them so that Egypt can be independent of other nuclear powers.
— "Egypt: Shura Council Committee Praises Nuclear Energy Decision," Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061019950021, 19 October 2006.
20 October 2006
The Egyptian Foreign Ministry has a discussion about the Arab League's announcement that it would like to pursue civilian nuclear technology and develop cooperation between Arab countries. Hani Khalaf, the Egyptian Assistant Foreign Minister for Arab Affairs and the chief delegate to the Arab League, presides over the discussion, which is attended by Atomic Energy Agency Chief Ali Islam, among others.
— "Egypt Revives Nuclear Program for Electricity Generation: FM," Xinhua News Agency, 20 October 2006; "Foreign Ministry Holds Meeting on Egypt's Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy," Middle East News Agency, in OSC Document: GMP20061020950031, 20 October 2006.
20 October 2006
A draft bill on the Egyptian peaceful nuclear program is requested by Electricity and Energy Minister Hassan Yunis. He anticipates that it will be written and submitted to the parliament in the near term. Yunis highlights a need to improve quality control at and recruit capable scientists for the National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, which he would like to remain independent so that it can effectively supervise the nuclear installations.
— "Egyptian Minister Calls for Nuclear Bill Draft," Xinhua, 20 October 2006.
20 October 2006
Egypt presents two draft resolutions on nuclear arms to the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly. The first resolution (A/C.1/61/L.1) concerns the creation of a Middle Eastern Nuclear Weapon Free Zone and establishing International Atomic Energy Safeguards for all nuclear facilities in the region. The second (A/C.1/61/L.2) addresses nuclear proliferation issues in the Middle East region, especially the danger of non-safeguarded facilities.
— "UN: Middle East Nuclear Proliferation, Confidence-Building in Conventional Arms Addressed in Disarmament Committee Draft Texts," M2 Presswire, 20 October 2006.
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