29 January 2002
The Indian defense ministry speeds up plans to purchase S-300V anti-missile systems from Russia.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "India Moves Ahead to Fulfill $2.5 Billion in Weapon Deals," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 11-17 February 2002, p. 34.

30 January 2002
India announces the successful test of its Trishul surface-to-air missile at Cochin, Kerala. According to an official statement from the defense ministry, the missile was tested on 28 and 29 January in a "sea-skimming mode" in order to establish its capabilities in an "anti-sea skimmer role." The missile, which failed in its five previous tests, will undergo further testing before the Navy is allowed to conduct its own trials. For the time being, the Navy will continue to arm its vessels with Barak anti-missile systems, purchased from Israel.
—"India: Trishul Missile Test-Fired 28-29 January," BBC Monitoring South Asia, 30 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 30 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "India Tests Naval Surface-to-Air Missile," AFX-Asia, 30 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 January 2002
Media and official reports confirm that the Indian government has delegated control of front-line missiles to military forces. This turn-over was made on the condition that the missiles would only be armed with conventional warheads.
—Pratap Chakravarty, "India Ridicules Pakistan and Warns Troops, Missiles will Hold Border," Agence France Presse, 31 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

January 2002
The Indian Army rejects the Nishant unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) due to its poor high-altitude performance.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "India Shows Some Movement in Opening Industry," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 25-31 March 2002, p. 42.

5 February 2002
V.K. Aatre, scientific advisor to Defense Minister George Fernandes, says that the government plans to improve the Agni ballistic missile by increasing its range, decreasing its weight, and introducing better systems. He also notes that India will embark on further trials of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile that is being co-developed with Russia.
—"Agni Strike Range to Be Increased," Rediff on the Net, 5 February 2002, <http://www.rediff.com>.

7 February 2002
Delegates from 78 nations meet in Paris to discuss an "international code of conduct" regarding ballistic missile proliferation. India sends a delegation to participate in the two-day conference.
—"78 Nations Meet on Ballistic Missile Proliferation in Paris," Xinhua News Agency, 7 February 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 February 2002
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully tests an indigenously developed cryogenic integrated engine at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center (LPSC) in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. The 7.5-ton engine, which utilizes liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as its fuel source, is tested for 10 seconds. A new cryogenic-powered rocket stage will reportedly replace the third stage of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles (GSLV) in the future.
—Syed Muthahar, "ISRO Test Fires Cryogenic Engine," Hindu (Chennai), 10 February 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

19 February 2002
The Director of the Central Electrochemical Research Institute, M. Raghavan, tells the press that his institution has successfully developed special coatings to protect missiles from corrosion. In addition to increasing the service lives of missiles, some new coatings may add stealth capabilities to aircraft.
—"India Develops Novel Coatings for Missiles, Aircraft," Press Trust of India, 19 February 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 February 2002
The Navy expects to begin user trials of the BrahMos cruise missiles soon. A Rajput-class destroyer will be utilized for the trials, which are set to begin in June or July 2002. According to Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) officials, the BrahMos "has several varieties of flight trajectories and uses the fire-and-forget principle." In addition to having a low radar signature, the DRDO claims that the BrahMos is an easy to operate cruise missile.
—Josy Joseph, "Navy to Test India's First Cruise Missile," Rediff on the Net, 27 February 2002, <http://www.rediff.com>.

28 February 2002
Budget proposals for the fiscal year 2002 allocate Rs 650 billion ($13.5 billion), up 4.8% from the previous year. The Indian Army plans for upgrades in air defense and anti-missile systems. The Navy is negotiating the purchase of additional anti-missile systems, such as the Barak from Israel.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Indian Budget Increase Tied to Unspent Funds," Defense News, 25-31 March 2002, p. 28.

2 March 2002
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) conducts another test of the cryogenic rocket engine. The indigenously developed engine is fired for 40 seconds. According to ISRO officials, the next phase will include a prolonged testing time of 200 seconds.
—"India Tests Fire Rocket Engine," Dawn (Karachi), 3 March 2002, <http://www.dawn.com>.

4 March 2002
The Deputy Chief Manager of the BrahMos Company, Alexander Maksichev, tells the Interfax News Agency that the second test of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is scheduled for June 2002. According to Maksichev, the BrahMos is "a multifunctional missile used to destroy a wide variety of sea-borne targets." He says that a ship-launched version is now under development. This variant will be 500kg light and have an altered launching device. Thereafter, the missile could reportedly be launched from ships and submarines without any adjustments or design alterations. The new missile will have a "flight range of 290km, supersonic speed of up to 2.8 Mach, a payload of up to 300kg and a low radar signature." Its operation mode will also allow for fire-and-forget capabilities. According to unofficial sources, the development of this missile will cost approximately $240 million and be financed jointly by Russia and India.
—"Russian-Indian Supersonic Missile to Be Test Launched," Agenstvo Voyennykh Novostey (Moscow), 4 March 2002; in FBIS Document CET2002030400239, 4 March 2002.

5 March 2002
The Akash medium-range surface-to-air missile is tested from the Interim Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Orissa. Akash has a range of 25km.
—"Akash Test-Fired," Hindu (Chennai), 6 March 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; "India Test-Fires Akash Missile," Global News Wire, 5 March 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 March 2002
India's Ministry of Defense announces that the 2000km-range Agni-II ballistic missile has entered into production and will soon be commissioned to the armed forces.
—"Agni-II Enters Production Phase," Global News Wire, 15 March 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 18 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 March 2002
V.K. Aatre, scientific advisor to the defense minister, says that India will test the Agni-III [Agni-I] within the next three months. The nuclear-capable missile will have a range of 700km.
—"India to Test Agni III within Three Months," Times of India (Mumbai), 18 March 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

25 March 2002
India's pilotless target aircraft (PTA) "Lakshya" is test-flown with a new engine at the Interim Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur, Orissa. Lakshya PTAs were originally inducted into the Indian Air Force in 2000.
—"Lakshya Test-Flown," Hindu (Chennai), 26 March 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; "UAV Lakshya Successfully Test-Flown with New Engine," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 25 March 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

30 March 2002
India carries out another test of the cryogenic engine for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). The successful test-firing lasts 12 minutes. An Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) press release says that the test was carried out at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center (LPSC) test complex at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. According to the press release, the engine produced a nominal thrust of seven tons, and, that while the LPSC was accountable for the engine and testing facilities, the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Thiruvanathapuram was responsible for the production of pyrogen igniters, pyrotechnic devices and analysis software.
—"Indigenous Cryo Engine Successfully Test-Fired," Hindu (Chennai), 31 March 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

31 March 2002
India conducts a successful ground test of an optimized two-meter diameter solid motor at the Indian Space Research Organization's (ISRO) Sriharikota High Altitude Range (SHAR) in Sriharikota. This motor is earmarked as the new third-stage power source for the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLV). According to press reports, the major improvements in the third-stage motor include the "optimization of the motor case and nozzle and increased propellant loading." The motor will likely be used for the next PSLV mission that is planned to enter a geo-synchronous orbit. In this orbit, the solid motor should increase the payload capabilities of PSLVs by 70kg. The Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Thiruvanathapuram is responsible for the design and development of this new high-performance motor.
—"Solid Motor for PSLV Successfully Tested," Hindu (Chennai), 1 April 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

10 April 2002
An Indian defense ministry official says that the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will enter serial production phase by the end of 2003. This will begin after the completion of additional test launches. India and Russia are currently fine-tuning two basic BrahMos missile systems: a "'universal' version for submarines, warships, and shore-based platforms and a 'BrahMos-A' cruise missile for various aircraft." The naval version features a 200kg warhead while the airborne variant is armed with a 300kg payload. Indian government officials say that BrahMos exports will be restricted to "friendly third-world countries."
—Rajat Pandit, "'BrahMos' to Be Inducted Next Year," Times of India (Mumbai), 10 April 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

10 April 2002
Defense Minister George Fernandes leaves for Moscow to discuss acquisition of the Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier and the lease of two nuclear submarines. Fernandes also intends to discuss a $1 billion proposal to acquire six S-300 PMU-1 anti-tactical ballistic missile (ATBM) systems from Russia. India, which has been attempting to negotiate the sale of the ATBM system for five years, plans on integrating indigenous Akash surface-to-air missiles and Rajendra radar systems with the S-300 PMU-1s to reduce the sale price. According to Vladimir Simonov, head of the Russian government agency for defense control systems, "the integrated air defense proposal will certainly be on the table during Fernandes' visit."
—Rahul Bedi, "Politics-India: Russian Nuke Submarines High on Shopping List," Inter Press Service, 10 April 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 11 April 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

16 April 2002
The Indian Army begins preparations to induct the Agni-II intermediate-range ballistic missile. According to Indian defense sources, the Agni will arm a new missile regiment that is being raised by the Army. The induction schedule for the Agni is being discussed at an Army commanders' conference currently underway in New Delhi. The Agni-II system will give the armed forces the capability to deliver 1,000kg payloads to targets located outside the range of India's military aircraft. At the same time, Prithvi missiles will be used as "a battlefield support weapon."
—Rajat Pandit, "Agni-II to Be Inducted into Army," Times of India (Mumbai), 16 April 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

25 April 2002
Hindustan Times reports that India's Strategic Nuclear Command (SNC) should be in place by June 2002. An integrated defense staff will command the SNC. According to the report, the Indian Air Force will likely provide the SNC with its first commander-in-chief. For the time being, the SNC chief will answer to the chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC). The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) headed by Prime Minister Vajpayee, however, will have final authority regarding India's nuclear weapons. All orders from the CCS will be conveyed to the chairman of the COSC.
—"India's Nuclear Command to Be in Place by June," Daily Times (Lahore), 26 April 2002, <http://www.dailytimes.com.pk>.

26 April 2002
A fire breaks out in the solid-rocket propellant section of the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) in Pune. Six people are killed and one person is injured in the accident.
—"6 Killed in DRDO Lab Fire," Hindu (Chennai), 26 April 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

28 April 2002
India carries out a second successful test of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from the Interim Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur-on-Sea, Orissa. In particular, the missile's autopilot and guidance systems are tested during the launch. The first sea-test of the BrahMos is planned for June 2002. According to Indian defense sources, the missile will be configured to carry a nuclear payload at a later date. Military officials believe that the BrahMos will not be inducted into the Indian Navy nor Air Force for several years. A senior navy officer says that the "BrahMos is a very versatile missile, especially if it is used with a sub-sea platform, like a submarine. It will become an important component of India's proposed nuclear deterrence based on a triad of sea, land, and aerial platforms." The BrahMos will apparently play a vital role in ensuring a second-strike capability for the Indian Navy.
—"BrahMos Gives India Lead over Pakistan, China," Times of India (Mumbai), 29 April 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>; "BrahMos Test-Fired," Hindu (Chennai), 29 April 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; "Indian, Russian Scientists Test Supersonic Cruise Missile 'BrahMos' in Balasore," Times of India (Mumbai), 28 April 2002; in FBIS Document SAP20020428000024, 28 April 2002; Rezaul Laskar "BrahMos Missile Years Away from Induction on Ships, Aircraft," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 29 April 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>; "Russia, India Stage 'Successful' Test of BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile," Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 30 April 2002; in FBIS Document CEP20020501000095, 29 April 2002; "India: First Sea-Test of Supersonic Cruise Missile BrahMos Slated for June," Indian Express (Mumbai), 30 April 2002; in FBIS Document SAP200204300000066, 30 April 2002.

2 May 2002
The Indian government informs the Indian parliament's Standing Committee on Defense that it has approved the creation of a Strategic Forces Command to control strategic missiles and space-based assets. The defense ministry also assures the committee that the Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missile programs, which are behind schedule, have been accelerated. In lieu of the delays, the government has approved a plan for the Air Force to upgrade their Pechora surface-to-air missiles.
—"First Strategic Forces Command on the Anvil," Times of India (Mumbai), 2 May 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>; "Government Gives Go Ahead to Creation of Strategic Forces Command," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 3 May 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

8 May 2002
In a written reply to the Rajya Sabha (India's upper house of parliament), Defense Minister George Fernandes says that flight trials of the BrahMos will be conducted in 2002 and 2003. He also adds that serial production of the BrahMos will commence in 2003 so that the missile can be inducted into the armed forces by 2004. According to media reports, the Indian Air Force is examining the option of fitting the three-ton BrahMos cruise missiles on Su-30 fighters.
—"More Tests Planned for BrahMos Cruise Missile: Fernandes," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 8 May 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

9 May 2002
India carries out a second test of the "Lakshya" pilotless target aircraft (PTA) from the Interim Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur-on-sea, Orissa. The test vehicle is equipped with an upgraded engine.
—"Lakshya Successfully Test-Flown," Rediff on the Net, 9 May 2002, <http://www.rediff.com>.

15 May 2002
In an address to the Rajya Sabha (India's upper house of parliament), Defense Minister George Fernandes says that the "government has approved in principle the raising of the Agni missile group for the Army. The DRDO has been working on the design and development of the Agni ballistic missile system based on the strategic requirements of the armed forces." He remarks that the medium-range surface-to-air Akash missile and the short-range Trishul are expected to enter service during 2003-2004. These missiles will be commissioned after additional flight-tests are completed.
—"Agni Missile Group for Army Cleared," Hindu (Chennai), 16 May 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

23 May 2002
The Hindu reports that India's Strategic Nuclear Command (SNC) should be in place by June 2002. According to the report, the Indian Air Force will command the SNC that is to be headquartered in Thiruvanathapuram (currently the headquarters of the IAF's Southern Air Command). The SNC will operate within the confines of the newly created Integrated Defense Staff (IDS). The report also states that "a large portion of the SNC's air- and sea-based assets will eventually be based on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal." These island groupings house the headquarters of the Indian tri-service command that was established in October 2001.
—"Strategic N-Command to Be in Place Next Month," Hindu (Chennai), 24 May 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

5 June 2002
A senior Navy official says that 12 Klub ZM-54 E anti-ship missiles, acquired from Russia for $30 million in 2000, failed to reach the expected range of 100km during two undersea trials in May 2002 and hence will have to be replaced. According to the officials, India has sent requests for proposals to France, Israel, Italy, and the United States. He adds that the defense ministry has promised to provide adequate funds for the procurement of missiles.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "India Seeks Anti-Ship Missiles for Subs," Defense News, 10-16 June 2002.

17 June 2002
A media source reports that an explosion has occurred at Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), India's principal missile manufacturing facility. However, the Indian government does not confirm nor deny this report.
—"Confusion on Agni Factory Blast Report," Dawn (Karachi), 18 June 2002, <http://www.dawn.com>.

21 June 2002
India carries out two successful tests of the Nag anti-tank missiles within a three-hour time span. The third-generation guided missile is tested from the Interim Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur-on-sea near Balasore. The tests are conducted to determine the Nag's "advanced maneuverability and top-attack trajectory."
—"Nag Missile Test-Fired," Global News Wire, 22 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 June 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "India Test Fires Anti-Tank Missile," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 21 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 June 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22-24 June 2002
An Indian defense ministry official says that India's turbojet-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the Lakshya, will be subjected to missile-launch trials and other tests during the next two months in Israel. The Lakshya, which is a reusable UAV that can be launched from land or ship, is designed to operate at a maximum altitude of 30,000 feet. Representatives from the Aeronautical Development Establishment in Bangalore will oversee these trials. Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) officials say that the testing of the supersonic Lakshya in Israel is a step towards advanced Indo-Israeli cooperation in UAV production. The Israeli defense ministry, in addition to hosting these trials, has apparently agreed to pay for them as well. While these trials proceed, India will continue to pursue the development of a cruise missile UAV that is capable of carrying a 350kg payload over a range of 600km. Although numerous payloads have already been developed for the Lakshya, the Indian Air Force is apparently dissatisfied with the UAV and is calling for a replacement.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Indian UAV to Be Tested in Israel," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 15-21 July 2002, p. 18.

28 June 2002
Indian Defense Secretary Yogendra Narain says that India has received an advanced Green Pine Radar system from Israel. He adds that the radar system, which is mainly used on an airborne platform as an early warning and control system, will be utilized for "advanced research purposes."
—"India Acquires Missile Tracing Green Pine Radar from Israel," Press Trust of India, 28 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 29 June 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 June 2002
India tests the Russian rocket system, Smerch, from the Intermediate Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur-on-sea, Orissa. The rocket has a range of 70-90km and is part of an advanced weapons system that India is planning to purchase from Russia. India plans to conduct further Smerch trials in Ladakh and at the Ahmednagar Armor Range.
—"Russian Rocket Test Fired from Indian Test Range," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 30 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>, 1 July 2002; "India Plans to Acquire Russian Rocket System," Global News Wire, 1 July 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 July 2002
According to the Director-General of Israel's Ministry of Defense, Amos Yaron, Israel may procure Indian Lakshya unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for use as targeting drones. However, procurement would be dependent on the success of the Lakshya trials currently being held in Israel.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Indian UAV to be Tested in Israel," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 15-21 July 2002, p. 18.

8 July 2002
An senior Israeli government official says that Israel's planned purchase of Lakshya unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is aimed at exhibiting Israel's intention to develop mutual defense cooperation with India. Depending on the success of the Lakshya trials, the official claims that Israel "will purchase the Lakshya for purposes of anti-aircraft training." According to a Defense News report, the Indian armed forces have already ordered nearly 75 UAVs from Israel including 50 Searcher 2 mini-UAVs.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Indian UAV to be Tested in Israel," Defense News, 15-21 July 2002, p. 18.

12 July 2002
According to The Times of India, a six-year-old letter written by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was recently discovered in the files of the Defense Ministry. The letter suggests that the failures of India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outweighed its successes. The letter deals with program delays in the Trishul missile program that was to have been completed by 1992. In the letter, written in 1996, Dr. Kalam acknowledges delays in the Trishul program and permits the import of Israeli Barak-I missile systems for Indian Navy warships. On 29 February 1996, Kalam writes: "The type of immediate threat and proposed acquisition of Barak-I by Navy was presented. The Navy confirmed that these six Barak-I systems will be installed in the existing class 15 and 16 ships.... The above proposal by the Navy is agreed to..." The approval of Barak-I imports had two conditions. First, "the Navy monitors and ensures the performance of Barak-I systems, as claimed, and installs it at the earliest. [Second,] the Navy places the order immediately for Trishul missiles and systems to give production thrust." The proposal to purchase Barak-Is was revived in June 1999. This resulted in an order for six missiles at the price of Rs 12 billion in the year 2000.
—Rajesh Ramachandran, "Kalam Had Agreed to Missile Import in 1996," Times of India (Mumbai), 12 July 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

14 July 2002
The Chairman of the Indian Space and Research Organization (ISRO), Dr. K. Kasturirangan, says that India will undertake a lunar mission in 2007. He adds that a 2007 launch date would require a mission report from a scientific committee in 2002. Kasturirangan says the ISRO expects the report "any time now."
—"India to Undertake Lunar Mission in 2007: Kasturirangan," Hindu (Chennai), 15 July 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

15 July 2002
Indian Defense Secretary Yogendra Narain says that the deal on India's purchase of Green Pine radars from Israel was finalized in May 2002. India intends to integrate Green Pine radars with the indigenous Rajendra radar system, developed for the Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Arrow Leads India's Wish List of Arms to Procure from Israel," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 5-11 August 2002, p. 18.

24 July 2002
Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes tells Rajya Sabha (India's upper house of parliament) that the government intends to conduct one more test of the 700km-range Agni before production begins. Fernandes says that development involving Trishul and Akash surface-to-air missiles should be completed by December 2003. The Nag anti-tank missile system will also be ready by December 2004. He further notes that India will begin producing the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile by late 2003 and induct it into the armed forces by 2004. Fernandes adds that all the objectives were met regarding recent test-firings of the Akash, Trishul, Nag, and BrahMos missiles.
—"Another Test of Short Range Agni Planned: Fernandes," Rediff on the Net, 24 July 2002, <http://www.rediff.com>.

29 July 2002
An Indian defense ministry official says that an Indo-Israeli Joint Working Group will meet for the first time on 11 September 2002 in Tel Aviv to outline future military cooperation. The purchase of a US-Israeli Arrow-2 anti-missile system is on the top of India's wish list. India also hopes to procure the Phalcon airborne early warning and control system, unmanned aerial vehicles, naval surface-to-air missiles, and other military equipment. Israel will need US approval to sell the Arrow-2 system to India.
—Vivek Raghuvanshi, "Arrow Leads India's Wish List of Arms to Procure from Israel," Defense News (Springfield, VA), 5-11 August 2002, p. 18.

12 September 2002
India's 1,060kg meteorological satellite (METCAT) is successfully launched from Sriharikota on board a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). This is the first time that the Indian Space and Research Organization (ISRO) uses a PSLV to launch a meteorological satellite into a geo-synchronous transfer orbit (GTO). The METSAT, which was built by ISRO, "carries a very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) capable of imaging earth in the visible, thermal infrared, and water vapor bands. Its data relay transponder can collect data from unattended meteorological platforms and relay it to the New Delhi Met Data utilization center." The PSLV has four stages that alternate between solid- and liquid-fuel sources. According to Indian media reports, "the third stage solid propellant motor has been optimized and the liquid propellant in the fourth stage has been increased from two tons to two and a half tons." P.S. Goel, the Director of ISRO's satellite center, and Ramakrishnan, the Project Director of PSLV Missions, explain that the METSAT launch using the new PSLV series has "given room for optimism that ISRO will be able to further optimize the various stages to raise a payload up to 1,200kg for a variety of uses." They remark that the PSLV may be able to send payloads into numerous orbits, including the low earth orbit, polar orbit, and GTO.
—K. Ramachandran, "The PSLV Lift-off Successful, METSAT Put in Space," Hindu (Chennai), 13 September 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; K. Ramachandran "Moon Mission in Four Years," Hindu (Chennai), 13 September 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

19 September 2002
In the latest issue of India Report, a Washington-based consultant John E. Carbaugh says "many US officials are keen to involve New Delhi in US plans for a multifaceted missile shield." He adds that senior Indian defense officials have traveled to the United States this year in order to discuss Indian participation in the missile shield. Carbaugh also writes that former US Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia Karl Inderfurth has warned of possible consequences if the United States were to pursue greater cooperation with India regarding missile defense.
—"U.S. Keen to Involve India in Missile Shield Program: Experts," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 19 September 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

22 September 2002
A.S. Pillai, Chief Controller of Research and Development for the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), announces that serial production of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will begin in 2004. Pillai serves as the chief executive officer for the BrahMos project.
—David C. Isby, "BrahMos Production to Start in 2004," Jane's Missiles and Rockets (Coulsdon, Surrey), 1 November 2002, <http://www4.janes.com>.

24 September 2002
India tests the Trishul short-range surface-to-air missile at the Interim Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur-on-sea, Orissa. The Trishul missile is about three meters long and has a range of nine kilometers. The missile uses a solid-fuel propellant and can deliver a 15kg warhead. The missile "carries a radio altimeter and an autopilot designed to allow the engagement of sea-skimming targets."
—"Trishul Test Fired," Hindu (Chennai), 25 September 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; David C. Isby "India Announces Successful Trishul Tests," Jane's Missiles and Rockets (Coulsdon, Surrey), 1 November 2002, <http://www4.janes.com>.

24 September 2002
Addressing the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Tony Blair states that the Indian chemical engineering firm NEC Engineers Private Limited provided assistance for the establishment of a chemical production facility in Al Mamoun, Iraq. The facility produces ammonium perchlorate, one of the key ingredients for producing solid fuel for missiles. Blair further alleges that the company has links to a chlorine production facility known as Fallujah-2. The Indian government finds Britain's "selective reference" to the Indian company "unfortunate."
—"Indian cos. Helping Iraq: Blair," Hindu (Chennai), 25 September 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>; Shishir Gupta "The Indian Connection," India Today, 14 October 2002, <http://www.india-today.com>.

25 September 2002
India carries out another successful test of the Trishul surface-to-air missile. The missile is tested from a mobile launcher at the Intermediate Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur-on-sea near Balasore. According to ITR sources, the missile is tested to verify its accuracy and other parameters. Media reports suggest that the Trishul has a sensitive radar altimeter and height-lock-loop control. As a result, the naval version of the Trishul can skim over the sea at low altitudes.
—"Trishul Test Fired for Second Day," Press Trust of India, 25 September 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 September 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Trishul Test Fired Successfully," Press Trust of India, 24 September 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 24 September 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

30 September 2002
The scientific adviser to the Indian defense minister, V.K. Aatre, says that "the naval version of Prithvi, christened Dhanush, is ready for induction after successful trials at sea." The Dhanush utilizes a single-stage, liquid-fueled twin engine with an inertial guidance system. The missile's on-board computers are enhanced by real-time software. According to Aatre, any "teething problems faced by DRDO scientists on the missile's launch stabilization system have been rectified."
—"Indian Missile Dhanush Ready for Navy," Asia Pulse, 30 September 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 30 September 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 October 2002
India successfully tests the medium-range Akash surface-to-air missile from the Intermediate Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur-on-sea near Balasore. The missile is fired from a mobile launcher. Akash has a range of 25km and can deliver a 55kg payload. The missile's Rajendra radar can engage four to six targets and track multiple enemy aircraft within a 40-60km range. According to DRDO officials, Akash has now entered user trials after completing its guidance test-flights. Reports indicate that India is now on the verge of completing its integrated guided missile program. This would include the successful production of its Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, and Nag missile series.
—"India Successfully Test Fires Multi-target Akash Missile," Press Trust of India, 4 October 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 7 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "India Test Fires Missile," Agence France Presse, 4 October 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 October 2002
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence reveals that the Indian company NEC Engineers Private Ltd. gave Iraq prohibited weapons of mass destruction-related materials and technical information. A report in India Today alleges that between September 1998 and February 2001, "the NEC shipped out 10 consignments of sensitive and prohibited materials worth $791,343 to Iraq.... The exports included titanium vessels, spherical aluminum powder, titanium centrifugal pumps, and industrial cells with platinum anodes that may have been used in the manufacture of rocket propellant." As a result of these findings, the Indian government forms a coordination group to investigate the export activities of NEC Engineers Private Ltd. This coordination group is composed of senior officials from India's intelligence agencies and is directed by the Joint Secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs.
—Sheshir Gupta, "The Indian Connection," India Today, 14 October 2002, <http://www.india-today.com>.

22 October 2002
India inducts the 250km-range Prithvi II surface-to-surface ballistic missile into the Indian Air Force. However, a senior IAF official remarks that "operationally, Prithvi II makes no sense, especially when 2,500km Agni missile has been given to the Army.... It is a waste of manpower and money." According to Indian defense sources, the Prithvi is intended for "training and familiarization.... It is to supplement strike aircraft. It has a definite role in circumstances when strike aircraft cannot fly, but one needs to keep the pressure up."
—Vishal Thapar, "Prithvi-II Missile Inducted into IAF," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 22 October 2002, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

26 October 2002
Defense Minister George Fernandes says that short- and medium-range versions of the Agni-II surface-to-surface missile have been deployed.
—"Agni Missiles Deployed, Says Fernandes," Global News Wire, 26 October 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 November 2002
India declares that it will not be a signatory to the proposed international code of conduct (ICOC) against ballistic missile proliferation. New Delhi claims the ICOC is discriminatory as it fails to differentiate between missile development and space launch vehicles. The ICOC proposal will be considered for approval at a conference in The Hague on 25-26 November 2002.
—"India's No to Draft Missile Regime," Economic Times (Mumbai), 16 November 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 16 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "India Will Not Be Party to Code against Missile Proliferation," Hindu (Chennai), 16 November 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 15 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 November 2002
During a visit to NPO Mashinostroyeniya in Reutov (Moscow Region), Russian President Vladimir Putin says the Indo-Russian BrahMos project is a "successful venture with good prospects ahead." Putin adds that he is happy to see the "accurate and high-quality execution" of Indian defense contracts prior to his trip to India. Putin is scheduled to visit India in early December 2002.
—Vladimir Radyuhin, "Putin Praises BrahMos Project," Hindu (Chennai), 20 November 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

28 November 2002
A.S. Pillai, the Chief Controller for Research and Development at the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), says that the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will be ready for serial production and introduction into the military services within the next two years.
—"BrahMos Induction in Two Years," Hindu (Chennai), 28 November 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 December 2002
Russian defense officials say that Russia has again offered India the opportunity to equip itself with integrated air and missile defense systems. Moscow is proposing the sale of long-range S-300V surface-to-air missile systems and the shorter-range "Tor-M1" and "Buk-M1" systems. According to media reports, the S-300V system can track and destroy aerial targets in all weather conditions. This enables the S-300V to protect vital installations from long distances. A Russian official states that the proposed air defense systems could protect India in its entirety and that "the Indian government is considering it."
—"Russia Missile Defense Offer Again," Times of India (Mumbai), 1 December 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 30 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 December 2002
Speaking at a banquet for Russian President Vladimir Putin, Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam makes the case for marketing BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to "friendly countries." He says that "the joint venture supersonic cruise missile is a unique example of the partnership between our two countries in critical areas of research and development.... Our cooperation in this area has solid foundations and will continue to serve our mutual needs."
—"Kalam for Sale of BrahMos Cruise missile to Friendly Countries," Hindu (Chennai), 5 December 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

11 December 2002
A.S. Pillai, Chief Controller for Research and Development at the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), says that India is "in the process of conducting developmental flights [of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile] from various platforms." He adds that the cruise missile's induction into the armed services will commence in 2004.
—"BrahMos to Be Inducted by 2004," Press Trust of India, 11 December 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 11 December 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 December 2002
In an address to the Rajya Sabha (India's upper house of parliament), Defense Minister George Fernandes says that India and Russia have signed a protocol regarding the export of Indian manufactured weapon systems manufactured under Russian license. According to the agreement, the export of armaments to third world countries will be made on a case-by-case basis. This protocol enables India to specifically export missiles and spare parts (for advanced fighter aircraft) in the future.
—"India, Russia Sign Protocol on Arms Exports," Hindu (Chennai), 12 December 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

12 December 2002
Addressing the media at a conference on smart materials in Bangalore, Scientific Advisor to the Indian Defense Minister, V.K. Aatre, says that the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will enter trials in two months.
—"Indo-Russian Missile to Go into Trials in Two Months," Hindu (Chennai), 13 December 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

25 December 2002
India and the United States are set to begin a new round of missile defense talks in Washington on 15-16 January 2003. The talks will include an inter-agency team from India headed by the foreign ministry's Joint Secretary on Disarmament, Sheelkant Sharma.
—"India-U.S. Missile Defense Talks Ready to Take off," Economic Times (Mumbai), 25 December 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 24 December 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 December 2002
A BrahMos supersonic cruise missile test is postponed due to problems in the missile's sub-systems.
—"BrahMos Missile Tests Rescheduled," Times of India (Mumbai), 27 December 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

28 December 2002
A Prithvi missile test is postponed for the second time in two days due to technical problems in the missile's sub-systems.
—"Prithvi Launch Put off Again," Hindu (Chennai), 29 December 2002, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

30 December 2002
According to Indian defense sources, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is planning on creating a Strategic Forces Command (SFC) in January 2003. The SFC commander will be under the authority of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) until a Chief of Defense Staff (CDS) is appointed by the government. In the future, the CDS will serve as a "single-point military adviser" to the civilian government in New Delhi.
—Rajat Pandit, "India All Set to Set up Nuclear Forces Command," Times of India (Mumbai), 31 December 2002, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

1 January 2003
India conducts 20 missile tests for seven types of missiles at an estimated cost of $16 million. This figure also includes the cost of the flight-tested missiles. According to Defense Minister George Fernandes all the tests achieved their test objectives.
—“20 Missile Tests in India in First Half of 2003 at Cost of 16 Mln Dollars,” Agence France Presse, 30 July 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 July 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

1 January 2003
The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) Chief V.K. Aatre says the 600km-range Agni ballistic missile is "under the process of induction."
—"India to test indigenous missile soon," Hindu (Chennai), 1 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

3 January 2003
In an interview with the Aerospace Daily, Dr. V. K. Aatre, the chief of the DRDO, states that India will conduct tests for the shorter-range Agni-I missile, surface-to-air Prithvi-II missile, surface-to-air Akash missile, and the BrahMos cruise missile. Dr. Aatre states that each missile will be tested four or five times during the year. The Indian Army and the Indian Air Force are believed to have requested the purchase of about 200 Agni-I missiles. After the completion of user trials, Bharat Dynamics Ltd. will produce the missile. The Prithvi-II is designed for the Indian Air Force and is capable of carrying nuclear warheads and a cluster of submunition bomblets. The Akash surface-to-air missile is based on the Russian SA-6 air defense system and is integrated with the Rajendra phased array radar developed indigenously.
—Bulbul Singh, “India Plans Missile Tests in 2003, DRDO Chief Says,” Aerospace Daily, 6 January 2003, Vol. 205, No. 3, p. 6; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 January 2003
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approves the creation of a Strategic Forces Command (SFC) to manage and administer all nuclear and strategic forces. India also creates a Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) comprising of a Political Council and an Executive Council. The Political Council, headed by the Prime Minister, has the sole authority to order the launch of nuclear weapons. The Political Council also includes the Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani, Foreign Minister Yashwant Sinha, and the Defense Minister George Fernandes. The nuclear doctrine released after the meeting says that India will continue to maintain strict control over the exports of nuclear and missile technologies.
—“India Establishes Strategic Forces Command,” Press Trust of India, 4 January 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Edna Fernandes, “India Sets Up Nuclear Arsenal Command Structure,” Financial Times (London), 6 January 2003, World News, p. 6; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4-5 January 2003
India places the two operational Army missile groups under the Strategic Forces Command (SFC). The two army missile groups possess the 150-250 kilometer Prithvi and the 2,500 kilometer Agni ballistic missiles. The SFC is also expected to have civilian nuclear experts from the Nuclear Energy Commission and missile experts from the DRDO.
—“Missile Groups to Form Nucleus of Indian Strategic Forces Command,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, 6 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 6 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 January 2003
K. Kasturirangan, Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space (DOS), declares that India is not planning on sending a manned mission to outer space in 2003. The DOS, however, is focusing on a mission to the moon involving an unmanned spacecraft.
—P. Sunderarajan, "No plan to send manned mission to outer space," Hindu (Chennai), 6 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

8 January 2003
Canada’s Foreign Minister Bill Graham expresses “deep concern” over India’s planned missile tests and urges India not to conduct such tests. Mr. Graham also urges India to sign the Hague Code of Conduct against ballistic missile proliferation.
—“Canada Implores India to Quit Testing Ballistic Missiles,” Agence France Presse, 9 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 January 2003
India test-fires the Agni-I ballistic missile from a mobile launcher on Wheeler’s Island. The test is witnessed by the Defense Minister George Fernandes, DRDO chief and scientific advisor to the defense minister Dr. V.K. Aatre, Chief of Integrated Defense Staff Lt. Gen. Pankaj Joshi, and Deputy Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. J.B.S. Yadava. The 15 meter long missile weighing 12 tons has a range between 600-800 kilometers. Indian defense sources indicate that the missile can be launched from a mobile launcher on a road as well as a rail platform. A press release issued by the Ministry of Defense indicates that the network of ground radar telemetry stations and visual observations from the impact point confirmed the successful completion of mission objectives. A senior official in the Defense Ministry says that the test is expected to validate certain critical technologies like guidance and telemetry systems. Indian sources indicate that a series of seven developmental flight tests are planned with payload capacities varying between one and three tons before the missile is handed over for user trials. Upon successful completion of the user trials, the missile will be handed over to the Army. The Army is also planning to conduct additional tests for the Prithvi missile which has already been inducted into the Army. Pakistan’s Minister for Information Sheikh Rashid Ahmed says that the test demonstrates India’s “war-mongering” attitude. India denies the accusation and says that the tests are part of a routine testing mechanism. India also says that it provided advance notification of the test to Pakistan. The spokesperson for the US State Department Richard Boucher expresses disappointment over the missile test and urges India and Pakistan to adopt restraint on their nuclear weapons and missile programs. The British Foreign Ministry also expresses regret over the missile test and says that the test sends wrong signals to the region and the world.
—“More Agni Missile Tests Planned,” Press Trust of India, 9 January 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “Agni Testfire Successful, More Trials to Follow Soon,” Indian Express (Mumbai), 9 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Palash Kumar, “India Tests Ballistic Missile,” Agence France Presse, 9 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “Britain Says Indian Missile Test Sends “Wrong Signals”,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 9 January 2003; “US “disappointed” at India’s Missile Test,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 9 January 2003, Politics; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Bulbul Singh, “India Tests Agni-1 from Mobile Launcher,” Aerospace Daily, 10 January 2003, Vol. 205, No. 7, p. 7; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 15 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sandeep Dikshit, “Agni Missile Test-Fired Successfully,” Hindu (Chennai), 10 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 January 2003
An 800km-range Agni missile is successfully test fired with a one-ton payload. This Agni variant is intended to fill the gap between short-range Prithvi missiles and the 2,500km range Agni-II missiles.
—Sandeep Dikshit, "Agni missile test-fired successfully," Hindu (Chennai), 9 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

10 January 2003
The Indian newspaper Statesman reports that the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov, purchased from Russia, will be equipped with the BrahMos cruise missiles.
—“BrahMos Teeth for Gorshkov,” Statesman (Kolkata), 11 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 11 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

10 January 2003
The Indian Air Force threatens to abandon the Trishul surface-to-air missile citing its poor performance. A senior Indian Air Force official informs Aerospace Daily that the missile had trouble detecting targets and maintaining accuracy. A senior official from India’s Defense Research & Defense Organization (DRDO) says that the Trishul project has been scaled back owing to problems related to the guidance system. The DRDO official cites US sanctions imposed after the nuclear tests in May 1998 as having adversely affected the missile’s development.
[1.The Trishul missile system, intended to replace the OSA-AK air defense system, is a quick reaction air defense missile developed by the DRDO. The entire missile assembly includes a tracking radar, a fire control radar, and a missile battery on a chassis. The Army and the Air Force planned to use it against low-flying aircraft whereas the Navy intended to use it against sea-skimming missiles. In the Army version of the missile system, a tracked vehicle will carry three missiles and one radar surveillance and another radar for tracking and guidance. The air force version of the missile system uses two vehicles. The radar is located in a separate vehicle and the second vehicle can carry four missiles. The naval version of the missile system is expected to include an altimeter to enable it to skim waves. The radar for the naval version is under development. Indian military officials indicate that the Trishul does not incorporate revolutionary developments like vectoring capabilities. The Trishul project began in 1984 and the government has spent more than $250 million on the project.]
—Bulbul Singh, “Indian Air Force Threatens to Abandon Trishul Missile,” Aerospace Daily, 13 January 2003, Vol. 205, No. 8, p. 7; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 16 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 January 2003
Dr. V.K. Aatre says that India is developing the Agni-III missile with a range of more than 3,000 kilometers and expresses hope that it will be tested by the end of 2003. Dr. Aatre says that India possesses the technology to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles with ranges between 3,500 kilometers and 14,000 kilometers. He adds that India does not have a need to build intercontinental ballistic missiles. Dr. Aatre also states that the 600-800 kilometer range Agni-I is ready for induction into the armed services. Responding to a query whether the Agni-I is ready for induction after only two tests, Dr. Aatre replied that the missile belongs to the Agni series of missiles which have already been tested eight times. According to Dr. Aatre, the naval version of the BrahMos cruise missile will be tested in late January. According to him, the missile reaches a maximum height of 14 kilometers at twice the speed of sound. The missile can carry a 200-kilogram payload to a range of about 300 kilometers. The sensor on the missile head enables the missile to detect a target and change course 20 kilometers from the final objective.
—“India Developing New Variant of Nuclear-Capable Missile,” Agence France Presse, 11 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “India Developing ‘Agni II’ Missile,” Press Trust of India, 11 January 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 January 2003
The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) Chief V.K. Aatre confirms that an Agni-III ballistic missile will be tested by the end of 2003. Aatre states that the Agni-III is not much different from its Agni-I and Agni-II predecessors but will have an extended strike range of 3,500-4,000km. This range will give India the capability to strike targets deep within China.
—Rajat Pandit, "Agni-III Test Likely by Year-End," Economic Times, 12 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexus Academic Universe, 13 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 January 2003
Indian Express reports that the process of raising the 334th Prithvi Missile Group has already begun. The 334th, like the 333rd Missile Group, will be stationed in Hyderabad and consists of 12 missile launchers. Both groups will be integrated into the Strategic Force Command at an unspecified date. The 334th Missile Group is expected to be ready by the end of 2003 and will include 300-400 personnel.
—Shishir Gupta, "Agni: sharpening our N-point," Indian Express (Mumbai), 15 January 2003, <http://www.indianexpress.com>.

15 January 2003
India and the United States begin the third round of talks on missile defense. The Indian side is led by the Joint Secretary for Disarmament Sheelkant Sharma and the US delegation is led by Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense David Trachtenberg. An Indian External Affairs Ministry spokesperson says the talks are “exploratory and conceptual in nature.”
—"India, U.S. holds talks on Washington's missile defence," BBC Monitoring South Asia, 15 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 15 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 January 2003
India's defense ministry denies a television news report that a Prithvi missile was launched unsuccessfully and caught fire. The Defense Research and Development Organization claims there was no launch scheduled for any Prithvi missiles for 16 January 2003.
—"Prithvi launch report denied," Hindu (Chennai), 17 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

16 January 2003
India and the United States conclude their two day discussions on missile defense and decide to continue discussions on the issue. According to an Indian External Affairs ministry spokesperson, “the two sides discussed security contributions that missile defense could make … the meeting also provided an opportunity to review the latest developments in the US missile defense policy and programme.” The talks also focused on the possibility of Israel’s sale of the Arrow anti-ballistic missile system to India. India requires six to eight anti-missile systems. Indian defense officials, however, remain skeptical whether India can afford to pay $3 billion to $5 billion for the systems. Indian scientists are believed to be seeking other missile defense systems, even older systems, in order to re-engineer such systems and develop an indigenous missile defense system.
—“Indo-US Talks on Missile Defence to Continue,” Economic Times (Mumbai), 18 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Bulbul Singh, “India, US Wrap Up Missile Defense Talks,” Aerospace Daily, 21 January 2003, Vol. 205, No. 13, p. 7; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 24 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 January 2003
India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes announces that India and Russia have decided to increase the charter capital in the BrahMos joint venture from $250 million to $300 million in order to meet the production demands for the supersonic missile. Mr. Fernandes describes the BrahMos joint venture as a grand success and states that similar joint ventures in the research, development, and production of hi-tech weapon systems are under discussion.
—“India, Russia to Make Further Investment in Joint Cruise Missile Venture,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, 18 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 18 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 January 2003
India test-fires the short-range surface-to-air Akash missile at 3.25 PM IST from a mobile launcher at the Interim Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur-on-sea on the eastern coast of India. The Akash missile is intended to be an anti-aircraft missile and is designed to be integrated with the Rajendra phased array radar. The missile weighs 650 kilograms and has a range of 25 kilometers with a payload capacity of 50 kilograms. The missile is capable of tracking 100 targets simultaneously and can fly at a maximum speed of twice the speed of sound. The missile uses an integrated two-stage RAMJET propulsion technology using a solid propellant.  The test is intended to evaluate the performance of the guidance system. According to Indian sources, the user trials for the missile are scheduled to begin soon.
—“India Test Fires Medium Range Akash Missile,” Agence France Presse, 18 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile Akash Test Fired,” Press Trust of India, 18 January 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Pratap Chakravarty, “India Conducts Third Missile Test in 11 Days, Pakistan Protests,” Agence France Presse, 20 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 January 2003
India and Russia agree on an arms deal in which Russia agreed to provide the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov and lease long-range TU-22M3 strategic bombers and an Akula-class nuclear submarine. The BrahMos cruise missile is expected to be used in both the nuclear bomber and the nuclear submarine. The BrahMos cruise missile, even though claimed as an anti-ship weapon, is expected to be used in the future as a long-range nuclear weapon delivery system.
—Manoj Joshi, “Russia Gives Nuclear Edge to Indian Defence,” Times of India (Mumbai), 19 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 January 2003
India test-fires the Akash surface-to-air missile at 12.25 PM IST from a mobile launcher at the Interim Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur-on-sea. A senior DRDO official describing the test as one of the final tests before mass production says that the all the test parameters were achieved. Another defense scientist says that the missile requires additional user trials to test more than 100 parameters of the system. According to a defense official, the test achieved more than 80 percent of its test objectives. Ground radars and an on-board precision guidance system guide the missile. According to a senior military official, the missile can be used against Pakistan’s Hatf-I missile with modifications to the warhead and guidance system. According to another defense ministry official the missile can be used to defend large installations like air fields against attack. India is also working on an advanced version of the Akash missile which will have a longer range. The missile under development is based on Russia’s SA-6 and the Rajendra phased array radar is similar to the 30N6 ‘Flap-Lib B” radar used with the S-300 anti-missile system. Pakistan’s Information Minister Sheikh Rashid condemns the test and states that Pakistan will not be provoked by the test. Indian sources deny that the tests are designed to send a political message and state that the testing of Akash missiles is to evaluate their launch efficacy from mobile launchers.
—Pratap Chakravarty, “India Conducts Third Missile Test in 11 Days, Pakistan Protests,” Agence France Presse, 20 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “India Test-Fires “Akash” for the Second Time in Three Days,” Xinhua News Agency, 20 January 2003, World News, Political; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sandeep Dikshit, “Testing Akash’s Efficacy from Mobile Launchers,” Hindu (Chennai), 21 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Bulbul Singh, “India’s Akash Missile has Another Test Firing,” Aerospace Daily, 22 January 2003, Vol. 205, No. 14, p. 7; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "India tests surface to air missile," Channel NewsAsia, 20 January 2003, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>, 20 January 2003.

21 January 2003
India conducts its third missile test-firing in three days by launching an Akash surface-to-air missile. The missile is launched from a mobile launcher in Orissa at 0655 GMT. A senior official from the Defense Research and Development Organization says that "all the parameters of the test were achieved" and that this constituted one of the final tests before the Akash enters serial production.
—"India conducts another missile test," International News (Islamabad), 21 January 2003, <http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/>.

21 January 2003
India’s President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam says that India has begun the flight trials for the BrahMos cruise missile. President Kalam also says that “while reusable missile configuration and technology has not yet emerged in the world, Indian technologists have started working on reusable hypersonic cruise missile system, an integrated design of multiple technologies derived from UAV, aircraft and missile systems.”
—“Supersonic Missile System BrahMos Under Flight Trial,” Press Trust of India, 21 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 January 2003
India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes says that India’s recent missile tests are not intended to send any message; instead they are conducted to strengthen defense preparedness and test the ability of the systems.
—“India’s Missile Tests Did Not Send Signals to Anyone,” Agence France Presse, 21 January 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 22 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 January 2003
Speaking before the 54th annual general meeting of the Aeronautical Society of India, President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam announces that flight trials of the supersonic BrahMos cruise missile have begun.
—"Supersonic missile system's trials begin: Kalam," International News (Islamabad), 22 January 2003, <http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/>.

26 January 2003
The BrahMos/PJ-10 cruise missile is publicly displayed for the first time during the Republic Day parade.
—"Brahmos steals the show," Hindu (Chennai), 27 January 2003, <http://www.hinduonnet.com>.

28 January 2003
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) announces it will launch a remote sensing 100kg-class micro X-SAT satellite for Singapore. An official states that ISRO's Antrix Corporation and Singapore's Technological University (NTI) have signed an agreement. This will be the ISRO's fifth launch of a foreign satellite. The X-SAT satellite, which will be used for land and coastal imaging, will be launched on board a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
—"ISRO to help launch Singapore's satellite," Times of India (Mumbai), 28 January 2003, <http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com>.

29 January 2003
India’s Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee discloses that India has received several enquiries about the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. Mr. Vajpayee says that India even received offers for collaboration on the project. Mr. Vajpayee, however, did not reveal the names of the enquirers.
—Arunkumar Bhatt, “Many Enquiries About BrahMos: PM,” Hindu (Chennai), 29 January 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 January 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 February 2003
According to a Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) official, India has begun the development of a two-stage space vehicle called Avtar that can take-off and land like an aircraft and place a 1,000 kilogram payload into a low-earth orbit. The vehicle would be capable of performing about 100 re-entries into the atmosphere. According to the DRDO official, the primary function of the vehicle is to act as a “reusable missile launcher, one which can launch missiles, land … and be loaded again for more missions.” The official estimates the total cost for the project to be about $2 billion with a developmental period of ten years. The DRDO official reveals that certain components such as the scramjet engine have already been tested.
—Bulbul Singh, “India Begins Development Work on Avatar Space Vehicle,” Aerospace Daily, 3 February 2003, Vol. 209, No. 20, p. 3; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 3 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 February 2003
Dr. V.K. Aatre says that the 3,000 kilometer Agni III might be tested before December 2003. Dr. Aatre also indicates that the Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) will soon initiate a subsonic project; but he does not provide any additional details. Dr. Aatre states that the range of the BrahMos cruise missile is limited to 290 kilometers due to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and adds that the range of the BrahMos cruise missile might be increased beyond 290 kilometers.
—“India to Test 3000 kms Range Agni Missile This Year,” Press Trust of India, 5 February 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “Brahmos’ Range Curtailed by MTCR,” India Business Insight (Bangalore), 6 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

6 February 2003
India's Bharat Dynamics Limited and the French company MBDA Missile Systems sign an agreement for future technical cooperation in the Indian manufacture of air-to-air and surface-to-air missile systems. The agreement also calls for the design of a new anti-tank missile. The French company may help India in its goal to produce advanced versions of Milan anti-tank missiles and Mica air-to-air missiles for Mirage 2000-5 fighters.
—Sandeep Dikshit, "Pact signed for designing new anti-tank missile," Hindu (Chennai), 7 February 2003; in "India, France Sign Accord for Technical Cooperation in Production of Missiles," FBIS Document SAP20030208000016, 8 February 2003.

6 February 2003
The Indian aviation corporation Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Russian firm NPK Irkut sign a pre-contract agreement for producing Su-30MKI parts under license at HAL enterprises. Aircraft parts will include tail fins, canards, and stabilizers.
—Viktor Myasnikov, "Russian Assault on Bangalore," Vremya MN (Moscow), 7 February 2003; in "Indian Air Show in Bangalore Highlights Russian Arms Sales," FBIS Document CEP20030207000377, 7 February 2003.

7 February 2003
Sources from the Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) indicate that India is preparing to test fire the 3,000 kilometer range Agni III ballistic missile. According to sources, the earliest date for the missile test is in September after the monsoon season. The sources state that the missile has a payload capacity of one ton without specifying the nature of the weapon or its yield. US State Department spokesperson Tara Riggler expresses disappointment over the plans to test the long-range missile and urges India and Pakistan to adopt restraint in their nuclear weapons and missile programs. The Chinese Foreign Ministry, without explicitly referring to the missile project, issues a statement urging all parties involved to work towards maintaining peace and stability in the region.
—“India Prepares to Test Long-Range Missile,” Agence France Presse, 7 February 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “China Calls for Regional Stability Ahead of Indian Missile Tests,” Agence France Press, 8 February 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 February 2003
The supersonic BrahMos cruise missile is ready for a test launch from a ship. Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) officials acknowledge that the version of the missile to be launched from a ship is identical in many aspects to the missile that was launched from land, but they also state the test launch from a ship is amore challenging due to the unstable nature of the launch platform as it moves and sways. The Air Force version of the missile, which could be fitted on the Sukhoi-30 and possibly the TU-22, is believed to more challenging to build since the missile has to be shorter and lighter than the versions launched from the sea and land. DRDO officials also indicate that the 150 kilometer-range Dhanush ballistic missile can be handed over to the Navy since the last test for the missile were completed successfully. The Dhanush can be launched from a ship and carry a one ton payload. According to officials, the DRDO corrected the missile’s earlier problems with software configurations.
—“Navy to Get More Teeth with Brahmos,” Statesman (Kolkata), 9 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 February 2003
The Director of Research Center Imarat (RCI) Dr. V. K. Saraswat says that India is concentrating on developing missile defense technologies like hypersonic class of missiles and long range detection and tracking radars. Dr. Saraswat, however, denies that India has a program to develop inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and states that India does not face any threat from ICBMs. Stating that India possesses the capability to build any offensive system, Dr. Saraswat states that India is looking to build a layered defense system. Dr. Saraswat adds that India gained valuable experience from building the Agni and the Prithvi series of missiles that would enable it to build any kind of offensive missiles. Describing the capabilities of the Akash surface-to-air missile, Dr. Saraswat says that the missile possesses multi-target capability, computerized operations for low action time, and a coded command guidance for secure and simultaneous multiple engagements. According to Dr. Saraswat, the Prithvi, Agni I, and Agni II missiles are under production. The former Chief Advisor to the Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO), Dr. K.G. Narayanan states that India is likely to develop an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that will be used in a ballistic missile launch warning platform.
—“India Developing Ballistic Missiles to Counter Missile Attacks,” Press Trust of India, 9 February 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; “Plans for Missile Interceptors Unveiled,” Hindu (Chennai), 9 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 February 2003
A key official from the Defense Research Development Organization announces that India does not have an intercontinental ballistic missile program. The Director of the Research Center Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, Dr. V.K. Saraswat, also claims that India has almost achieved its goal in offensive weaponry and is currently focusing on the development of a missile defense system using hypersonic-class missiles and long-range detection/tracking radars.
—"India Has No ICBM Programme, Defence Official Says," Yahoo Singapore Website, 10 February 2003, <http://sg.biz.yahoo.com/030210/16/377cz.html>.

10 February 2003
India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes says that the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will be added to the Indian Navy. Mr. Fernandes also says that the missile will be sold to countries friendly to India and Russia. A representative from the Indo-Russian joint venture company producing the BrahMos missile says that the missile will be test fired from a ship next month.
—“Russian-Indian Missile Brahmos to be Inducted into Indian Navy,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, 10 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 February 2003
The European Aeronautical Defense and Space Company (EADS) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) announce plans to jointly manufacture missiles for the export market. EADS, the parent company of MBDA, is the largest aerospace and defense firm in Europe.
—"Indian, French firms clinch deal to sell missiles," Defense-Aerospace Website, 11 February 2003, <http://www.defense-aerospace.com/>.

12 February 2003
India test-fires the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from the ship INS Rajput. The missile is eight meters long, has a width of 670 mm, and weighs 3,000 kilograms. The missile uses the same propulsion system and homing device that is used in the ‘Yakhont’ or ‘Onyx’ anti-ship missile. Indian scientists developed the missile’s on-board computer guidance system. After its launch from a ship, the missile can reach a maximum height of 14 kilometers at Mach 2 speed. The missile has a range of 185 miles and carries a payload of 440 pounds. The missile is not capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The missile has a predetermined trajectory and can change course 20 kilometers from the target using a sensor. The missile is also capable of skimming the sea surface. Along with the Indian scientists, about 40 Russian scientists witnessed the test launch. The code name for the joint Indo-Russian project is PJ-10. A spokesperson for Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry Kamran Niaz states that India is following a policy of massive militarization and refuses to indicate whether Pakistan might conduct a missile test in response.
—“BrahMos Flight Tested,” Press Trust of India, 12 February 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Neelesh Misra, “India Test Fires Cruise Missile Capable of Hitting Pakistan,” Associated Press, 12 February 2003, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 13 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 February 2003
The supersonic anti-ship cruise missile BrahMos/PJ-10 is successfully tested from the destroyer INS Rajput off the Orissa coast. The BrahMos, which combines aspects of Yakhont and Onyx SLCMs with Indian computer guidance systems, was first tested on 12 June 2001. The latest test constitutes the first BrahMos launch from a warship. About 40 Russian scientists and DRDO officials witness the test-firing.
—"BrahMos successfully flight-tested from Bay of Bengal," Hindustan Times (New Delhi), 12 February 2003, <http://www.hindustantimes.com>.

15 February 2003
Israel reportedly asks India to invest $100 million in the development of the Arrow anti-ballistic missile system. The Arrow anti-ballistic missile system is jointly developed by Israel and the United States; the United States has provided $628 million for the project. The missile system, in which Turkey has already contributed $100 million, revolves around the Green Pine Radar System that can track and intercept as many as 14 incoming tactical ballistic missiles at a height of 58km. The DRDO has already acquired one Green Pine Radar System from Israel and is planning to integrate it with the Akash missiles and the indigenously developed Rajendra radar. India also hopes to integrate Arrow interceptors with this system. Although any involvement in the missile defense system with Israel will require US approval, Pentagon officials have already stated that India's acquisition of Arrow interceptors would not violate the MTCR as the Arrow constitutes a defensive weapon system.
—Shishir Gupta, "Israel boosts Indian missile defence hope," Indian Express (New Delhi), 15 February 2003; in "Israel Invites India to Participate in Development of Anti-Missile Defense System, FBIS Document SAP20030216000029, 16 February 2003.

19 February 2003
The Chairman of the Space Research Organization (ISRO) lays the foundation stone for increasing the production capacity of Ammonium Perchlorate at the Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant at Aluva from 300 tons to 800 tons. Ammonium Perchlorate is used in the manufacture of solid propellant for rockets.
—T.S. Subramanian, “A Powder that will Power the Nation’s Strategic Capability,” Hindu (Chennai), 20 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 February 2003
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is considering the development of re-usable and reconfigurable launch vehicles in order to reduce the high costs of manufacturing satellite launch vehicles.
—“ISRO Bid to Contain Cost of Launch Vehicles,” India Business Insight (Bangalore), 20 February 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 23 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 February 2003
According to an official from India’s Foreign Ministry, India has agreed to invest $150 million in Israel’s Arrow anti-ballistic missile system. The proposed investment, however, must be approved by the United States. India’s efforts to develop an indigenous anti-missile system Akash have faced cost overruns and time delays. According to the foreign ministry official, India is also discussing the purchase of Russia’s S-300V air defense system. But the discussions have become entangled in negotiations for the purchase of the aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov.
—Bulbul Singh, “Israel Invites India to Invest in Arrow-2,” Aerospace Daily, 20 February 2003, Vol 205, No. 33, p. 5; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 February 2003
India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes informs the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha) that the short-range surface-to-air Trishul missile needs to be tested and proven for all its capabilities. The missile’s development is being pursed as part of a technology demonstration project. Mr. Fernandes observed that the missile’s development has established several complex technologies and well as sea-skimming capability. Mr. Fernandes also says that the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is being tested on several launch platforms.
—“Trishul Needs to be Proved For All Capabilities,” Press Trust of India, 20 February 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 February 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 March 2003
In the defense budget for 2003-2004, the Indian government allocates separate funding for the Integrated Defense Staff (IDS) thereby enabling the IDS to invest in production lines for ballistic missiles.
—“Separate Funds for IDS, 50% of Total for DRDO (Capital Outlay to Purchase Naval Fleet Increased by Rs 3,300 Crore,” India Business Insight (Bangalore), 2 March 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 March 2003
Pakistan’s Defense Minister Rao Sikander Iqbal informs the Pakistani National Assembly that Pakistan has expressed its concern over the proposed sale of the Israeli Arrow anti-ballistic missile system to India. The US House of Representatives is informed that the State Department has not authorized the sale of the Arrow anti-ballistic missile system to Inida citing possible violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).
—B. Muralidhar Reddy, “Pak Concerned Over Arrow Missile Sale,” Hindu (Chennai), 5 March 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 March 2003
India’s Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) seeks assistance from foreign scientists especially from the former Soviet Union for developing millimeter range wave image sensors that could be used in developing precision targeting systems. The Research Center Imarat (RCI), charged with developing the technology indigenously, is facing problems since India does not possess many key components for the wave image sensors. India is developing wave image sensors since the precision guidance system based on India’s satellites provides an accuracy of one kilometer. Also, India does not wish to depend on the highly accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) provided by the United States since the United States might not provide the technology. Therefore, India wishes to use the wave image sensors which could be used with satellite technology for obtaining less then a 10 meter resolution in cross and down range.
—“DRDO Seeks Foreign Help for Precise Target-Hitting Technology (Efforts to Develop Indigenous Technology are Facing Problems),” India Business Insight (Bangalore), 4 March 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 March 2003
In a written reply to the upper house of parliament (Rajya Sabha), India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes states that Agni-I and Agni-II ballistic missiles are currently in the production and induction phase. Mr. Fernandes states that Prithvi-I has been inducted and that Prithvi-II and the ship-to-surface Dhanush missiles are being inducted into the armed forces.
—“Agni Missile System Under Production and Induction Phase,” Press Trust of India, 5 March 2003, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

7 March 2003
A senior official in the Indian Ministry of Defense says that the BrahMos cruise missile will be ready for induction by the end of 2003 after completing flight trials. The official also states that an advanced version of the Akash air defense system with a range of 30 kilometers is under development.
—Bulbul Singh, “India Has Tested All Missiles Under Development, Minister Says,” Aerospace Daily, 7 March 2003, Vol. 205, No. 44, p. 7; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 March 2003
German prosecutors in the city of Dortmund order the arrest of two brothers, Peter L. and Michael L., for violating German export control laws by exporting high-precision hydraulic rams that were used in the mobile launchers for the Agni missiles. The two brothers are managers at Montanhydraulik, a company based at Holzwickede, Germany. The company has an office in Chennai, India. The two brothers exported nine consignments of hydraulic cylinders between 1997 and 2000 by declaring them as bridge-laying gear to the export authorities. The two brothers were aware of the use of the hydraulic cylinders in the Agni missile program. It is not known whether the equipment was used in the mobile launchers for Agni-I or Agni-II.
—“Two Arrested in Germany: Supplied Parts for Indian Missile Launcher,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 Match 2003, Miscellaneous; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 April 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 March 2003
India’s Defense Minister George Fernandes informs the upper house of parliament (Rajya Sabha) that the short-range surface-to-air Trishul missile has been “de-linked from the user services” as a result of delay in achieving the “state-of-the-art three beam guidance system.” Mr. Fernandes says that the project is currently being pursued as a “technology demonstrator.” Mr. Fernandes adds that the project enabled scientists to establish several complex technologies and sea-skimming capabilities that can be used in other future missile projects. The Defense Research & Development Organization (DRDO) began the project about twenty years ago and has spent about $62.5 million on the project. The project faced problems in developing the technology for the guidance and propulsion system. The Trishul missile system was designed to defend ships by intercepting low-flying objects with a response time of six seconds after identifying the object. Mr. Fernandes denies that US sanctions imposed after the nuclear tests in May 1998 affected the development of the missile. As a result of the decision to shelve the Trishul project, India might look for foreign anti-missile systems. India is likely to acquire the Israeli Barak anti-ship missile system which is currently used on the INS Viraat, INS Delhi, and INS Mysore.
—“Naval Version of Trishul, A ‘Non-Starter’,” Statesman (Kolkata), 13 March 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 13 March 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; V.K. Raghunathan, “India Scraps Surface-to-Surface Missile; The Trishul, for Targeting Low-Flying Objects, Faces Snags in Developing Guidance and Propulsion Technology,” Straits Times (Singapore), 17 March 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 16 March 2003, http://web.lexis-nexis.com; Patricia Parmalee, “India’s Defense R&D Organization Scraps Trishul Surface-to-Air Missile,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, 17 March 2003, Vol. 158, No. 11, p. 11, Industry Outlook; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 20 March 2003, http://web.lexis-nexis.com; Bulbul Singh, “Trishul Missile Back on Track, India’s Defense Minister Says,” Aerospace Daily, 30 July 2003, Vol. 207, No. 21, News, p. 5; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 6 August 2003, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 March 2003
India displays the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile at the International Defense Exhibition IDEX 2003 at Abu Dhabi. Dr. A. Sivathanu Pillai, the Chief Controll