This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Early 1991
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) decides to abandon the mixed plutonium carbide-uranium carbide fuel used in the fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam and stay with the conventional plutonium-uranium oxide, while continuing research on alternative types of fuel.
—"...And Abandons New Fuel Changes," Nuclear Engineering International, February 1991, p. 4.

Early 1991
Completion of the Hazira heavy water plant falls behind schedule due to delays in the delivery of parts from local suppliers. The Hazira plant will be the first indigenous plant to use the hydrogen ammonia exchange process and is expected to cost 2.64 billion rupees. The plant will have the capacity to produce 110 tons of heavy water annually. [Note: India already has three heavy water plants in operation: at Baroda, Thal and Tuticorin. These plants collectively produce 150 tons of heavy water annually, instead of the estimated 250 tons. It is estimated that India's five pressurized heavy water reactors require approximately 400 tons of heavy water for annual operations. As a result, India is reliant on imports to make up for the internal deficit in heavy water production.]
—"Indigenous D₂O Plant Commissioned," Nuclear Engineering International, February 1991, p. 4.

Early 1991
The site preparation for the two Soviet VVER reactors begins at Koodankulam. The units are expected to start operation in 1998 and 2000.
—"Work Starts at Koodankulam," Nuclear Engineering International, April 1991, p. 6; "India Expects to Start Work This Year," Nuclear News, April 1991, p. 84.

2 January 1991
India's fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam begins operations again. According to Director of the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), S.R. Paranjpe, the reactor is expected to attain 10MW capacity during March and by June the steam generators will be recommissioned and in use. The reactor is expected to operate at up to 40MW of thermal power and 13MW of electrical power until mid-1992, when it is scheduled for refueling. According to Paranjpe, since the international community denied fast breeder reactor technology to India, the country was "bound to make mistakes." S.R. Paranjpe dismisses reports that the reactor is "crippled" and says he feels confident that all the problems have been solved. [Note: The FBTR ran into problems in 1985 when it began initial operations. The plant had to be shut down in May 1987 when 28 fuel sub-assemblies were damaged during refueling. It was restarted in May 1989, but had to be shut down several months later for replacement of the ageing parts. According to reactor superintendent S.P. Bhoje, during August-September 1990, it operated at the level of 500KW of thermal power.]
—"FBTR Starts Up Again," Nuclear Engineering International, February 1991, p. 6; "Kalpakkam Reactor Back in Operation," Times of India (Mumbai), 9 January 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-003, 25 February 1991, pp. 30-31; "India's FBR Program Faces New Delays..." Nuclear Engineering International, February 1991, p. 4.

5 January 1991
India returns the nuclear-powered submarine Chakra that was leased from the Soviet Union. India's naval chief at the time, Admiral (ret.) Ramdas suggests the lease was terminated because the Indian Navy (IN) had learned all it could about that type of submarine and the lease was turning out to be very expensive. However, former Indian defense minister K.C. Pant suggests that expenses apart, the lease was ended because a sub-clause in the lease contract forbade the IN to deploy the submarine in military operations. In war, the vessel was enjoined to take shelter in a neutral port.
—"Nuclear Sub Returns to the USSR," Nuclear Engineering International, April 1991, p. 6; Bharat Karnad, "The Perils of Deterrence by Half Measures," Nuclear Weapons & Indian Security: The Realist Foundations of Strategy (New Delhi: Macmillan India Limited, 2002), pp. 654-655.

11 January 1991
An Indian Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson rejects Pakistan's proposal for a regional nuclear test ban treaty. He says India believes that nuclear issues should be tackled globally.
—"India Rejects Pakistan's Proposal for Regional Nuclear Test Ban," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 11 January 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 January 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 January 1991
Pakistan deposits the instrument of ratification of the Agreement on Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Facilities, signed in 1988. India's High Commissioner to Pakistan will deposit India's ratification document when he returns to Islamabad. The agreement will come into force upon completion of the exchange of documents.
—"India, Pakistan Exchange Instruments on Non-Attack Agreement," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 11 January 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 January 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

February 1991
A team from the Iranian Atomic Energy Organization visits India to place an order for a research reactor. [Note: According to Independent (Mumbai), India initially offered to sell a 5MW research reactor. Iran, however, has asked for a 10MW reactor.]
—"India Offers Tehran Nuclear Research Reactor," Irna (Tehran), 2 October 1991, in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 October 1991, p. 35; Steve Coll "Iran Reported Trying to Buy Indian Reactor," Washington Post, 15 November 1991, pp. A33, A39.

February 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar claims that the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) is in the final stages of designing an atomic reactor "using [a] totally indigenous concept." The new reactor will be named Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. It will retain a lot of the features from the Canadian design and will use a mixture of thorium and U-233 around plutonium "seeds" as fuel. Iyengar says plutonium and thorium will be kept in two distinct zones to minimize plutonium consumption while maximizing power produced by thorium. Light water will be used as a coolant while heavy water will be needed only as a moderator. According to Iyengar, the reactor will be cheaper to operate since the "use of boiling light water coolant will save the capital cost of heavy water inventory by 30 percent and reduce make-up requirements by 90 percent and eliminate the need for extensive leak-tightness in all seals and valves, thereby further saving the cost."
—"India Designing Thorium-Fueled Reactor with Light Water Cooling," Nucleonics Week, 28 February 1991, p. 14; "Indian Scientists Design New Reactor," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 21 February 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 22 February 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Design in Final Stage," All India Radio, Delhi Home Service, 20 February 1991; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 27 February 1991, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com.

Early February 1991
At a symposium in Mumbai, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says India has developed the entire technology for producing plutonium in reactors and isolating it for utilization as fuel in power reactors. He says Indian scientists have investigated and fabricated all types of nuclear fuel containing plutonium. The scientists believe that using plutonium technology for power generation will help to solve India's energy problems.
—"Scientist Says Plutonium Answer to Energy Crunch," Patriot (New Delhi), 12 February 1991, p. 2; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-005, 28 March 1991, p. 15; "Official on Plutonium Oriented Nuclear Research," Delhi Domestic Service, 11 February 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-004, 19 March 1991.

1 February 1991
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) announces that it is ready to sell its technology and expertise in the international market. Indian exports will be directed primarily at third world countries. A deal with Iran is currently under negotiation. Algeria, Cuba, Turkey, and some eastern countries are also on the AEC's list of potential buyers. The technology under India's export list includes nuclear reactor engineering, installation of nuclear power stations, isotope and radiation technology, radiological safety and protection, electronics, and allied instrumentation. AEC Chairman P.K. Iyengar made the official announcement of India's export intentions at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) conference in Geneva, September 1990. However, the Indian government formally approved the decision much later, after the AEC submitted assurances it would keep the IAEA informed about the details of transactions.
—"India Aims at Third World in Marketing Its Nuclear Expertise," Nucleonics Week, 7 February 1991, p. 17; "India Will Actively Seek to Export Nuclear Technology," Nuclear News, March 1991, p. 56.

3 February 1991
Former Indian Chief of the Army Staff General K. Sundarji tells Indian news agency UNI that India should develop a nuclear deterrent against nuclear-capable neighbors. Sundarji argues that India should use nuclear weapons as "a defensive capability."
—"Sundarji Advises Need for Nuclear Weapons," Patriot (New Delhi), 4 February 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-005, 28 March 1991, p. 13.

11 February 1991
In a letter to Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi states that India would have no choice but to convert its "nuclear weapon capability into nuclear weapon capacity" should the United States use nuclear weapons during the Gulf War. Gandhi says India will be among the worst-hit victims in case nuclear weapons are used in West Asia since "the removal of the taboo [against the use of nuclear weapons] at one blow would destroy mental defenses against the outbreak of nuclear war that have been built up in the human mind... Radiation and other consequences of the use of nuclear weapons in the Gulf theater will, in all likelihood, spread to India." Gandhi also meets the President of India R. Venkataraman to brief him on his party's position regarding India's nuclear policy.
—"Gandhi States Congress-I Nuclear Policy," Times of India (Mumbai), 12 February 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-005, 28 March 1991, p. 13.

12 February 1991
Referring to Rajiv Gandhi's letter to Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar on India's nuclear policy, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) all-India secretary J.P. Mathur says Gandhi could have shifted the stance on the nuclear issue five years ago. He calls Gandhi's current suggestion "jerky and ad hoc." Mathur says five years ago, Gandhi also called for a change in India's nuclear policy but he never moved an inch in that direction. He says Congress-run governments "didn't have the guts and vision to go nuclear." Mathur praises the position taken by former Indian Chief of the Army Staff General K. Sundarji on the nuclear issue and says India should "go in for nuclear weapons by national consensus without wasting more time."
—"BJP Advocates India Going Nuclear," Times of India (Mumbai), 13 February 1991, p. 3; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-005, 28 March 1991, p. 14.

13 February 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says India will soon commence work on the Koodankulam nuclear power project. According to Iyengar, 70 billion rupees have been allocated for the project, which is scheduled for completion by 1998.
—"Work to Begin This Year on Tamil Nadu Nuclear Power Plant," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 20 February 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 12 January 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

6 March 1991
Speaking in the Indian Parliament, Minister of State Kamal Morarka says that a few countries have explored the possibilities of Indian assistance in the development of nuclear technologies. According to Morarka, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) also expressed interest in "various nuclear instruments and equipment" developed by India. Furthermore, Morarka says the Indian government has agreed to finance the construction of two 500MW pressurized heavy water reactors at Tarapur. This is one of the several projects planned by the Nuclear Power Corporation for the 1990-1995 five-year plan. Other planned projects include four 235MW units to be built at Kaiga (Karnataka), two 500MW units at Rawabhata (Rajasthan), and two 1,000MW units to be built with the assistance from the USSR at Koodankulam (Tamil Nadu). According to Morarka, the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has already provided safety clearance for the projects at Kaiga and Rawabhata. He says environmental appraisal of the sites continues.
—"Proposal to Sell Equipment Explored," Times of India (Mumbai), 7 March 1991, p. 7; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-005, 28 March 1991, p. 14; "Indian Government Backs Financing of Two 500MW Units for Tarapur," Nucleonics Week, 7 March 1991, p. 10.

10 March 1991
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) plans to set up a large zirconium and titanium metal complex at Palayakayal village (near Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu) at an estimated cost of 1.8 billion rupees. The complex will utilize the zirconium sand deposit of the area. The complex is expected to begin operation within three to four years. The Tamil Nadu state government will participate in the project through the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) and has already approved TIDCO to invest up to ten percent of the equity of the project.
—"Delhi Plans 'Large' Zirconium, Titanium Complex," Hindu (Chennai), 11 March 1991, p. 10; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-006, 23 April 1991, p. 17.

April 1991
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selects the site at Trikkareppur (Kerala) as the most suitable location for the planned eight 500MW pressurized heavy water reactors. The new station will be built using Indian suppliers. The project will be funded by a 45 billion rupees loan from the Soviet Union and is one of the ten projects covered under the Indo-Soviet nuclear cooperation agreement. According to AEC, the loan carries a 2.5 percent interest and has to be repaid in 14 installments starting in 2001. Energoexport of the Soviet Union will provide technical assistance for the project. The station will be built in phases – four reactors per phase – and is expected to be operational within six years.
—"India Chooses New Site," Nuclear Engineering International, May 1991, p. 8; "Decision Due at Kerala," Nuclear Engineering International, April 1991, p. 10.

Early April 1991
During a visit to Vienna, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar talks to Nucleonics Week about India's nuclear program. He says India and USSR "have agreed on specifications, some details of the time schedule and on the maximum cost" of the two VVER-1,000 reactors to be built in Koodankulam (Tamil Nadu). According to Iyengar, the maximum installation cost will constitute USD 1,800 per a kilowatt of energy which insures the operations will be economical. Iyengar says construction is to begin in 1992 and the station is expected to become operational by 1999. He says the negotiations with a French-West German consortium are under way but there have been no developments recently. According to India's Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC), nuclear power will have to contribute about 30,000MW of energy by 2020. According to Iyengar, India's uranium reserves – 70,000 tons according to NPC estimates – could support the first stage of India's nuclear program that intends to produce 10,000MW of energy while yielding Plutonium-239 for the program's second stage (which would use fast breeder reactors with thorium blankets producing electricity while converting thorium into Uranium-233 to be used as a fuel in the program's third stage). Moreover, Iyengar says Indian researchers are designing a better nuclear reactor core than the one of the CANDU type in order to utilize India's vast thorium resources (estimated at more than 360,000 tons). He says the decision on whether to build a new reactor type will be taken in three to four years. He adds that several countries, especially Argentina and Brazil are interested in this new reactor design. India has been concentrating on indigenous production of nuclear technology and has reached a point where it is ready to export some of its technologies, including research reactors. According to Iyengar, India could start exporting reactors of the type China built in Pakistan. However, India does not intend to export reactors on a large scale, he notes. It will work towards solving the electricity problem in India in the first place. By the end of the decade, says Iyengar, India might be able to fulfill large export orders.
—"India, USSR Agree on Cost, Schedule of VVERs to Be Built," Nucleonics Week, 4 April 1991, p. 5.

16-23 April 1991
The fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam begins operation on 16 April at one megawatt of thermal power. It is shut down within four hours due to "discrepancies in neutronic instrumentation." It is restarted on 18 April and operates at 800KW of thermal power. On 23 April it is raised to one megawatt of thermal power again. According to reactor superintendent S.P. Bhoje, the reactor will operate at one megawatt of thermal power for two weeks. This period will be used to check the performance of the neutronic instrumentation at a significant power, measure the power coefficient of radioactivity, carry out thermal balance tests, check the effectiveness of radiation shielding around the reactor, and measure the core temperature.
—"Fast Breeder Reactor Begins Operation," Hindu (Chennai), 24 April 1991, p. 10; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-008, 31 May 1991, p. 22; "Kalpakkam Reactor Begins Operation," Nuclear Engineering International, July 1991, p. 8.

30 April 1991
The Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) election manifesto proposes to arm India's armed forces with nuclear weapons.
—"BJP Manifesto Promises Nuclear 'Teeth' for Defense," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 2 May 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 7 April 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 May 1991
Paul Chaffey, a member of Storting (Norwegian Parliament) says Norway might freeze development aid to India if the Indian government does not provide an explanation for what happened to the 12.5 tons of Norwegian heavy water that was illegally reshipped to Mumbai, India, from Romania in 1986, as well as to 15 tons of heavy water reshipped by a West German businessman to India in 1983.
—"India, Romania Heavy Water Investigation Seen," Aftenposten (Oslo), 7 May 1991, p. 16; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-009, 24 June 1991, p. 38.

15 May 1991
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) offers to process foreign spent fuel on a commercial basis under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. Under the proposal, India will require the nuclear waste from reprocessing be shipped back to the country of origin. AEC Chairman P.K. Iyengar says there should be no concern that the countries reprocessing their fuel in India will acquire plutonium since the reprocessing will be carried out under IAEA safeguards. He says he has informed IAEA that India wants to develop manpower-intensive operations such as reprocessing that can be done more cheaply in developing countries. According to Iyengar, AEC also plans to export research reactors, consultancy services, and related nuclear technologies that are not proliferation sensitive. No export orders have been confirmed so far but Iyengar says deals with Syria, Egypt and several other countries are being negotiated. According to Iyengar, IAEA is also expected to purchase nuclear equipment and products from India to be used in IAEA's technical assistance program.
—"India's AEC Offers to Reprocess, Under Safeguards, Foreign Spent Fuel," Nuclear Fuel, 27 May 1991, pp. 8-9; "Offer to Reprocess Spent Nuclear Fuel Reported," Hong Kong AFP, 15 May 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-008, 31 May 1991, p. 22.

26 May 1991
Speaking to the journalists at a program organized by Press Institute of Pakistan in Lahore, former Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmed Khan says that according to PAEC sources India possesses 1,300kg of plutonium of which 400kg is weapons-grade. This is enough to develop 50 to 70 nuclear warheads, he says.
—"Khan Says India Has Plutonium to make 50-70 Atom Bombs Anytime," Nucleonics Week, 20 June 1991, p. 18.

6-7 June 1991
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif proposes that United States, Soviet Union, and China mediate nuclear disarmament talks between Pakistan and India. Pakistan argues its proposal is modeled on the regional pacts in Latin America and South Pacific. However, India rejects the proposal. Aftab Seth, the spokesperson for India's Ministry of External Affairs says regional security arrangements are "illusory" since nuclear weapons have global reach. Seth says India views Pakistani proposal as "a propaganda exercise and a tactic by Pakistan for diverting international pressure to give up its nuclear weapons program." India's Foreign Secretary Muchkund Dubey says India must consider China and Pakistan when managing its nuclear weapons program. Dubey acknowledges that India and Pakistan cannot adopt nuclear deterrence doctrine based on the principle of mutual assured destruction since both countries possess limited nuclear arsenals and delivery systems.
—Steve Coll "India Rejects Pakistani Bid for Talks on Nuclear Ban," Washington Post, 8 June 1991, p. A17; "India Rejects Pakistan's Call for Atom Talks," New York Times, 8 June 1991, p. 4.

13 June 1991
The US House of Representatives approves, 242-141, an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act that will extend the Pressler amendment to India. This will require the US President to certify each year that India is not developing nuclear weapons before continuing the aid flows. To become law, this amendment still has to be approved by Senate and signed by President Bush. Robert Lagomarsino, a Republican from California, who is one of the sponsors of the new amendment, says the White House is likely to veto the bill "on the grounds that the small amount of money involved would not be worth straining relations with India."
—"House Wants Tougher India Nonproliferation Stance," Nuclear Engineering International, August 1991, p. 11.

14 June 1991
Responding to the US decision to extend the Pressler amendment to India, the spokesperson for the Ministry of External Affairs of India says that Washington's attempt to equate India with Pakistan is "misplaced." He remarks that India has consistently been following a policy of nuclear restraint while Pakistan is pursuing clandestine nuclear program in violation of US laws.
—"India Objects to US Decision on Nuclear Issue," Xinhua General News Service, 14 June 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 15 June 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US Congress Move on Indian Nuclear Programme Sparks Resentment," Agence France Presse, 14 June 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 15 June 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 June 1991
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Vice-President K.R. Malkani regrets the US decision to extend the Pressler amendment to India. He states that his party rejects "any decision by any foreign party to place restrictions on India's sovereign right to pursue its national goals as defined by Indians themselves. Our people would not falter in their determination to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of India by any and all means."
—"India's Major Parties Speak Out against US Congress Nuclear Decision," Xinhua General News Service, 16 June 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 17 June 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 June 1991
P.V. Narasimha Rao is sworn in as India's new prime minister. Rao is briefed about the status of India's nuclear weapons program and is shocked to discover that India is far from ready to deploy deliverable nuclear weapons. Indian intelligence suggest that Pakistan is close to acquiring a deliverable nuclear capability.
—Raj Chengappa, "Caught In The Crosshairs," Weapons of Peace: The Secret Story of India's Quest to be a Nuclear Power (New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2000), p. 370.

Mid-June-September 1991
Equipment problems prevent the Baroda Heavy Water Plant from maintaining sustained operations. According to the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), three internal shells located in a multistage exchange tower of the Plant were damaged due to denting. The Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) later determined that this denting was due to freezing water that had been poured into the annular gap between the stage shells and the tower. This reportedly occurred while the tower was at a low temperature.
—Government of India, "Department of Atomic Energy Annual Report 1991-1992," pp. 1.7, 2.22.

July 1991
India's Prime Minister Narasimha Rao says India will not sign the NPT and any "doubts on this score are unwarranted." Rao's statement comes in response to reports in the Indian press that Japan and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are pressing India to sign the NPT in return for loans needed to service India's balance of payments account. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif calls Rao to discuss prospects for a five-nation meeting to create a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia. This issue is discussed in mid-June during a closed door seminar sponsored by the Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi, and attended by 40 high-level experts including Indian Foreign Secretary Muchkund Dubey, and a former Minister of External Affairs I.K. Gujral. According to news reports, the experts concluded that India could use the Pakistan-proposed forum to bind China into regional nonproliferation commitments. In a newspaper interview in early July, Rao states, however, that India cannot accept a regional arrangement in the absence of global disarmament when "no one knows what the other country is going to do in spite of the agreement." According to Pakistan's Foreign Secretary Shahryar Khan, the issue will be discussed during the fifth round of Indo-Pakistani secretary-level talks that are scheduled to take place in Islamabad in early September.
—"New Indian Prime Minister Says Anti-NPT Stance Will Remain Firm," Nucleonics Week, 18 July 1991, p. 17; "Rao Cool to Nuclear Talks With Pakistan," Hindu (Chennai), 14 July 1991, p. 1; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-013, 21 August 1991, pp. 10-11.

July 1991
The Press Trust of India (PTI) reports that uranium oxide and heavy water were used in the Chemical Engineering Department of the regional engineering college in Durgapur (West Bengal) without proper authorization. Both chemicals are considered "strategic" and are not available in the open market or for research purposes at the other engineering institutes. Experts from the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) are scheduled to visit Durgapur to check radiation levels.
—"Unauthorized Use of Heavy Water, Uranium Oxide," Statesman (Calcutta), 20 July 1991, p. 7; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-015, 27 September 1991, p. 18.

17 July 1991
At a high-level meeting at Thiruvanathapuram, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar provides safety assurances to the government of Kerala regarding the construction of the proposed 1,000MW nuclear power plant. The state government accepts Peringom (district Kasargod in Kerala) as the site for the new plant. According to Iyengar, the plant will be built indigenously within a seven-year period and will cost around 25 billion rupees. Iyengar says the final decision on the plant construction should be made by the central government.
—"Indigenous Reactors for Planned Power Plant," Indian Express (Chennai), 19 July 1991, p. 13; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-015, 27 September 1991, p. 16.

August 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says that hardware for the two VVER-1,000 units to be built in Koodankulam with Soviet help will come from the USSR, while electrical and control systems, as well as software, will be largely developed in India. According to Iyengar, India has budgeted $250 million to purchase Western "equipment and expertise" to be incorporated into these reactors.
—"Western Controls for Indian VVER," Nuclear Engineering International, September 1991, p. 8.

August 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says India has ordered the test components for the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). Items currently ordered at Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. and Larsen and Tourbo Ltd. include intermediate heat exchangers and steam generators. The atomic energy establishment is making fast breeder research a top priority for India. Development of fast-breeder technology will provide India with an opportunity to utilize it's vast thorium resources. Thorium will be used as a blanket layer to breed Uranium-233.
—"Moving Forward on Indian PFBR," Nuclear Engineering International, September 1991, p. 8.

August 1991
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) says it does not expect that the rupee devaluation will have a significant impact on its technology imports since imports constitute only 10-15 percent of its budget. AEC expects Indian exports to become more competitive as a result of devaluation. India's offer to export research reactors and reprocessing services – both subject to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards – has "attracted considerable interest from Middle East and Africa." The reactors offered include "high shut down margins, low radiation fields outside the reactor and assured core submergence under emergency conditions." The reactors use one millimeter flat plates of uranium silicate in an aluminum matrix with less than 20 percent uranium-235.
—"Rupee Devaluation Will Not Hit Nuclear Projects," Nuclear Engineering International, September 1991, p. 8.

August 1991
A leading scientist associated with the Narora atomic power project says that the earliest date for the second unit of Narora to go critical is December 1991. The DAE earlier reported that the unit would go critical as early as August 1991.
—"Developments in Nuclear Power, Fuel Reported," Patriot (New Delhi), 31 August 1991, p. 8; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 October 1991, p. 33.

2 August 1991
The annual report of the Ministry of Defense of India expresses concern over proliferation of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles in India's neighborhood. It states the Indian government is closely watching developments in the region to take necessary measures to safeguard India's security.
—"Concern Expressed Over Nuclear Proliferation," Delhi All India Radio Network, 2 August 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-013, 21 August 1991, p. 12.

10 August 1991
The Indian government delays construction of the uranium oxide plant in Turandih, Bihar.
—"Center Hesitant Over Uranium Fuel Complex," Times of India (Mumbai), 10 August 1991, p. 6; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-015, 27 September 1991, p. 17.

12 August 1991
Former Director of the New Delhi-based Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, K. Subrahmanyam, says it will be possible for India to sign the NPT as a nuclear weapon power if India is "patient enough" and waits until Israel and Pakistan are "accommodated" into the NPT. Subrahmanyam quotes US Senator John Glenn, who said in early August that one cannot expect India to sign the NPT unless China stops its transfers of nuclear technology to Pakistan.
-—"PRC Decision on Nonproliferation Pact Welcomed," Patriot (New Delhi), 12 August 1991, p. 5; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-015, 27 September 1991, p. 14.

13 August 1991
A spokesperson for India's Ministry of External Affairs says India's stance on the NPT has not changed and there is no pressure for India to sign the treaty or to link the signature of the treaty with any other issue.
—"Rao: No Change in Nonproliferation Stand," Delhi All India Radio Network, 13 August 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-013, 21 August 1991, pp. 12-13.

18 August 1991
In a joint statement in New Delhi, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Vice Presidents Sundar Singh Bhandari, Sikandar Bakht, and K.P. Malkani express concern over Pakistan's acquisition of nuclear weapons.
—"BJP Decries Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons," Delhi All India Radio Network, 18 August 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-014, 12 September 1991, p. 19.

26 August 1991
Citing financial reasons, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says India will reduce its target nuclear power capacity for the year 2000 from 10,000 to 9,000MW. The AEC has received 160 billion rupees of budget appropriations instead of the requested 320 billion rupees. Out of expected 9,000MW, 7,000MW will be produced by indigenously developed pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) and 2,000MW will come from light water reactors to be commissioned with the help from the USSR. At a seminar on small and medium-sized nuclear reactors, Iyengar states that installed nuclear capacity in India constitutes 1,465MW and comes from seven units – two at Tarapur Rawatbhata, and Kalpakkam, and a 235MW plant at Narora. The seven projects to be brought online within four years include: a second 235MW unit at Narora, two 235MW units at Kakrapar (Gujarat), one 235MW unit at Rajasthan and one 235MW unit at Kaiga (Karnataka). Iyengar's plan also includes four 500MW PHWR units at Rawatbhata (Rajasthan) and two at Tarapur – all six are still in the engineering design stage. However, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) states that the costs for the construction of the second unit of Narora has escalated from 160 million rupees to over 400 million rupees and instead of beginning its operation in March 1991, the unit is expected to come online in August. According to Iyengar, Egypt and Syria are seriously considering India's offer to supply 5MW research reactors. Iyengar says India has the capabilities for designing, construction, commissioning, and operating 5MW research reactors.
—"Costs Will Keep India from Making Year 2000 Nuclear Building Target," Nucleonics Week, 29 August 1991, p. 4; "Official Confirms Offer of Nuclear Reactors Sale," Delhi All India Radio Network, 26 August 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-014, 12 September 1991, p. 19.

28 August 1991
US Deputy Secretary of State L. Eagleburger tells the Chief of the Indian Army Staff General S.F. Rodrigues during the latter's visit to Washington that it is time for India to reconsider its position on the NPT now when both France and China have agreed to sign it.
—"US Urges India to Sign Nonproliferation Pact," Times of India (Mumbai), 29 August 1991, p. 11; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91015, 27 September 1991, p. 14.

Late August 1991
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) plans to invest about 7 billion rupees (approximately $270 million) in nuclear facilities over the next decade. Yet, it intends to scale down the target of nuclear power generation by the year 2000 to 6,050MW. DAE confirms switching to mixed uranium-plutonium fuel instead of mixed carbide fuel since the latter caused technical problems. According to DAE's annual report, the Nuclear Fuel Complex (Hyderabad) plans to provide fuel for the four of the planned pressurized heavy water reactor projects (Uranium Oxide Fuel Plant-1, Uranium Fuel Assembly Plant-1 and a 150 MT/years Zircaloy Fabrication Plant - all in Hyderabad, and 300 MT/year Zirconium Sponge Plant to be commissioned by 1994 at Palayakayal [Tamil Nadu]). The report states that the government has authorized 1.54 billion rupees for these four projects. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has licensed the projects and the Pollution Control Board provided the clearance for a uranium oxide fuel plant. DAE has also received a preliminary approval for procurement of sintering furnaces and hydraulic presses.
—Neel Patri "India's DAE Plans New Investment to increase Nuclear Fuel Production," Nuclear Fuel, 2 September 1991, pp. 10-11; "India's Nuclear Power Generation Target Scaled Down," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 22 August 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 23 August 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Late August 1991
The Indian government allocates 900 million rupees (approximately $35 million) for the imports of heavy water through March 1992. Analysts believe that the sum will be enough to procure about 90 metric tons of heavy water. The allocation is a part of the budget request submitted by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
—Neel Patri "Indian Government Sets Aside Money to Import 90 MT of Heavy Water," Nuclear Fuel, 2 September 1991, p. 11.

September 1991
The Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) is reportedly working on a plan to introduce thorium along with uranium-plutonium mixed oxide into one of the operating pressurized heavy water reactors. Under the plan, 600kg of thorium will be loaded into the reactor core in the initial stage of reactor operation. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) newsletter says this will be a regular feature in future reactors.
—"Plans to Use Thorium in Reactors Noted," Patriot (New Delhi), 15 September 1991, p. 10; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-017, 7 November 1991, p. 22.

September 1991
The joint committee of the US Senate and the House of Representatives decides not to extend the Pressler Amendment to India.
—"US Shows Balanced Perspective in Amendment," Deccan Herald (Bangalore), 20 September 1991, p. 8; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-017, 7 November 1991, pp. 19-20.

8 September 1991
India's Nuclear Fuel Corporation (NFC) Chief Executive Balarama Moorthy says NFC plans to set up four new plants during the eighth plan period at an estimated cost of 6.5 billion rupees. The plants include a Uranium oxide fuel plant that would produce 660 tons of uranium oxide pellets per year; a uranium fuel assembly plant; a zircalloy fabrication plant; and a zirconium sponge plant to produce 300 tons of zirconium per year. Moorthy adds the four projects have already been cleared by the Planning Commission and are awaiting the cabinet's approval. He says these four units will help to achieve a capacity of 6050MW of nuclear power per year by the turn of the century.
—"Four Nuclear Power Station Supply Plants," Patriot (New Delhi), 9 September 1991, p. 6; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 September 1991, p. 34.

17 September 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar announces at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) conference in Vienna that two more 220MW pressurized heavy water (PHW) reactor units (one at Narora, one at Kakrapar) will be commissioned in the next few months. According to Iyengar, the Indian government has approved the construction of two 500MW pressurized heavy water reactors at Tarapur.
—"More Heavy Water Reactors to be Commissioned," Times of India (Mumbai), 18 September 1991, p. 8; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 September 1991, p. 35.

17 September 1991
Janata Dal leader George Fernandes says that poor safety standards at India's nuclear installations threaten "disaster." He remarks that the latest threat comes from the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), which is releasing irradiated water into the local river. According to Fernandes, villages in the area are reporting a sharp increase in deformities in newborn babies. Fernandes accuses the government of having a vested interest in the nuclear industry and withholding the information.
—Pratap Chakravarty, "Indian Atomic Plants Dumping Radioactive Waste: Opposition Leader," Agence France Presse, 17 September 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 17 September 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 September 1991
The chairman of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) P.S. Gupta announces that BHEL, for the first time, has manufactured 500MW nuclear power machines for the Tarapur atomic power plant. According to Gupta, BHEL has emerged as one of the few companies in the world possessing frontline technologies in power and associated fields.
—"First Indigenous 500MW Nuclear Power Machines," Times of India (Mumbai), 19 September 1991, p. 14; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 October 1991, p. 34.

26 September 1991
At the 11th Plenary Meeting of the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Indian representative Madhav Singh Solanki praises the conclusion of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) as "an outstanding achievement in the field of nuclear disarmament." He says, however, that this is a limited measure that affects only quantity, not quality, of the nuclear weapons possessed by the two superpowers. According to Solanki, "the reductions should be deeper, quicker, and should involve all the nuclear weapon states. The treaty should not lead to qualitative upgrading of the remaining arsenals, nor should the warheads released be reused in other systems." Solanki says nuclear weapons and the theory of nuclear deterrence are irrelevant in the post-Cold War world. He argues that it is time to start working on a new agreement "to give legal effect to a binding commitment by the nuclear weapon states to eliminate nuclear weapons within a time-bound framework, and by all non-nuclear-weapon states not to cross the nuclear threshold." He says the implementation of the Action Plant [suggested by Rajjv Gandhi in 1988] can help to eliminate the division of the world on nuclear "haves" and "have nots" enshrined by the NPT. According to Solanki, India has scrupulously followed nonproliferation policy and has not assisted any country in building nuclear weapons even though it is not a signatory of the NPT.
—Madhav Singh Solanki, Speech at 11th Plenary Meeting of the 46th Session of UNGA, 26 September 1991, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, <http://www.meadev.nic.in>.

Late September 1991
Retired Indian chief of army staff General K. Sundarji says the "lack of nuclear doctrine [in India and Pakistan] is a dangerous thing. If you keep it under wraps you don't know what will develop." He adds that in the event of military conflict with Pakistan, the Indian military establishment has to keep in mind not to cross a certain threshold, but they cannot know what this threshold is for Pakistan. Sundarji argues it is necessary to establish formal doctrines and make them public to be able to control the chances of miscalculation. Lieutenant General M. Thomas, a retired commandant of India's main military academy, says the prospects of miscalculation in the current ambiguous climate between India and Pakistan are the biggest concern for the military high command in India.
—"South Asia Retains Its Nuclear Option," Washington Post, 30 September 1991, pp. A1, A15.

1-3 October 1991
Iranian deputy Foreign Minister Alaeddin Borujerdi visits India to finalize an agreement on India's supply of 10MW research reactor to Iran, as well as to discuss defense cooperation with India.
—"India Offers Tehran Nuclear Research Reactor," Irna (Tehran), 2 October 1991, in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-016, 29 October 1991, p. 35.

6 October 1991
India's Minister of External Affairs Madhav Singh Solanki says that the US Secretary of State James Baker advised that India should sign the NPT because France and China have expressed their willingness to adhere to the treaty as well. Solanki says unless there is equality among the treaty signatories, there is no point to press India to adhere to the NPT.
—"Solanki: No US Pressure to Sign Nuclear Pact," Delhi All India Radio, 6 October 1991; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-91-017, 7 November 1991, pp. 21-22.

9 October 1991
Indian Ambassador to Libya Abid Hussain says India declined to export nuclear technology to Libya when it received a request more than a decade ago. Hussain remarks that India has an impeccable nonproliferation record and has "neither imported or exported nuclear technology to anybody."
—Gene Kramer, "India Refused Technology to Libya, Envoy Says," Associated Press, 9 October 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 October 1991
The second 220MW Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) unit goes critical. The unit is expected to begin the production of electric power in a few months. The unit is commissioned four days after a 6.1 earthquake struck India within 200km from Narora. At the inauguration ceremony, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says the plant can withstand an earthquake of 6.7 on Richter scale with the epicenter within 12km. According to Iyengar, the plant has many safety features, including double containment and separate systems for heavy water and light water. Iyengar adds that India will not experience Chernobyl-type accidents. India's nominal nuclear power capacity has now risen to 1,780MW, while actual capacity is under 1,000MW because all the plants are working below their full capacity levels.
—Government of India, "Department of Atomic Energy Annual Report 1991-1992," p. 1.1; "Second Narora Unit Goes Critical as Quake Leaves Plant Unscathed," Nucleonics Week, 31 October 1991, p. 5.

31 October 1991
During the fifth round of foreign secretary-level talks, India and Pakistan agree to notify each other about the location of their nuclear installations and facilities before 1 January 1992. According to the spokesperson for Pakistan's foreign affairs office, India and Pakistan have also discussed the possibility to "cap and reverse" their nuclear programs. In an interview with the News (Islamabad), Indian Foreign Secretary Muchkund Dubey says China's decision to adhere to the NPT will not influence India's stance on the treaty. He says the estimates that India possesses 40 to 60 nuclear weapons are based on the amount of plutonium India has. Dubey adds that India does not deny it is nuclear capable, however, it does not mean it has nuclear weapons.
—"India, Pakistan Say They'll Give Nuclear Facility Locations in 1991," Nucleonics Week, 7 November 1991, p. 10.

November 1991
Bangladesh approaches India, France, Japan, and the Soviet Union for technology and investment to build a 300MW nuclear power station in Roopppur.
—"Bangladesh Seeks Bids," Nuclear Engineering International, 1 December 1991, p. 13.

November 1991
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar says India will build indigenous pressurized heavy water reactors in case the collapse of the Soviet Union adversely affects existing agreement for two 1,000 VVERs to be constructed in Koodankulam. He also rules out the prospects of obtaining power reactors from France.
—"Indian VVER Substitutes," Nuclear Engineering International, December 1991, p. 12.l.

9 November 1991
Mumbai-based Independent reports that negotiations between India and Iran for the sale of a 10MW research reactor are underway and an agreement is "almost finalized."
—Ajay Singh, "India Reportedly Selling Nuclear Reactor to Iran," Associated Press, 15 November 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 November 1991
Scientific Advisor to the Indian government V.S. Arunachalam tells Indian journalists that he estimates that Pakistan is now capable of producing 10 nuclear weapons. Following his statement, Bharatiya Janata Party Vice President Krishna Lal Sharma urges the Indian government to weaponize India's nuclear capabilities.
—George Perkovich, "American Nonproliferation Initiatives," India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 324.

11 November 1991
The Times of India (Mumbai) reports on the experiments with nuclear fusion carried out at the Institute of Plasma Research (Ahmedabad). Indian scientists are reportedly using the inertial confinement method. The method requires a deuterium pellet impacted by laser beams. According to Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar, fusion might be achieved by the middle of the next century. Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) director R. Chidambaram agrees with Iyengar. India is continuing its inertial confinement fusion experiments at the Center for Advanced Technology (Indore).
—"Ahmedabad Nuclear Fusion Methods Described," Times of India (Mumbai), 12 November 1991, p. 13.

15 November 1991
The United States expresses concern over potential sale of an Indian 10MW nuclear research reactor to Iran due to the possibility that Iran might use the facility to produce fissionable material for nuclear weapons or manufacture its own facility modeled on the Indian reactor in case International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards are attached to the sale. According to the US State Department's spokesperson, the US Assistant Secretary of State Edward Djerejian has raised the issue with the Indian ambassador to the United States, Abid Hussain. India's Deputy Foreign Minister Eduardo Faleiro says he is unaware of the nuclear deal with Iran and the newspaper report is "a deliberate attempt to spread more misgivings about India."
—Steve Coll, "Iran Reported Trying to Buy Indian Reactor," Washington Post, 15 November 1991, pp. A33, A39; "India Withdraws Offer to Iranians of N-Reactor," Financial Times (London), 21 November 1991, p. 6; Ajay Singh, "India Reportedly Selling Nuclear Reactor to Iran," Associated Press, 15 November 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 November 1991
Indian foreign ministry spokesperson Aftab Seth says the government does not have an immediate response to the statement issued by the US Department of State on the issue of India's planned sale of a 10MW nuclear research reactor to Iran.
—"No Comment on US Demand to Back Away from Nuclear Reactor Sale," Associated Press, 16 November 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Mid-November 1991
In an interview with Hindustan Times (New Delhi), Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar confirms the offer of a 10MW research reactor to Iran.
—"US to Ask New Delhi to Back Off on Research Reactor Offer to Iran," Nucleonics Week, 21 November 1991, p. 2.

19 November 1991
A Western diplomatic official says the United States will strongly urge India to refrain from selling a research reactor to Iran. US Undersecretary of State Reginald Bartholomew will travel to New Delhi to discuss the planned sale of research reactors to Iran and Syria. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar confirms the offer to Iran, comparing it with the one made by Argentina to Peru, Algeria, and Turkey. Iyengar emphasizes that India makes its offers openly unlike the case with China's offer to Algeria in the 1980s. Nucleonics Week, citing Indian sources, reports that Indian officials are planning to slow the pace of sales to Iran in response to US pressure.
—"US to Ask New Delhi to Back Off on Research Reactor Offer to Iran," Nucleonics Week, 21 November 1991, p. 2; "Indian MPs Urge Nuclear Reactor Sale to Iran," Asian Defense Journal, December 1991, p. 124.

20 November 1991
Suresh Kalmadi, a member of the Indian parliament from the ruling Congress (I) party, raises the issue of a research reactor sale to Iran in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament). Kalmadi says the government of India should not under any circumstances succumb to the US pressure to refrain from the sale of the reactor to Iran. He adds that such sales should not be the privilege of industrialized world.
—"Indian MPs Urge Nuclear Reactor Sale to Iran," Asian Defense Journal, December 1991, p. 124.

21-22 November 1991
US Undersecretary of State Reginald Bartholomew visits New Delhi to discuss the planned sale of a research reactor to Iran and other nonproliferation related issues. According to a spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs of India, Indian officials explained to Bartholomew that the sales negotiations are at the initial stage between the atomic energy commissions of the two countries and denied that Indian foreign minister Madhav Singh Solanki discussed the issue during his recent visit to Tehran. The spokesperson says Indian sales of research reactors will be subject to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards and India plans to take into consideration the reservations some developing countries have against this sale. It will also take into account American concerns. During the visit, Bartholomew and Solanki discuss Pakistan's proposal for a South Asian nuclear weapon free zone and Solanki says India has "an open mind" about attending the five-nation (United States, Russia, China, Pakistan, and India) conference proposed by Pakistan even though it is skeptical about regional nonproliferation arrangements. The Hindu (Chennai), citing "knowledgeable sources," reports that Bartholomew informally suggested that India join the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
—"India Say Research Reactor Sale to Iran is in Preliminary Stages," Nucleonics Week, 28 November 1991, p. 8; David Housego, "India Shifts Stance on N-Weapons Conference," Financial Times (London), 25 November 1991, p. 3; K.K. Katyal, "Nuclear Issue: India to Study US Suggestion," Hindu (Chennai), 30 November 1991, p. 9; "West Urges India to Join London Club," Hindu (Chennai), 2 December 1991, p. 6; in FBIS Document JPRS-TND-92-002, 31 January 1991, p. 18.

21 November 1991
Reuters reports that India has canceled the planned research reactor sale to Iran "after stiff criticism in the United States." A senior official at the Ministry of External Affairs of India says a "decision has been taken at the highest level not to sell the reactor to Iran."
—"India Cancels Sale of Reactor to Iran," Washington Times, 21 November 1991, p. 2; "India Withdraws Offer to Iranians of N-Reactor," Financial Times (London), 21 November 1991, p. 6.

22 November 1991
The spokesperson of India's Ministry of External Affairs says that India has a scrupulous record in nuclear nonproliferation and it is "up to Iran to satisfy the safeguard requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)" after it receives a 10MW research reactor from India. He says that India does not intend to sell nuclear technology "in a big way," noting that the negotiations with Iran are in the preliminary stage.
—"India, US End Thorny Talks on Nuclear Policy," Agence France Presse, 22 November 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 November 1991, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10-15 December 1991
The prime ministers and foreign ministers of India and China meet for a series of talks on issues of mutual concern: China's arms supplies to Pakistan and Myanmar, and India's relations with Pakistan. Indian officials stress the dangers to regional stability from the continued inputs of missile and nuclear technology to Pakistan. Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen says China is not interested in fueling an arms race in the region and expresses his hope that India will sort out differences with Pakistan in a peaceful manner.
—"N-Supplies: Delhi Conveys Concern," Hindu (Chennai), 21 December 1991, p. 9; "Chinese Premier Says Visit to India Defines Common Views," United Press International, 15 December 1991; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 December 1991
India announces it will not sign the NPT even if China does. India considers the treaty discriminatory and does not intend to change its stance.
—"India Refuses to Join Non-proliferation Pact," Washington Times, 17 December 1991, p. A2.

1991
Rich reserves of "relatively high grade" uranium ore are discovered in northeastern state of Meghalaya.
—Simon Rippon, "Asian Subcontinent: Nuclear Programs in Pakistan, India," Nuclear News, June 1995, pp. 42-43.