Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Early 1995
An Israeli intelligence report states that North Korea has sent 12 or more Nodong-1 missiles to Iran.
—Adel Darwish, "Israel Claims Iran Has North Korean Missiles," Independent (London), 2 May 1995, p. 10; in FBIS Document FBIS-TAC-95-003, 2 May 1995.

Early 1995
Iran receives at least four Scud transporter-erector launchers (TELs) from North Korea. This recent transfer is just one element of what the CIA calls a "growing cooperation between Iran and North Korea on a broad range of ballistic missile-related issues." The U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence releases the written CIA comments that had been submitted as a response to questions asked at a 10 January hearing.
—Barbara Starr, "Iran gets 'Scud' TELs from North Korea," Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 May 1995, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1995
Iran has possession of the Ying Ji-2 missile and reports state that North Korea and Syria may be working together with Iran on increasing the range of the Silkworm missile to 400km.
—Duncan Lennox and Barbara Starr, "Briefing: Cruise Missiles," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 June 1996, pp. 19-21.

1995
In 1995, Mr. Akrami and Mr. Lessan send an undercover agent a fax from Iran requesting an item by its classified number. The U.S. Department of Defense identified the item as a klystron tube, a piece of electronic equipment used to guide anti-aircraft missiles. Mr. Owens says that Mr. Akrami suggested that Iran would buy as many tubes as he could find, and pay for them with large amounts of opium or heroin. The men's lawyers state that there shouldn't be charges put up against them because they are "only acting as brokers for Iran."
—Anthony DePalma, "Canada Sets Bail for Iranians Held in Weapons Smuggling," New York Times, 16 May 1998, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1995
Iran and China sign an agreement for the sale of one or two power units for the Bushehr electric power station. China is believed to have sold components of M-9 and M-11 missiles to Iran or maybe even the entire missiles.
—Aleksandr Chudodeyev and Stanislav Tarasov, "Between 'Strategic Partners' Like Two Stools. Russia's Allies Iran and China Have Begun Own Game," Segodnya (Moscow), 8 May 1997, p. 4; in "Implications of Closer China-Iran Ties Pondered," FBIS Document FTS19970509000257, 9 May 1997.

1995
Sources in the United Arab Emirates claim that the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) has deployed Silkworm anti-ship missiles. Using its B-747s, Iran imports some North Korean missile assemblies and seems to use ships to import others. Iran probably has more than 60 of the longer-range North Korean missiles, although one source reports 170. Iran aims to have several hundred such missiles by the late 1990s. Iran may also begin testing its new North Korean missiles, firing from a mobile launcher at a test site near Qom. Iran probably has missile production technology and some 200 CSS-8 short-range ballistic missiles from China. Iran ordered 10 68-ton Chinese fast-attack craft or missile patrol boats in 1992. China delivers at least five fast attack craft or missile patrol boats. It is uncertain whether they are armed with the CS-801 or the more capable CS-802 missile. Iran obtains at least 60-100 C-801 or C-802 (YF-6) anti-ship missiles from China. The C-801 anti-ship missile (also referred to as the Yinji [Hawk] or SY-2 missile) is a solid-fueled missile similar to the French Exocet, and can be launched from land, ships, and aircraft. It has a range of roughly 74km in the surface-to-surface mode, and uses J-Band active radar guidance. The CS-802 is an upgraded C-801 that was first exhibited in 1988. It uses a turbojet propulsion system with a rocket booster instead of the solid-fueled booster in the C-801. Iran has also used Chinese help to produce a group of missiles called the "Nazeat," in which the longest-range system is the Iran-130. Since the Iran-Iraq War, Iran has exhibited another large rocket called the Shahin-2.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), pp. 42, 46, 56.

1995
Iran receives four new Scud transporter-erector launchers (TELs) from North Korea.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 February 2000), p. 36.

1995
Iran has 300km-range Scud-B and 500km-range Scud-C ballistic missiles and reportedly plans to purchase 582 of the North Korean Nodong missile with a range of 1,000km.
—Major Mary Brown et al., "Challenges to Stability, Iranian Threat," Air University Tutorial, 1994-1995, Combatant Commands Informational Series: USCENTCOM <http://www.au.af.mil>.

1995
North Korea and Syria may be cooperating with Iran to extend the range of the Silkworm cruise missile to 400km.
—Duncan Lennox and Barbara Starr, "Briefing: Cruise Missiles," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 June 1996, pp. 19-21.

1995
The German Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service, BND) says that Russia delivers an RD-214 rocket engine to Iran that could help develop a 2,000km-range missile.
—Heinz Vielain, "Intelligence Service Warns: Iran Is Developing Nuclear Weapons," Welt am Sonntag (Hamburg), 27 April 1997, p. 4; in "BND Says Iran 'Stepped Up' Arms Program 'Considerably'," FBIS Document FTS19970428000303, 28 April 1997.

1995
An important element in Iran's quest for a nuclear arsenal is a joint venture with North Korea to develop a long-range Scud missile. Iran purchases an estimated 200 Scud-B missiles. Iran wants to improve the missile's range to 1,600km.
—Con Coughlin, "Iran plays with nuclear fire as Israel watches," Sunday Telegraph (London), 15 January 1995, p. 20, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1995
German intelligence officials suspect that a small German airport owned by Iranians is used for arms trafficking to Iran. Mehdi Kashani, an Iranian arms dealer, and Mussa Khayer Habibollahi, a former Iranian deputy oil minister, purchased the Hartenholm civilian airport in 1993. Kashani, who lives in Madrid, was first connected to arms smuggling to Iran in 1983, when a shipment of arms bound for Iran was discovered leaving Portugal for Iran. Kashani was also a link in the Iran-Contra arms network. In 1992 the Spanish police arrested Kashani for trying to ship 200 Klystron amplifiers, which are used to help guide missiles, to the Iranian Air Force. The German intelligence officials believe that his partner, Habibollahi, oversees the Iranian government's clandestine arms acquisitions in Europe. It is believed that at least some of the arms purchases are funded through narcotics trafficking.
—Chris Hedges, "Iran flings its arms net over a small airport in Germany; Lax regulations at local flying fields have opened a door to Tehran's nuclear ambitions," Guardian (London), 16 March 1995, p. 12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1995
Western analysts believe that a weak economy and sanctions force Iran to scale back its military expenditures. In 1992, it was forecast that Iran was preparing for an immense conventional arms buildup. Since then, Iran has been forced to cancel or postpone several arms deals. The well-publicized attempt to obtain Nodong ballistic missiles from North Korea appears to have been cancelled or postponed indefinitely. China and North Korea still supply Iran with missile guidance equipment and technology, as well as shorter-range Scud-B and Scud-C missiles.
—R. Jeffrey Smith, "Projected Iranian Buildup Scaled Back, Analysts Say; Weak Economy and Western Embargo Are Cited," Washington Post, 18 November 1995, p. A22, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

January 1995
U.S. officials acknowledge that North Korean military assistance to Iran is more substantial than previously believed. Officials now confirm assertions by South Korean intelligence that Tehran has received Nodong missiles from North Korea, capable of striking Israel from Iran.
—Steve Rodan, "What the US is whispering to Israel about Iran," Jerusalem Post, 13 January 1995, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

January 1995
A CIA report circulated to U.S. administration officials states that Iran is working on a binary nerve gas warhead and is trying to acquire the capability to deliver the CBW agents with ballistic missiles. Increased contact between Iran and North Korea, and Iran's recent $40 billion arms-buying spree including purchases of tanks, artillery, fighters and Scud-B and Scud-C missiles from North Korea, are of concern. Iran also develops its own ballistic missiles and encourages North Korea to develop a new generation of ballistic missiles.
—James Adams, "Iran making chemical arsenal," Sunday Times (London), 5 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

4 January 1995
The Iranians provide funds for the North Koreans to develop the Nodong missile and are working on a long-range solid-propellant missile with the assistance of the Chinese.
—Arye Egozi, "Israeli Press on CW Capabilities," Yediot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 4 January 1995, p. 13; in FBIS Document FTS19970523002906, 23 May 1997.

5 January 1995
Iran negotiates the purchase of surface-to-surface missile technology from Russia. Iran's negotiation with Russia focuses on technology relevant to SS-4 missiles with a range of 2,000km. Iran has negotiated a similar transaction with North Korea for the purchase of the Nodong, a 1,000km-range missile.
—Zeev Schiff, "Iran Reportedly Negotiating Missile Deal With Russia," Haaretz (Tel Aviv), 5 January 1996; in FBIS Document FTS19960105000425, 5 January 1996.

7 January 1995
Iran stations anti-ship missiles on islands it occupies in the Persian Gulf that are claimed by the UAE , as well as SA-5 SAMs on the coast of Iran. [Note: The islands are Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs.]
—Barbara Starr, "Iranian Torpedo Firings Cause US Consternation," Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 January 1995, p. 3.

9 January 1995
Iran's Missile Industries Group of the Defense Industries Organization discusses the possibility of purchasing equipment to manufacture ammonium perchlorate, an important solid fuel ingredient, from China North Industries (NORINCO).
—"Iran Seeking Solid Rocket Fuel," Iran Brief, 9 January 1995, p. 8.

9 January 1995
At an Israeli Foreign Ministry staff meeting, Deputy Director-General Eitan Bentsur says that "Israel will also aim to begin a diplomatic dialogue in earnest in key world capitals regarding Iran's intentions and capabilities and efforts to obtain a nuclear arsenal, in order to enhance awareness."
—David Makovsky, "Perry: Greater dialogue needed on Iranian threat," Jerusalem Post, 11 January 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

13 January 1995
"U.S. officials now confirm assertions by South Korean intelligence that Tehran has received the medium-range Nodong missile from North Korea."
—Steve Rodan, "What the US is Whispering to Israel about Iran," Jerusalem Post, 13 January 1995, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

February 1995
Hassan Taherian, an Iranian foreign ministry official, says that "There is no missile cooperation between Iran and North Korea whatsoever." Iran is believed to have Scud-C missiles from North Korea, with a 500km range.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 February 2000), p. 36.

February 1995
U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Shalikashvili, says that Iran has started to put HAWK anti-aircraft missiles on launchers on the island of Abu Musa, which Iran has apparently not done before. Joseph Nye, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, says that Iran's missile deployments are a "concern to shipping." Pentagon spokesman Kenneth Bacon, however, says that the buildup, which began in October 1994, is viewed as "primarily" defensive. He says, "We don't see it as something that's designed to threaten international or US shipping in the area."
—"Missiles are a 'concern to shipping'," Jane's Defence Weekly, 11 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

6 February 1995
U.S. Navy officials predict that Iran will deploy Silkworm or CS-801 Sardine anti-ship missiles on several islands near the Strait of Hormuz, including Abu Musa and the Tunb islands.
—Philip Finnegan and Robert Holzer, "Iran Arms Cache on Disputed Islands Vexes US," Defense News, 6 February 1995, pp. 1, 42.

14-15 February 1995
Robert Galucci, the chief U.S. negotiator in nuclear talks with North Korea, while in Israel, states that the United States will raise the issue of North Korea's cooperation with Iran in development of the Nodong surface-to-surface missile. Some Israeli senior officials privately complain that the United States neglects the missile issue due to its preoccupation with North Korea's nuclear program.
—David Makovsky, "US concerned over N. Korea-Iran missile cooperation," Jerusalem Post, 19 February 1995, p. 12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

15 February 1995
Iran is negotiating with Russia the purchase of Backfire bombers, advanced anti-ship missiles, and SA-10 surface-to-air missiles. U.S. CENTCOM Commander General Binford Peay acknowledges that sales of advanced missile and nuclear technology are a primary concern of Russian arms deals with Iran.
—Barbara Opall, Defense News, 20-26 February 1995, pp. 1, 28, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

19 February 1995
The Director General of the Iranian Foreign Ministry's Far Eastern division, Hassan Taherian, denies missile cooperation with North Korea. Taherian says "we deny this...for lack of need and also self-sufficiency in military productions, our military cooperation is very limited. It is about zero."
—"Iran Denies Missile Cooperation With North Korea," Reuters, 19 February 1995, in Executive News Service, 20 February 1995.

28 February 1995
U.S. officials say that Iran is deploying U.S.-made HAWK anti-aircraft missiles on islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. U.S. Army General John Shalikashvili, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, says that the missiles are placed on unidentified islands at the opening of the strait.
—"Iran places missiles on strategic gulf islands," Toronto Star, 1 March 1995, p. A15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

March 1995
U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry, on a six-day tour of the Persian Gulf, comments on Iran's weapons build-up at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. He says that the Iranian arsenal includes Chinese Silkworm anti-ship and HAWK anti-air missiles, as well as approximately 6,000 troops.
—"Iran masses arms near mouth of gulf; chemical weapons, troops could pinch oil, Perry says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 March 1995, p. 3A, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

March 1995
Iranian Foreign Ministry official Hassan Taherian acknowledges some small-scale deals between Iran and North Korea. Taherian, however, also says that "There is no missile cooperation between Iran and North Korea whatsoever. We deny this."
—"Flashpoints: Iran," Jane's Defence Weekly, 4 March 1995, p. 18, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

March 1995
Iran's civil and defense aviation industries, including its ballistic missile programs, reportedly employ 50 German scientists.
—Intelligence Newsletter, 16 March, 1995, p. 7, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

1 March 1995
Iran has reportedly loaded Hawk surface-to-air missiles onto pre-deployed launchers on Sirri Island in the Strait of Hormuz. The deployment is in response to Israeli threats to bomb the Bushehr nuclear facility. Iran now has missiles on both sides of the only deep water channel in the Gulf, through which more than 20% of the world's oil is shipped.
—Youssef Azmeh, Reuter, 1 March 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

1 March 1995
Iran implicitly confirms a U.S. report that it had deployed anti-aircraft missiles on its islands at the entrance to the Gulf, but insists that such actions were strictly for defense. Western military sources identify the island where HAWK anti-aircraft missiles were deployed as Sirri Island. Officials also report that the buildup, which began in the fall 1994, included SA-6 surface-to-air missiles. They report that the islands being fortified are Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands, which are also claimed by the United Arab Emerites. Supposedly Iran is also deploying Silkworm missiles, HAWK missiles, and Seersucker anti-ship missiles on Qeshm.
—Laurent Maillard, "Reactions to US Claims of 'Deployed' Missiles," Agence France-Presse, 1 March 1995; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-041, 2 March 1995, p. 64; "Iran Says Missiles Defend It Against Attack by Israel," Washington Post, 2 March 1995, p. A24, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; "Iranian buildup in gulf has Pentagon worried," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 March 1995, p. 11A, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; David Fairhall, "Gulf Build-up 'Defensive' Says Iran," Guardian (London), 24 March 1995, p. 17, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1 March 1995
A diplomat at the Argentine Embassy in Tel Aviv, speaking on condition of anonymity, confirms an Israeli official's charge that "Argentina started some negotiations to sell some type of nuclear products to Iran eight to 10 years ago." He says talks broke off three to four years ago because of the "political situation." An Israeli official says that Iran has established a network of front organizations throughout Europe to buy technology for its nuclear program as well as to purchase other military know-how, including missile systems. Purchases are reportedly made in the name of Sharif and Amir Kabir Universities.
—Associated Press, "Iran tried to buy nuclear weapons materials from Argentina-official," Jerusalem Post, 2 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

3 March 1995
A secret Iranian government opposition organization, Babak Khorram Dia, says that the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) is dismantling the HAWK missiles deployed on some of the islands in the Gulf, including Abu Musa and Sirri islands, after the United States revealed their existence.
—Safa Haeri, "Report of Iran's Withdrawal of Missiles Deployed in Gulf," Al-Hayat (London), 5 March 1995, p. 4; in "Dismantling of Gulf Island Missiles Said Under Way," FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-044, 7 March 1995, p. 48.

3 March 1995
Francois Leotard, French defense minister, denies that France exports arms to Iran and says that all the shipments made to Cyprus had legal and official authorization. Vincent Hervouet, a studio analyst, says that France indeed exported six Exocet missiles to Cyprus using a flight that took off from the air base at Chateauroux and that the plane landed in Larnaca. He adds that the deal was negotiated at the time when Michel was prime minister of France.
—"Rumors of Missile Delivery to Iran Leotard Says Missiles in Cyprus, Not Iran," LCI Television (Paris), 23 March 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19970508000801, 8 May 1997.

5 March 1995
Iran carries out its first full-scale exercises using its newly acquired Kilo-class diesel-electric submarines, following reports that it deployed Hawk anti-aircraft missiles on Sirri Island and other locations in the Gulf. Iran is also said to have deployed Chinese Silkworm and Ukrainian-supplied Sunburn missiles on Sirri Island and other locations in the Strait of Hormuz.
—James Bruce, Jane's Defence Weekly, 18 March 1995, p. 5, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

13 March 1995
Quoting a high-ranking Israeli defense official, the daily Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot says that Syria, Iran, Libya, and other unnamed Arab countries have long- and medium-range missiles ready to launch at Israel.
—"1,000 Arab Missiles Are Aimed At Israel," Plain Dealer (Cleveland), 13 March 1995, p. 7A, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

Spring 1995
Russia reportedly supplies Iran with an RD-214 engine.
—Heinz Vielain, "Intelligence Service Warns: Iran is Developing Nuclear Weapons," Die Welt am Sonntag (Hamburg), 27 April 1997, p. 4; in "BND Says Iran 'Stepped Up' Arms Programs 'Considerably',"
FBIS Document FTS19970428000303, 28 April 1997.

24 March 1995
Bernard Stroiazzo, a French arms dealer once commissioned by Thomson to deliver weapons to Iran in the Iran-Iraq War, says that he would not believe France exported missiles to Iran, arguing that it is difficult to adapt French missiles to U.S.-made aircraft quickly. He also undermines the reports of L'Express, a French magazine, that claims French missile exports to Iran, saying "it is difficult to export whole air-to-ground missile from a country like France without very clear authorization from several ministers." He adds that he was commissioned by Thomson to sell bulbs for HAWK ground-to-air missiles.
—"T.O.," "How I Did Deals With Tehran," Le Figaro (Paris), 24 March 1995, p. 9; in "Rumors of Missile Delivery to Iran Arms Trafficker Gives Interview," FBIS Document FTS19970508000802, 8 May 1997.

25 March 1995
Cyprus is supposedly displaying the missiles it had received from France that were allegedly heading for Iran. French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua asks the justice ministry to begin criminal proceedings against L'Express, a French magazine, for alleging that one of his associates had contravened arms sanctions against Iran by arranging a shipment of French missiles to Tehran. French Prime Minister Edouard Balladur's office says that a batch of six missiles had been dispatched to Cyprus in October 1994 with a ban on their re-export. A Nicosia spokesman confirms the receipt of the missiles, but says that they are for Cyprus' self-defense. The French Defense Ministry says that the French defense attaché in Cyprus had seen all the missiles and checked that the serial numbers corresponded with those supplied by their French manufacturer.
—David Buchan, "Pasqua Aide Linked to Iran Arms," Financial Times (London), 23 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; David Buchan, "Pasqua targets missile claim," Financial Times (London), 24 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Missile denial," Herald (Glasgow), 31 March 1995, p. 8, in Lexis Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

27 March 1995
Iran supposedly receives French Exocet missiles. The missiles are shipped to Cyprus on an Algerian plane and then transferred to Iran. The Iranian, French, and Cypriot governments deny such allegations. In fact, 24 missiles were shipped to Cyprus, 5 of which are displayed at a military parade; the destination of the other 19 missiles is unknown. Cypriot authorities claim that these missiles are in stock due to national security consideration. French government representatives are able to visit these stocks. The Arab-published newspaper Al Hayat claims that France provided Iran with missile components for Iran's anti-air defense that were transferred in the same flight as the other missiles to Cyprus. The paper also states that the French authorities acknowledge delivery of "civil aviation inspection" equipment to Iran but refuse to use the adjective "military" to qualify the equipment.
—"A.B.," "Missiles: The Mystery Persists," Le Figaro (Paris), 27 March 1995, p. 9; in "Rumors of Missile Delivery to Iran Issue 'Not Completely Closed'," FBIS Document FTS19970508000803, 8 May 1997.

Spring 1995
Iranian Foreign Affairs Minister Velayati neither confirms nor denies information that Iran received guidance systems from China to increase the precision of its Scuds.
—Paula A. DeSutter, Denial and Jeopardy Deterring Iranian Use of NBC Weapons (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1997), p. 53.

April 1995
Western intelligence agencies claim that Iran and Libya plan to co-develop long-range ballistic missiles. Libya reportedly has offered $31 million for material and technical information that Iran has obtained from China, North Korea, and other countries. Libya is believed to be developing a 600 mile-range surface-to-surface missile.
—International Security Digest, April 1995, cited in Times, 1 April 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

April 1995
China reportedly helped Iran develop its Oghab (Eagle) missile and a Scud-B production line.
—Pamela Pohling Brown, Strategic Digest, April 1995, pp. 493-494.

April 1995
Russian officials refuse to comment on a possible sale to Iran of an "ultra-sophisticated" submarine armed with the Igla anti-aircraft missile system.
—Stanislav Kucher and Dimitry Kulik, Komsomolskaya Pravda, (Moscow), 29 April 1995, p. 3, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 162.

1 April 1995
Iran and Libya agree to cooperate in the development of long-range ballistic missiles. Libya allegedly offers to pay Iran $31 million for material and know-how that Iran receives from North Korea, China, and Western sources. This could include equipment for a liquid-fuel plant. Supposedly, the two countries will work together to increase the range of the Scud-B missile, as well as to develop Libya's Al-Fatah missile. The Western intelligence report follows a visit to Tripoli by an Iranian Ministry of Defense delegation. The intelligence sources cite past cooperation between the two countries: during the Iran-Iraq War, Libya supplied missiles to Iran in exchange for chemical weapons, which the Libyans used against Chad.
—Michael Evans, "Libya and Iran 'plan joint missile project'," Times (London), 1 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

5 April 1995
The CIA reports that North Korea recently provided at least four Scud transporter-erector launchers (TELs) to Iran, doubling the number of TELs Iran possesses. The TELs were transferred in late-1994 and work with Scud-B and Scud-C missiles, but not the Nodong-1. The CIA report is in response to questions submitted by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on 10 January 1995.
—Tony Capaccio, "North Korea Has Transferred Mobile Scud Launchers To Iran," Defense Week, 1 May 1995, pp. 1, 14; Barbara Starr, "Iran Gets 'Scud' TELs from North Korea," Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 May 1995, p. 5; Paul Mann, editor, "CIA Disclosures," Aviation Week and Space Technology," Vol. 142, No. 19, 8 May 1995, p. 19, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

17 April 1995
Two Russian scientists reportedly collaborate by e-mail with Iran and Pakistan on nuclear- and missile-related issues. One of the scientists met with a group of Iranian scientists at a Russian nuclear research center in Dubna, Russia. The Iranians gave the scientist a Compaq computer in exchange for solving two missile guidance-related problems. The scientist continues to be paid $300-$500 for each problem he solves for Iran by e-mail, which he sends using the Compaq computer.
—Alan Cooperman and Kyrill Belianinov, "Moonlighting By Modem in Russia," US News & World Report, 17 April 1995, pp. 45, 48.

May 1995
Iran acquires North Korean Nodong missiles. [Note: This article also refers to the Nodong as a Scud-D.] The Israelis say that with the help of Libya, Iran acquires the technology to equip the Nodong with conventional warheads that have four times the destructive power of a Scud-B missile. Iran has already acquired more than 200 Scud-B missiles from North Korea. The Iranians deny the claims and accuse Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom of waging a propaganda war against Iran. Despite Iranian protests to the contrary, Israel insists that Iran acquires at least 12 North Korean Nodong missiles.
—Adel Darwish, "Tehran missiles 'can reach Israel'," Independent (London), 2 May 1995, p. 10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

May 1995
Ukraine Ambassador Ivan Maydan denies accusations that Ukraine sold Iran eight SS-N-22 Sunburn anti-ship cruise missiles for $450,000 each.
—International Security Digest, May 1995, cited in Agence France Presse International News, 14 May 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161; IRNA (Tehran) 17 May 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

May 1995
Reports from Moscow indicate the probability of a Russian arms deal with Iran, including the sale of S-300-PMU-1 surface-to-air missile systems, Tunguska anti-aircraft systems and project-12318 missile launchers.
—Igor Korotchenko, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 12 May 1995, p. 2, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 162.

May 1995
A senior Israeli defense official tells the Israeli daily newspaper the Jerusalem Post that Israel was aware of and protested Ukraine's sale of eight SS-N-22 missiles to Iran several months ago. A middleman representing a U.S. arms dealer proposed to buy the missiles from the Ukraine, but states that his deal fell through and that Iran ended up paying $450,000 for each missile.
—Alon Pinkas, "Ukraine sold missiles to Iran despite protest," Jerusalem Post, 14 May 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

2 May 1995
An Israeli intelligence report cites Israeli and Western intelligence sources as saying that North Korea has transferred a dozen or more Nodong-1 ballistic missiles to Iran. The missiles were shipped to Iran earlier this year. Also referred to as the Scud-D, the Nodong-1 is said to have a range of 1,500km.
—Adel Darwish, "Tehran Missiles 'Can Reach Israel'," Independent (London), 2 May 1995, p. 10, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; Adel Darwish, Independent (London), "2 May 1995, in "Israel Claims Government Received DPRK Missiles," FBIS-NES-95-085, 2 May 1995.

2 May 1995
Israeli sources claim that Libya helped Iran with conventional warhead technology, enabling its Nodong-1 missiles to carry four times the explosives of its Scud-B.
—Adel Darwish, Independent (London), 2 May 1995, p. 10, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, July -October 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1996, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 173.

12 May 1995
The Russian daily newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta reports that Iran wants to buy Russian S-300-PMU-1 anti-tactical ballistic missile systems for use as air defenses around Tehran and the Bushehr nuclear power plant.
—"Russian Eyes New Arms Sales," Iran Brief, 1 June 1995, p. 1.

12 May 1995
Iran intends to install air defense systems around Tehran and Bushehr as early as 1996 out of fear that sea-based Tomahawk cruise missiles from the U.S. Navy stationed in the Persian Gulf could hit these locations. The Iranians intend to turn to the Russians for the purchase of S-300-PMU-1 surface-to-air missile systems, "Tunguska" anti-aircraft complexes, project-12318 missile launchers and project 1265-E base trawlers.
—Igor Korotchenko, "A Quite Likely Deal. Iran Shows Interest in Russian Arms," Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 12 May 1995, p. 2; in "New Arms Sale Deal With Iran 'Quite Likely'," FBIS Document FTS19950512000316, 12 May 1995.

22 May 1995
Iran's Falaq-3 missile forces, including members of the Islamic Republican Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), begin a five-day military exercise in the Strait of Hormuz. The two units reportedly operate each other's equipment successfully.
—IRNA (Tehran), 23 May 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

24 May 1995
During the Fajr-4 (Dawn-4) maneuvers in Khorramshahr, the Iranian soldiers, backed by heavy artillery, armored and air defense units, missile launchers, tanks, anti-tank weapons and other sophisticated weapons, cross the artificially created obstacles and capture the positions of a hypothetical army.
—"Military Maneuvers Conclude in Khorramshar," Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 24 May 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950524000330, 24 May 1995.

29 May-2 June 1995
North Korean Foreign Minister Kim Yŏng Nam visits Tehran, and Iran offers to pay for some $300 million worth of Scud missiles purchased from North Korea with oil. Previously, North Korea had insisted on hard currency for missile sales to Iran. U.S. Secret Service sources say Iran may have paid in the past with counterfeit $100 bills.
—"Oil for Missiles with DPRK," Iran Brief, 1 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

30 May 1995
Iran maintains anti-vessel artillery and missiles in the islands close to the Hormuz strait, through which 90% of Gulf oil passes.
—Dr. Ibrahim al-Hadban, "Protection of U.S. Interests in Gulf as Seen by U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry," Al Watan (Kuwait), 30 May 1995, p. 24; in "Dual Containment Keeps Gulf Alert," FBIS Document FTS19950530000369, 30 May 1995.

June 1995
North Korea delivers approximately 20 Nodong-1 missiles and eight transporter-erector launchers (TELs) to Iran.
—Duncan Lennox, "Ballistic Missiles," Jane's Defence Weekly, 17 April 1996, pp. 40, 43-44.

June 1995
China provided computerized machine tools and missile guidance systems to Iran, enabling Iran to improve the accuracy of its North Korean-acquired Scud missiles and to build its own similar missiles.
—Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 22 June 1995, pp. A1, A7, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 161-162.

6 June 1995
Azerbaijan sells six Kub air defense missile launchers to Iran. They are in poor condition and have no spare parts. Iran has to cannibalize them to make three serviceable launchers.
—Aleksandr Sychev, " A Poor Person Fires a Secondhand 'Kalashnikov'," Izvestiya (Moscow), 6 June 1995, p. 3; in "Notes on E. European Sales of Soviet Weapons," FBIS Document FTS19970423001512, 23 April 1997.

16 June 1995
U.S. officials say that China's cancellation of a visit by U.S. officials to discuss missile proliferation deprives the United States of the opportunity to directly address its concerns with China. Some intelligence reports state that China could be providing Iran with equipment, materials, and scientific know-how that Iran could use to produce its own medium-range missiles. Reportedly, Iran already has access to the Scud missile, which it purchased from China and North Korea. Iran also tries to obtain the Nodong from North Korea, in addition to trying to develop its own WMD-capable missiles.
—R. Jeffrey Smith, "Iran's Missile Technology Linked to China, Report Says," Washington Post, 17 June 1995, p. A14, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

16 June 1995
China cancels an upcoming meeting with the United States to discuss China's alleged sales of ballistic missile technology to Iran. One U.S. official says that China's deals with Iran may be limited to short-range rockets, which are not restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). An article in Defense News, however, alleges that the CIA has strong evidence that China provided medium-range ballistic missile technology to Iran. A U.S. official denies having current evidence of such transfers. The Chinese Foreign Ministry also denies the report.
—R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 17 June 1995, p. A14, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 162; Executive News Service, 20 June 1995, cited in Thomas Beal, UPI (Beijing), cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 162.

19 June 1995
Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli prime minister, says that Iran is supplying Hizballah with dozens, if not hundreds, of Sagger anti-tank missiles.
—"Rabin Awaiting Damascus Reply on Lebanon Attacks," Qol Yisrael (Jerusalem), 19 June 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950619000512, 19 June 1995.

20 June 1995
Brigadier General Rahim Savafi says that as part of the Ashura military exercises, the Iranian forces camped 100,000 troops, along with modern armored equipment including 500 main battle tanks, personnel carriers, artillery, Katyusha and other instruments such as surface-to-surface, air-to-surface, and surface-to-sea missiles.
—"Khamene'i Hails Guard Corps on Ashura Exercise General Comments on Exercise," IRNA (Tehran), 20 June 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950620000639, 20 June 1995.

20 June 1995
The First Deputy Commander of the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC) Brigadier General Rahim Safavi says the Ashura military exercises include Katyusha rockets, surface-to-surface missiles, and anti-ship missiles.
—IRNA (Tehran), 20 June 1995, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161.

21 June 1995
CIA reports that China delivers important components for missile systems to Iran and Pakistan. These include dozens, perhaps hundreds, of missile guidance systems and computerized machine tools to Iran. The components could give Tehran the ability to improve the accuracy of the North Korean Scud missiles already in its arsenal and enable it to build missiles on its own.
—Elaine Sciolino, "CIA Report Says Chinese Sent Iran Arms Components," New York Times, 22 June 1995, pp. A1, A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Martin Fletcher, "CIA arms sales report deepens US-China strains," Times (London), 23 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

21 June 1995
Responding to the CIA's allegations that China transferred missile guidance systems and computerized machine tools to Iran, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Chen Jian says that the report is groundless.
—Reuters, 21 June 1995; in "II Quarter 1995: June," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, June 1995).

24 June 1995
Iran, Pakistan, and China deny CIA allegations that China exported M-11 missiles to Iran and Pakistan in contravention of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).
—"Khamene'i Hails Guard Corps on Ashura Exercise General Comments on Exercise," IRNA (Tehran), 20 June 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950620000639, 20 June 1995.

24 June 1995
The Korea Trade Promotion Corporation says it erroneously reported that Iran obtained North Korean missiles in exchange for oil. A spokesman for the organization hoped that the report would not jeopardize positive Iranian-South Korean relations.
—Korea Times (Seoul), 25 July 1995, p. 8, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, July-October 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1996, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 173.

30 June 1995
U.S. Vice President Al Gore announces that Russia pledges to curb the spread of conventional weapons by ending its own arms deliveries to Iran and restricting sales of ballistic missile technology on the world market.
—Richard Boudreaux, "Russia Agrees to Stop Selling Arms to Iran," Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1995, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

3 July 1995
U.S. intelligence reports claim that China has provided advanced missile guidance systems and other sensitive technology to Iran, which could be used to improve the accuracy of Iran's Scud and other missiles.
—Evan S. Medeiros, Arms Control Today, July-August 1995, p. 24, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, July -October 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1996, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 173.

6 July 1995
The fast-flying aircraft of the Iranian Air Force, accompanied by sea helicopters, fire missiles and repeated shelling during a 57,000-strong parade and inspection ceremony, staged in the Persian Gulf.
—"Second Stage of Victory-6 Maneuvers Continues," IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 6 July 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950706000348, 6 July 1995.

7 July 1995
Western intelligence sources report that China plans to supply Iran with nuclear reactors, scientific and technical training, and expertise and components for missile production.
—Aluf Ben, "Maneuvering Between Giants," Haaretz (Tel Aviv), 7 July 1995, p. B1; in "Commentary Views Defense Relations With PRC," FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-133, 12 July 1995, p. 46.

9 July 1995
During Piruzi-6 (Victory-6) maneuvers, the Iranian armed forces engage in electronic attack and defense, intelligence gathering, monitoring of enemy units, radar deception, diverting enemy missiles, jamming of the hypothetical enemy's radar and electronic cover.
—"'Victory-6' Maneuvers Carried Out in Persian Gulf TV Details 'Tactical Phase'," IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 9 July 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950709000223, 9 July 1995.

9 July 1995
The tactical phase of the Victory-6 maneuvers is successfully carried out over an area of 30,000 square kilometers, incorporating gunboats and airborne units and modern equipment. The tactical stage tests the capability of the Iranian naval forces in launching electronic warfare.
—"'Victory-6' Maneuvers Carried Out in Persian Gulf ' Tactical Stage' Said 'Successful'," IRNA (Tehran), 9 July 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19950709000224, 9 July 1995.

14 July 1995
Iranian First Vice President Hasan Habibi travels to Minsk and announces that Iran "will buy conventional defensive weapons and hold consultations on some technological processes" with Belarus. A spokesman for Belarussian President Alexander G. Lukashenko calls press accounts of the deal "absolutely false."
—Sonni Efron, "Iran Reportedly Seeking Arms from Belarus," Los Angeles Times, 20 July 1995, p. A9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

19 July 1995
Western diplomats in Minsk confirm that Belarus is negotiating weapons sales to Iran, only a month after Russia pledged to end conventional arms and air-to-ground missile deliveries to Iran. Belarussian officials deny any arms sale, and the U.S. State Department says that it was aware of the rumors but could not confirm them. One U.S. official says that the rumors appear to be false.
—Sonni Efron, "Iran Reportedly Seeking Arms from Belarus," Los Angeles Times, 20 July 1995, p. A9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

25 July 1995
Korea Trade Promotion Corporation acknowledges its mistake in claiming that Iran is receiving missiles from North Korea in exchange for oil.
—"Iran-DPRK Missile Story Called 'Mistake'," Korea Times (Seoul), 25 July 1995, p. 8; in FBIS Document FTS19950725000132, 25 July 1995.

August 1995
Israeli sources say that North Korea had planned to transfer its 1000km-range Nodong missile to Iran, before recently halting development. North Korea may have provided some Nodong technology to Iran but is now believed to be helping Iran build a Scud-B and Scud-C missile production facility.
—Flight International, 8/30/95-9/5-95, p. 4, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, July -October 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1996, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 173.

16 August 1995
Former U.S. and Pakistani officials say that Iran has purchased some of the Stinger missiles provided to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan through a pro-Iranian faction and Qulbaddin Hekmetyar, an Afghan rebel leader.
—"Report," ORF Television Network (Vienna), 6 June 1995; in "Documentary Describes Islamic Fundamentalist Movements," FBIS Document FTS19970417001422, 17 April 1997.

September 1995
Croatian authorities seize several crates marked as humanitarian assistance. The crates are reportedly dropped from an unmarked aircraft and contain Iranian surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) en route to Bosnia. A U.S. expert identifies the SSMs as conventionally armed, solid-fueled, 130km-range Nazeat rockets. The Bosnians apparently purchased the rockets to acquire the capability to target Belgrade.
—"Iranian Missiles to Bosnia," Iran Brief, 3 March 1997, pp. 3-4.

9 September 1995
General Shahbaz, joint Chief of Staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran, says that 30 projects such as equipping one kind of fighter plane with special missiles, modernizing one type of armored personal carrier, and the design, installation, and operation of certain need systems in the area of computers have been carried out. He adds that 90 projects are under way, including designing and manufacturing Chieftain tanks, making the Cobra training helicopters operational, making a long-range air-to-ground missile, designing and manufacturing the control and heating system of one type of missile, developing electronic war, and installing standard missiles on missile launching crafts.
—"General Shahbaz Details Army Activities," Saff (Tehran), September-October 1995, p. 50; in FBIS Document FTS19950901000609, 1 September 1995.

12 September 1995
A U.S. Congressional Research Office report says that Iran has medium-range missiles. The report confirms several earlier reports that Iran has North Korean Nodong-1 surface-to-surface missiles with a range of 1,300km and a 1,000kg payload.
—Alon Pinkas, "Report: Israel, Iran have medium-range missiles," Jerusalem Post, 13 September 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

24 September 1995
Admiral Ali Shamkhani, the Commander of the Iranian Navy, says that Iran is able to build Peykan-class missile launchers.
—Rahim Chukhachizadeh, "'Exclusive' interview with Admiral 'Ali Shamkhani, the commander of Iran's navy, during Holy Defense Week," Keyhan (Tehran), 24 September 1995; in "Navy Commander Assesses Forces' Achievements," FBIS Document FTS19950924000008, 24 September 1995.

October 1995
The Israel Defense Force (IDF) accords great importance to monitoring Iran's efforts to acquire unconventional weapons, including long-range ballistic missiles.
—Gerald M. Steinberg, "Middle East Space Race Gathers Pace," Jane's International Defense Review, October 1995, pp. 20-23.

October 1995
Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy Commander Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani announces that his forces will conduct 38 exercises in the Persian Gulf over a period of five months and hold joint maneuvers with Pakistan and "another neighboring country." The exercises will be the most intensive military exercises in the Gulf and will involve the use of cruise and anti-ship missiles.
—James Bruce, "Iran steps up Gulf exercises," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 January 1996, p. 12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

October 1995
The International Institute of Strategic Studies reports that Iran's 300km-range surface-to-surface missiles can hit cities in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the Gulf States.
—The Military Balance 1995-1996, Oct. 1995, pp. 281-285, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, July-October 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1996, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 173.

6 October 1995
The Iraqi General Husayn Kamil Hasan, who defected to Jordan, says that Iran has a long-range missile program.
—Jeanne Assouly and Chritian Hoche, "Why I Fled Iraq," Le Vif/L' Express (Brussels), 6 October 1995, pp. 69, 70, 73; in "Husayn Kamil Discusses Reasons for Defecting," FBIS Document FTS19951006000311, 6 October 1995.

9 October 1995
Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) officials evade questions about the possible transfer to Iran of an unexploded Tomahawk cruise missile that had failed to detonate on Bosnian Serb positions. The Russian MoD neither confirms nor denies reports that U.S. Stinger surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and TOW-2 Hellfire anti-tank missiles (ATMs) were being transferred from Bosnia to Iran. Military hardware is transported from Bosnia to Iran via Russia. Bosnian Muslims are reportedly selling American-made Stinger anti-aircraft rockets and TOW-2 and Hellfire anti-tank rockets to Iran in exchange for submachine gun cartridges.
—Anatoliy Yurkin, "Bosnian Muslims Reportedly Selling Stingers to Iran via Russia," ITAR-TASS World Service (Moscow), 9 October 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951009000021, 9 October 1995.

18 October 1995
Lubomir Soudek, director general of Skoda Plzen, offers the Iranian military the modernization of the T-72 tanks and ground-to-air missiles.
—Jindrich Sidlo, "Arms Manufacturers Started a New Keg," Respekt (Prague), No. 39, 25 September-1 October 1995, p. 4; in "Arms Manufacturer Sponsors Iranian Exhibition," FBIS Document FTS19951018000162, 18 October 1995.

19 October 1995
The Iranian arms buildup, in particular Iran's surface-to-surface missile program, dominates the agenda at a meeting in Tel Aviv between Israeli Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin and U.S. CIA Director John Deutsch.
—Alon Pinkas, "Rabin, CIA director discuss Iranian missile program," Jerusalem Post, 20 October 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

November 1995
Iran reports that it fired a domestically built anti-ship cruise missile during the Saeqa-4 exercises in late November. The missile was launched at a sea target from near the naval base at Jask. The firing is reportedly the first operational test of "advanced missile systems" built by the Iranian Navy.
—"Iran claims cruise missile test firing," Jane's Defence Weekly, 9 December 1995, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

8 November 1995
Russia reports to the UN Conventional Arms Register that it has supplied 94 "missiles or missile launchers" to Iran.
—Washington Times, 2 December 1995, p. A6, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, November 1995-January 1996," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1996, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 143.

23 November 1995
The Navy, the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), and the Air Force start missile maneuvers Saeqa-4 (Thunderbolt). These maneuvers include ground-to-sea, air-to-sea, and air-to-air missiles.
—"Military Holding Exercises, Maneuvers Missile Maneuvers in Hormuz Strait," IRNA (Tehran), 26 November 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951126000340, 26 November 1995.

25 November 1995
Missile maneuvers Saeqa [Thunderbolt] start in the Persian Gulf with the participation of Navy, Air Force, and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy. These maneuvers last four days.
—"Military Holding Training Exercises, Maneuvers 'Thunderbolt' in the Persian Gulf," IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 25 November 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951125000445, 25 November 1995.

25 November 1995
Abbas Mohtaj, Navy Deputy Commander Admiral, announces that the missile maneuver that was launched 23 November will continue until 1 December 1995.
—"Military Holding Training Exercises, Maneuvers Navy Trains in Gulf, Caspian Sea," IRNA (Tehran), 25 November 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951125000444, 25 November 1995.

26 November 1995
Iran launches the Saeqa-4 (Thunderbolt) missile maneuvers in the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. The statement from the Khatam al-Anbia Naval Headquarters says that the first and second phases of the Saeqa-4 missile maneuvers are in progress. During the maneuvers the surface-to-sea, air-to-sea, air-to-air missile units, and attack boats will conduct exercises to enhance closer coordination in joint operations and combat preparedness. [Note: The article translates "Saeqa" as "Righteous."]
—"Missile Maneuvers in Hormuz Strait," IRNA (Tehran), 26 November 1995, p. 72; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-227, 27 November 1995.

27 November 1995
Senior U.S. Navy officials report that Iran is increasing its integrated naval capabilities, combining submarines, anti-ship missiles, mines, and anti-aircraft capabilities to constitute a threat to other Persian Gulf states and the U.S. Navy. Iran wants to deploy Chinese C-802 anti-ship cruise missiles on its five Chinese Huadong patrol ships.
—Philip Finnegan and Robert Holzer, "Iran Steps Up Mine, Missile Threat," Defense News, 27 November 1995, p. 1.

28 November 1995
Iran tests the CS (C)-802 anti-ship missile near the Jask naval base in the Straits of Hormuz during the Saeqa-4 (Thunderbolt-4) military exercises.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran's Evolving Conventional Military Forces, Working Draft (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 28 February 1996), p. 54.

29 November 1995
The Jomhuri Eslami newspaper reports that Iran fires a land-based cruise missile at a sea target close to the port of Jask to test the first "advanced missile systems" manufactured by Iran's Navy. Units from Iran's Navy, Army, and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) participate in the test, which is part of the Saeqa-4 (Thunderbolt-4) military exercises "near the mouth of the Gulf."
—"Iran Holds Missile Exercise at Mouth of Gulf," Reuters, 29 November 1995; in Executive News Service, 29 November 1995.

29 November 1995
The Thunderbolt (Saeqa) maneuver conducted in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman ends. Some advanced missiles made by Iranian experts were used in these maneuvers.
—"Navy Concludes Missile Exercises in Gulf," Voice Of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 29 November 1995; in FBIS Document FTS199511290000679, 29 November 1995.

December 1995
Croatian and Western officials say the smuggling of Iranian arms to Bosnia ends. Senior Croatian officials and Western diplomats say that Iran and Croatia signed a secret military cooperation agreement in December 1995, including an Iranian proposal to deliver surface-to-surface missiles to Sarajevo and Zagreb. During the war, Croatia allows Iran to smuggle weapons through Croatian territory to the Muslim-led government in Sarajevo. In return, the Croats take up to one-third of all arms and munitions for their own use. U.S. officials are distressed to learn that Iran had offered to supply Zagreb and Sarajevo with surface-to-surface missiles during the war.
—Chris Hedges, "A Secret Arms Deal Between Iran and Croatia Comes to Light," New York Times, 24 April 1996, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

December 1995
Iran says that it fired its domestically built CS-802 anti-ship missile during exercises in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 February 2000), p. 42.

December 1995
Middle East sources claim that China has sold Iran missile navigation components, technical information on propulsion and production equipment.
—Flight International, 13-19 December 1995, p. 14, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, November 1995-January 1996," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1996, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 143.

December 1995
Iran and Croatia sign a secret military cooperation agreement, including an Iranian proposal to deliver surface-to-surface missiles to Sarajevo and Zagreb.
—Chris Hedges, "A Secret Arms Deal Between Iran and Croatia Comes to Light," New York Times, 24 April 1996, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

21 December 1995
Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) initiates missile and artillery defense exercises codenamed "Ya Aba Abdallah al-Husayn" at a location in proximity to Qom. IRGC commander Major General Mohsen Rezai says Iran has "rebuilt and renovated" its anti-aircraft missiles without foreign assistance. A missile that can identify a target at a range of 270km before shooting it down is used during the exercises.
—"IRGC Tests Missiles, Artillery in Exercises," IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 21 December 1995; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-245, 21 December 1995.

22 December 1995
IRNA reports that the "Raad" (Thunder) vessel-missile maneuver will be held in the Persian Gulf between 51' and 25'30" longitudes by the land-to-sea missile units and the missile frigates of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC). Colonel Parviz Qousi, acting commander of the Raad maneuver, says that the exercise hopes to demonstrate the missile unit capabilities and combat readiness. The exercise includes long-range missile frigates, dozens of fast missile frigates, dozens of heavy- and medium-weight combat and support frigates, four land-to-sea and defense missile units, and radar and monitoring sites.
—"Naval, Missile Military Maneuvers in Persian Gulf," IRNA (Tehran), 22 December 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951222000297, 22 December 1995.

24 December 1995
The second phase of the Raad missile maneuvers launched by the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) missile fleet ends in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. This phase focused on surface and air shooting and installation sites as well as refueling at sea.
—"Naval, Missile Military Maneuvers in Persian Gulf Second Phase Ends," IRNA (Tehran), 24 December 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951224000113, 24 December 1995.

25 December 1995
Colonel Ghowsi says that the ground-to-sea missile units and missile and rocket launching boats of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) have returned safely to their bases after accomplishing their missions.
—"Third Phase of Military Maneuvers in Gulf Ends," IRNA (Tehran), 25 December 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951225000195, 25 December 1995.

26 December 1995
Rear Admiral Ahmadiyan, acting commander of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) naval forces, says that the forces have built speedboats equipped with a number of Thunder-class frigates with long-range missile launchers.
—"IRGC Naval Commander Outlines Forces' Achievements," IRIB Television First Program Network (Tehran), 26 December 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951226000560, 26 December 1995.

26 December 1995
Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) announces that the fourth and final phase of the Raad (Thunder) missile maneuvers has ended successfully. The commanders who assessed all their stages describe the maneuvers as successful.
—"IRGC Maneuvers 'Successfully' End in Persian Gulf," IRNA (Tehran), 26 December 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19951226000558, 26 December 1995.

30 December 1995
Iran denies that it ever bought long-range missiles from North Korea. Minister for Defense and Armed Forces Logistics Mohammad Foruzandeh says "Iran's policy is to ignore unfounded Western allegations." Foruzandeh says that if Iran had purchased the missiles, they would have revealed the acquisition to the public. Western experts believe, however, that Iran is not only trying to buy 1,000km-range Nodong missiles from the North Korea, but is also working to jointly produce them.
—"Iran Denies Long-Range Missile Purchase From DPRK," Xinhua News Agency (Beijing), 30 December 1995, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.