The first two years of the Iran-Iraq War were chaotic ones for Iran. Naturally, the primary Iranian objective was first to contain the Iraqi invasion and then to repulse it. The perquisites for achieving this were a well-trained, equipped, and supplied army, and it was to these considerations that the Iranian nation and leadership focused its attention. This situation precluded any significant Iranian efforts being expended on long-range artillery rocket or missile development. By the end of 1982, however, this was to change, as the continued Iraqi usage of FROG-7As, their initiation of Scud-B attacks, and the Iranian inability to respond in kind, resulted in a resurgence of Iranian interest in artillery rockets and ballistic missiles.

Although, it currently appears that the Iranians had initiated an indigenous artillery rocket and missile program earlier in 1982, Iraqi Scud-B attacks in late 1982, which caused high casualty rates, probably convinced them of the correctness of their decision and stressed its urgency.

The details of the early Iranian artillery rocket program, as well as its immediate objectives, are presently unknown. By the end of 1982, the program appears to have consisted of several components, the most significant of which was the indigenous design and production of an artillery rocket comparable to the FROG-7A. The greatest obstacle to developing any indigenous capabilities was the status of the industrial infrastructure of the Defense Industries Organization (DIO), and later Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC) Construction Jihad. The DIO had been severely handicapped by the withdrawal of foreign advisers and technicians in 1979. As the artillery rocket component developed over the years, it would actually consist of a series of concurrent programs pursued semi-independently by the Air Force, DIO, and the IRGC Construction Jihad. This often resulted in unnecessary competition, the dilution of effort, and abortive programs.

Oghab

At least one facet of this program began in 1982 and would result in the development of the Oghab ("eagle") artillery rocket.[1] Progress with the Oghab apparently proceeded slowly and with numerous complications. According to one report, several people, including one of the designers, were killed during a 1983 test-launching in the Dasht-e Lut desert (possibly Rafsanjan), when an Oghab either fell back on the launch site or exploded.[2] Possibly as a result of this slow progress, Iran looked towards its suppliers for assistance. It is believed that the People's Republic of China (PRC) was instrumental in providing Iran with critical artillery rocket technology and manufacturing equipment that resulted in the Oghab.[3] How much of the Oghab's design and components are indigenous is unclear. Even with the PRC's assistance, the Oghab proceeded slowly and it wasn't until late 1986 that it entered production and subsequently became operational.

Sometime in late 1986 (possibly October), the Oghab finally entered initial production after a four-year development program.[4] This long development cycle for a simple system was most probably a result of the low level of technical competence and capabilities of Iranian military industries. Although the Iranians frequently call the Oghab a missile, it is actually a 230mm unguided artillery rocket, with a range of 45km, and a warhead of 70kg.[5] It has been suggested that with the Oghab, the Iranians had failed, since they had not produced a system in the same class as the FROG-7A. Technically this may be correct, since the FROG-7A has both greater a range (70km) and larger warhead (450kg). Operationally, however, the Oghab would prove to be of strategic and political importance. In most armies, a short-range artillery rocket such as the Oghab would be only be of value as a tactical weapon because of its range. Within the context of the Iran-Iraq War, the Oghab was employed as a strategic system because a large number of important Iraqi cities and towns were close to the Iranian border, and thus within the Oghab's range. Within the south, these cities and towns included Basra, Abu al-Khasib, al-Zubayr, and Umm Qasr. In the north, Mandali, Khanaqin, and Banmil. All these cities and towns would be heavily hit by Oghab rockets in the upcoming years.

Between 29 February and 21 April 1988, Iran and Iraq engaged in what has become known as the Second "War of the Cities." Over the 52 days of this battle, Iran made extensive use of the Oghab, launching approximately 253 missiles against a variety of civilian and military targets. During the first month (1 March-31 March) of the War of the Cities, the daily average of Oghabs fired was approximately 6. On 17 March, however, they fired a total of 32. During the second month (1 April-21 April), this daily average declined to three. These 253 Oghabs brought the total number of these fired in the entire war to approximately 365.

Development of the Oghab continued through 1987 and 1988. According to U.S. Navy sources, by early 1988 an air-launched version of the Oghab had been developed that could be carried by the F-4 and F-14 fighters.[6]

Other Programs

Although the Oghab was the first truly successful artillery rocket produced by Iran, it was not the only such program. From what is known about the wartime development of artillery rockets, it appears that Iran engaged in the development of almost a dozen different systems, each with a number of different models. Some of the more successful artillery rocket families created during the war include the Fajr, Nazeat, Ran, and Shahin. In the post-war years, other families, such as the Fateh and Zelzal, were added. Given the current limitations of open source information, distinguishing between these systems and their developmental history is extremely difficult.

The solid-fueled component of Iran's rocket and missile program has relied heavily upon PRC assistance since the mid-1980s.[7] This assistance was critical to the successful wartime deployment of the Oghab and Shahin systems and laid the foundations for other programs such as the Nazeat and Zelzal. In 1988, the last year of the Iran-Iraq War, it is believed that the PRC agreed to assist Iran modernize and expand its existing facilities at Parchin and Semnan, enabling them to design and manufacture solid-fueled artillery rockets and missiles of indigenous design. Initially it was believed that these facilities would eventually assemble and then produce the M-9/DF-15 and M-11/DF-11. As part of this effort, agreements were reportedly concluded between Iran and the PRC in 1991, 1992, and 1993 to provide Iran with technology, components, and complete M-9/11 missiles. Available information suggests that, with the exception of possibly one or two prototypes, the PRC has not delivered complete M-9/11 missiles to Iran.[8] PRC agreements with the United States have apparently been the primary stumbling block to the delivery of these missile. As a result of these agreements, the PRC refocused its efforts on assisting Iran with its indigenous short-range solid-fueled systems. This assistance has included the sale of production and missile component technologies, training of personnel, construction of the Shahrud Missile Test Facility, and the assembly and production of the M-7 (a.k.a., CSS-8, 8610 or B610). As of late 2003, PRC assistance continues to play a significant role in Iran's solid-fueled rocket and missile development programs.

Fajr

The Fajr ("dawn") program appears to be centered around foreign-designed artillery rocket systems that have been modified slightly for production within Iran. Although the program appears to have begun in the later part of the Iran-Iraq War it may, in fact, trace its origins to the war's early years. Reliable information is available for only two of the Fajr systems—Fajr-3 and Fajr-5.

In the late 1980s, the DPRK-produced 240mm M-1985 multiple rocket launcher (MRL) was exported to Iran and subsequently produced under license (with minor changes) by Shahid Bagheri Industries as the Fajr-3 (a.k.a., Fadjr-3).[10] Iran has reportedly supplied Hezbollah forces operating in Lebanon—via Damascus—with as many as 36 Fajr-3 systems.[11] To date these are not known to have been employed against Israel, but are of significant concern to the Israeli Defense Forces. It is presently unclear as to whether the DPRK-produced 240mm M-1991 MRL system (which utilizes a different launcher configuration than does the M-1985) has been supplied to Iran. In March 1990, Iranian Defense Minister Akbar Torkan announced that mass production had begun of the Fajr-3 artillery rocket with a range of 45km.[12]

The Fajr-3 is a 5.2m long, solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .24m and a weight of 407kg. It carries a 45kg warhead to a distance of 43km.

In the late 1980s or early 1990s, the PRC-produced 302mm WS-1 MRL was exported to Iran.[13] Here it underwent significant changes and was subsequently produced as the Fajr-5 (a.k.a., Fadjr-5). The most significant modification was the changing of the diameter of the rocket from 302mm to 333mm. This is believed to have been undertaken to take advantage of existing Iranian factory tooling. This and other changes resulted in a decrease in maximum range from 80km to 75km. Like the Fajr-3, Iran has reportedly supplied Hezbollah forces operating in Lebanon—via Damascus—with the Fajr-5 systems.[14] To date these are not known to have been employed against Israel, but due to their greater range, they are of even greater concern to the Israeli Defense Forces.

The Fajr-5 is a 6.6m long solid fuel rocket with a diameter of .33m and a weight of 915kg. It carries a 90kg warhead to a distance of 75km.

Both the Fajr-3 and -5 are produced under the auspices of the Aerospace Industries Organization. Little is known concerning other systems within the Fajr family.

No information is available concerning possible inventory levels for the Fajr-3 or -5. These systems are capable of being armed with conventional high explosive, chemical, biological, and radiological dispersion warheads.

Nazeat/NP-110[15]

The origins of the Nazeat family are believed to date to the mid-1980s as part of the project to develop a equivalent to the FROG-7. If this is correct, the development phase was quite extended and did not begin to reach any significant level of maturity until the late 1980s—and then only with the considerable assistance of the PRC. Variants of early Nazeat systems, believed to be previously identified as Mushak 120 and Mushak 160, saw service during the 1988 second "War of the Cities."[16] It is unclear whether immediate post-war references to a Mushak 200 relate to a Nazeat system or to the Iranian acquisition of the M7/CSS-8.[17]

Following the war, Iran undertook an extensive reorganization of its missile and rocket programs. An apparent result of this was a complete overhauling of the Nazeat program to concentrate on newly acquired PRC technology and assistance. In June 1997, reports appeared indicating that Iran and the PRC were jointly developing a new solid-fueled ballistic missile. The missile, which was initially identified as the NP-110, was reported as having a diameter of 450mm and a range of approximately 170km.[18] While most sources subsequently associated the NP-110 with the Fateh-110, this is incorrect. The NP-100 was either a prototype or early production model of the Nazeat 10.

Currently, two versions of the Nazeat are known to be available—the Nazeat-6 and Nazeat-10. The Nazeat-6 is a 6.3m long solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .36m and a weight of 900kg. It carries a 1,300kg warhead to a distance of 100km. The Nazeat-10 is a 8.3m long solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .45m and a weight of 1,850kg. It carries a 250kg warhead to a distance of 150km. The Nazeat is produced under the auspices of the Aerospace Industries Organization.

No information is available concerning possible inventory levels for the Nazeat. These systems are capable of being armed with conventional high explosive, submunition, chemical, biological, and radiological dispersion warheads. Given a favorable environment, the Nazeat 6 could be equipped with a nuclear warhead.

Zelzal[19]

Although the Zelzal ("earthquake") program can trace its ancestry back to date to the mid-1980s as part of the project to develop a FROG-7 equivalent, it appears that the program that developed the current Zelzal-1 and -2 began in the early 1990s. In September 1999 Brigadier General Gholamhossein Gheibparvar stated, "We have developed the Zelzal missile in the past four and a half years without any outside help and by the grace of God it is now in mass production..."[20]—thus suggesting the program began in late 1994 or early 1995. It is unclear whether the general was referring to the program as a whole or to just the Zelzal-2. If his references were to the Zelzal-2 alone, it is likely that the Zelzal-1 began development several years earlier.

Reports in the mid-1990s suggest that work on a Zelzal-3 (a.k.a., Zalzal 3 or Zalzal 300) system, with a range of 1,000-1,500km, was underway and that a first flight-test could be expected in 1998. These reports, however, are incorrect and confused the Shahab-3 program with that of the Zelzal.[21]

In October 2002 Israeli sources indicated that Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps units operating in support of Hezbollah in the Lebanon's Beka'a Valley had received the Zelzal-2. These reports remain unconfirmed and have likely confused the deliver of Fajr-3 or -5 systems with that of the Zelzal-2. If correct, the Zelzal-2's 210km range would threaten most of Israel. To date these are not known to have been employed against Israel.[22]

In mid-2001, Iran is reported to have initiated a comprehensive review and reorganization of its diverse rocket and missile development programs. In this effort, reports suggest that the Zelzal program budget was reduced so resources could be concentrated on less costly systems.[23] This, however, remains to be confirmed.

Currently, two versions of the Zelzal are known to be available—the Zelzal-1 and Zelzal-2. The Zelzal-1 is a 8.3m long solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .6m and a weight of 2,950kg. It carries a 600kg warhead to a distance of 125km. The Zelzal-2 is also 8.3m long solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .6m. It, however, weighs of 3,450kg and can carry a 600kg warhead to a distance of 210km. The Zelzal family is produced by Shahid Bagheri Industries under the auspices of the Aerospace Industries Organization.

No information is available concerning possible inventory levels for either the Zelzal-1 or -2. These systems are capable of being armed with conventional high explosive, submunition, chemical, biological, and radiological dispersion warheads.

Fateh-110/110A

Little is known at the open source level concerning the history and development of the Fateh-110 ("victory" or "victorious") system. It is believed to have been initiated in the late 1990s and is heavily based upon PRC technology—possibly the DF-11 (M-11 / CSS-7) system. The first public indications of the new system appeared in May 2001 when Iran announced that it had recently conducted a successful test of a "...domestically made solid-fueled missile." Two significant points were made in the announcement, both of which have been consistently repeated by Iranian sources since then. First, that the system was "...planned and produced totally by...the air and space unit of the Defense and Armed Forces Logistics Ministry." Second, that it is "...the most effective Iranian missiles equipment owing to its very high precision..." or that it "...can be guided to destroy targets with high accuracy." This strongly suggests that the system may be designed to utilize an optional guidance package.[24]

A year-and-a-half later, in September 2002, Iran announced that it had conducted a successful test of a different version of the Fateh-110 known as the Fateh-110A. Ahmad Vahid, director of the Aerospace Industries Organization, indicated that the system would soon be placed into mass and stated, "Given the missile's precision, we can definitely announce that Fateh-110A is among the most precise surface-to-surface missiles in the world." While Defense Minister Ali Shamkhani said the Fateh-110 missile possessed a range of 200km.[25]

The Fateh-110 is a 8.9m long solid-fueled rocket with a diameter of .61m and a weight of 3,450kg. It carries a 500kg warhead to a distance of 200km. It is produced under the auspices of the Aerospace Industries Organization.

No information is available concerning possible inventory levels for the Fateh-110/110A. These systems are capable of being armed with conventional high explosive, submunition, chemical, biological, and radiological dispersion warheads.

Key Sources:
[1] Vahe Petrossian, "Iran Stocks Up Its Arsenal," Middle East Economic Digest, 2 May 1987, p. 11.
[2] "Iran Stocks Up Its Arsenal," p. 11; James Bruce, "Iran Building Up Its Own Arms Industry," Jane's Defense Weekly, 20 June 1987, p. 1302. This latter report appears to duplicate some of the information in the earlier article.
[3] "Iran Announces Development of Two New Missiles," Los Angeles Times, 29 March 1987, p. 25. The latter source indicates, somewhat incorrectly, that China had assisted Iran develop a short-range version of the Soviet FROG-7 with a range of 40 miles. For information on the Type-83 see, "Chinese 273 Type 83 Multiple Rocket System," Jane's Defense Weekly, 24 January 1987, p. 124.
[4] "Iran Stocks Up Its Arsenal," p. 11.
[5] For early photographs and a short technical description of the Oghab, see Mark Daly, "Display Reveals 'Evidence' of Growing Iranian Defense Industry," Jane's Defense Weekly, 31 October 1987, pp. 976-977; "Iranian Rockets Head SECARM Display," Jane's Defense Weekly, 11 February 1989, p. 219; and Mark Daly, "Iran Pitches for Arms Market at SECARM," Jane's Defense Weekly, 4 February 1989, p. 163; "Baghdad and Ankara Draw Out New Exhibitors," International Defense Review, June 1989, pp. 857-859; and "Iran Moves Into Marketing," International Defense Review, June 1989, p. 846.
[6] Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty, Investigation Report: Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988, 28 July 1988, pp. 40, 44; the report indicates that Iranian F-14s were thought to be armed with "modified Eagle" missiles/unguided rockets. Department of Defense sources believe that these are modified versions of the Oghab surface to surface missile.
[7] Press reports during the late 1980s suggesting that Iran was manufacturing the PRC versions of the FROG or Scud-B are incorrect. Bates Gill, "Chinese Arms Exports to Iran" Meria Journal, Vol. 2, Number 2, March 1998; Bill Gertz, "China Joins Forces With Iran on Short-range Missile," Washington Times, 17 June 1997, p. A3; "Israeli Report on Nuclear Targeting Priorities," Davar, 13 January 1995, p. 15, as cited in JPRS; Douglas Jehl, "Iran is Reported Acquiring Missiles," New York Times, 8 April 1993, p. A9; Arnold Beichman, "Iran's Ongoing Arms-buying Binge," Washington Times, 4 June 1992, p. G3; Lally Weymouth, "Iran Resurgent," Washington Post, 10 April 1992; John W. Lewis, Di Hua, and Litai Xue, "Beijing's Defense Establishment: Solving the Arms-Export Enigma," International Security, Spring 1991, pp. 87-109. The DF-15/M-9 was reported to have first been tested during June 1988, and was expected to begin production the summer of 1990. See David B. Ottaway, "China Sale Report Concerns U.S.," Washington Post, 23 June 1988, p. A33; and Michael R. Gordon, "Beijing Avoids New Missile Sales Assurances," New York Times, 30 March 1990, p. A7.
[8] Numerous sources suggest a major PRC connection in the Iranian manufacture of Scud-Bs. These, however, are incorrect. Farzad Bazoft and Allan George, "Missiles Armed With Chemical Warheads 'In Sight'," Observer, 13 March 1988, p. 23; Dilip Hiro, "Iran: Up in Arms With a Big Hand From the Chinese," Wall Street Journal, 5 June 1987; John M. Broder, "Five Key Nations Sold Arms to Iran Last Year," Los Angeles Times, 20 January 1988, p. 5; and "Iran Announces Development of Two New Missiles," p. 25.
[9] For details on the Fajr-3 and -5, see the Aerospace Industries Organization sales brochures: Fajr 3 and Fajr 5. For details on the WS-1, see the CPMIEC sales brochure: WS-1 Non-Guidance Rocket Weapon System. "Iran's Missiles On Display At IDEX-2001 Military Fair," IRNA, 22 March 2001, as cited in FBIS; and "Iranian Navy Fires Cruise, Ballistic Missiles," Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 December 1998, as cited in FBIS.
[10] Shahid Bagheri Industries is a component of the Aerospace Industries Organization. Information concerning the Iranian acquisition of the M-1985 can be found at <http://projects.sipri.se/armstrade/IRA_IMPORTS_1993-2002.pdf> and <http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/NK/Missile/66_1289.html>.
[11] <http://freelebanon.org/articles/a226.htm>; John Ward. Anderson, "Clashes on Border Drive Israeli Fears," Washington Post, 2 November 2002, p. A.1; and Michael R. Gordon, "Militants Are Said to Amass Missiles in South Lebanon," New York Times, 27 September 2002, p. A1; Arieh O'Sullivan, "IDF: Conflict on Northern Border 'Unavoidable'," Jerusalem Post, 24 June 2002, p. 1; Nicholas Blanford, "Hizbullah Prepares to Open Up Front Along the Israeli Border," Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 April 2002; David C. Isby, "Hezbollah May Have Long-range Rockets," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, May 1, 2001, p. 1; Tony Banks and James Bruce, "Iran Builds its Strength," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 February 1992, p. 158.
[12] Ed Blanche, "Gulf-Iran Missiles," Associated Press, 29 January 1991.
[13] It is presently unclear as to whether the PRC-produced 320mm WS-1B system, with a range of 180km, has been supplied to Iran.
[14] Benn Aluf, "Hezbollah Trying to Obtain Long-range Missiles," Ha'aretz, 18 October 2002, as cited in FBIS; Michael R. Gordon, "Militants Are Said to Amass Missiles in South Lebanon," New York Times, 27 September 2002, p. 1; Arieh O'Sullivan, "IDF: Conflict on Northern Border 'Unavoidable'," Jerusalem Post, 24 June 2002, p. 1.
[15] Anoushiravan Ehteshami, "Iran Boosts Domestic Arms Industry," International Defence Review, 1 April 1994, p. 72; Mark Daly, "Display Reveals 'Evidence' of Growing Iranian Defense Industry," Jane's Defense Weekly, 31 October 1987, pp. 976-977; "Iranian Rockets Head SECARM Display," Jane's Defense Weekly, 11 February 1989, p. 219; Mark Daly, "Iran Pitches for Arms Market at SECARM," Jane's Defense Weekly, 4 February 1989, p. 163; "Baghdad and Ankara Draw Out New Exhibitors," International Defense Review, June 1989, pp. 857-859; "Iran Moves Into Marketing," International Defense Review, June 1989, p. 846; and Joseph Bermudez and W. Seth. Carus, "Show Throws Light on Iran's Arms Industry," Jane's Defense Weekly, 19 November 1988, pp. 1252-1253.
[16] Vahe Petrossian, "Iran Claims New Missile Arsenal," Middle East Economic Digest, 2 April 1988, p. 7.
[17] The M-7/CSS-8 (a.k.a., 8610 or B610) has a range of 180km and is the surface-to-surface development of the HQ-2 surface-to-air missile. "Ministry Announces Production of New Missile," IRNA, 13 September 1989, as cited in FBIS; "Defense Industries Manufacture New Missile," IRNA, 17 April 1989, as cited in FBIS; Tehran Domestic Service, July 31, 1988, as cited FBIS; and "Interview With Mohsen Rafiqdust," Tehran Television Service, 3 June 1988, as cited in FBIS.
[18] Bill Gertz, "China Assists Iran, Libya on Missiles: New Findings Contradict White House," Washington Times, 16 June 1998, p. A1; Bill Gertz, "China Joins Forces with Iran on Short-range Missile," Washington Times, June 1997, p. A1.
[19] Andrew Koch, "Iran Tests Latest Ballistic Missiles," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 June 2002; "Iran's Missiles On Display At IDEX-2001 Military Fair," IRNA, 22 March 2001, as cited in FBIS; Ed Blanche, "Iran Shows Off New Hardware," Jane's Defence Weekly, 29 September 1999; "Iran Aims to Produce Four New Missiles," Reuters, 28 September 1999; "Iran Parades New Missile, Tank on War Anniversary," Reuters, 22 September 1999; "Iran Revolutionary Guards Build New Missile," Reuters, 19 September 1999; "Article Describes Iranian Air Show Exhibits," Sanaye-ye Hava'I, 20 February-20 March 1998, pp. 2-4, as cited in FBIS; "Iran Shows New Missile for First Time," Reuters, 25 September 1998; and "Mehrabad Airport, Iran, February 1-10," Air Force Monthly, May 1996, p. 64.
[20] "Iran Parades New Missile, Tank on War Anniversary," Reuters, 22 September 1999; "IRGC To Display Zelzal Surface-To Surface Missile," IRNA, 19 September 1999, as cited in FBIS.
[21] "Iran's Shahab 3 IRBM 'Ready for Production'," Jane's Missiles & Rockets, 16 June 1998; Eric Arnett, "Iran made rocket motor test, says Israeli general," Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 April 1997, p. 4; Wyn Bowen, Tim McCarthy, and Holly Porteous, "Ballistic Missile Shadow Lengthens," International Defense Review, 1 February 1997, p. 1; "Reports: Iran Improving Missile Force," United Press International, 9 September 1996.
[22] Douglas Davis, "Iran Places Missiles In Lebanon, Capable Of Striking Tel Aviv," Jerusalem Post, 20 October 2002; Benn Aluf, "Hezbollah Trying to Obtain Long-range Missiles," Ha'aretz, 18 October 2002, as cited in FBIS; Michael R. Gordon, "Militants Are Said to Amass Missiles in South Lebanon," New York Times, 27 September 2002, p. 1; Arieh O'Sullivan, "IDF: Conflict on Northern Border 'Unavoidable'," Jerusalem Post, 24 June 2002, p. 1.
[23] "Iran Reportedly Cuts Down Production of Ballistic Missiles," Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 1 August 2001, p. 3, as cited in FBIS.
[24] "Iran Currently Producing Three Warplanes; Other Achievements Listed," IRNA, 11 August 2001, as cited in FBIS; "Defense Ministry Announces Test Firing Of Anti-Armor Missile," IRNA, 31 July 2001, as cited in FBIS; "Iran Tests New Domestically-Manufactured Advanced Missile," Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network, 31 May 2001, as cited in FBIS; and "Iran Successfully Test-Fires Domestic Solid-Fuelled Missile," IRNA, 31 May 2001, as cited in FBIS.
[25] "Shamkhani Comments On Defensive Capability Tehran," Vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran Network, 24 September 2002, as cited in FBIS; "Iran Successfully Test-fires Surface-to-surface Missile," Kyodo, 6 September 2002; and "Iran-Missile," Associated Press, 6 September 2002.

	Updated February 2006