This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Early 1992
Western intelligence sources say Iran and North Korea sign a joint financial agreement for the development of the Nodong-1 missile. A Pentagon analyst speculates that North Korea will need "a substantial input of foreign technology," especially with regard to guidance technology, in order to complete development of the new missile.
—Kenneth Timmerman, "Iran's Ballistic Missile Program," Mednews, 21 December 1992, pp. 4-5; "Ballistic Missile Threat Evolves," International Defense Review, Vol. 33, No. 10, 1 October 2000, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early 1992
Military sources in Iran say a group of Russian experts arrive in Iran to supervise the training of the Iranian army's missile unit.
—"Arms Deal with Russia Worth $5 Billion," Sawt Al-Kuwayt (London), 12 January 1992, pp. 1, 6; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-011, "Defense Official Confirms Arms Deal with Russia," p. 40.

1992
Iran orders 10 Hegus from China. The Hegus are armed with four YJ-1 "Eagle Strike" surface-to-surface missiles.
—"Iran receives Chinese missile boats," Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 September 1994, p. 7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

1992
Iran orders ten 68-ton Chinese fast attack craft or missile patrol boats.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), pp. 42, 46, 56.

1992
A 1992 agreement between Iran and North Korea, which was signed in Tehran, states that Iran would invest $50 million into the Nodong missile project and would receive the first 10 missiles by April 1993. [Note: The first shipment of at least 12 missiles did not actually occur until May 1995; refer to entry for 2 May 1995.] After the first shipment, Iran reportedly has agreed to pay an additional $70 million to receive the technology needed for building a missile factory in Isfahan or Hasmanan. Senior North Korean Army officials have requested that Iran allow them to experiment with the missile in the Sharoud region of Iran. [Note: According to this source, Iran is investing $50 million in the North Korean program. Various other sources have quoted the amount to be $500 million; refer to entry for 22 March 1993.]
—Michael Rotem, "Report: Iran to Receive North Korean Missiles That Can Reach Israel," Jerusalem Post, 25 March 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

1992
Iran purchases an estimated 200-300 Scud-B missiles from North Korea between 1987 and 1992.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), p. 56.

1992
Iran is believed to have established Scud-B and Silkworm sites on the Island of Abu Musa. Iran is also developing Scud-C missiles with the assistance of North Korea and providing financial support to the North Korean missile program, the Nodong-1.
—"Iran Prepares Missile Sites on Abu Musa," MedNews, 7 December 1992, p. 5; Nikola B. Schahgaldian, Iran and the Postwar Security in the Persian Gulf (National Defense Research Institute, RAND, 1994), p. 19.

1992
Sources indicate that Iran is planning to increase its surface-to-air missile strength from 90 major launchers to 300 and its surface-to-surface missile strength from 30 major launchers to 60. There are reports that Iran has at least two rocket and missile assembly plants, a missile test range and monitoring complex, and a wide range of smaller design and refit facilities. The largest plant, which is the center of much of Iran's advanced defense industry, is said to have been built near Isfahan by the North Koreans. Some reports say that the complex can produce liquid fuels and missile parts from a local steel mill.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), pp. 14, 58.

1992
The U.S. State Department twice imposes sanctions on North Korea's Lyongaksan Machineries and Equipment Export Corp. for engaging in missile proliferation activities involving Iran and Syria. Lyongaksan (or Yongasan) is part of North Korea's External Economic General Bureau, which is responsible for its international trade in munitions.
—Glenn Schloss, "Hong Kong, Pakistan: DPRK Firm Said Behind Rocket Fuel Bound for Pakistan," South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), p. 4; in FBIS Document FBIS-CHI-96-242, 13 December 1996.

1992
Iran and Syria reportedly sign a treaty on technical cooperation.
—John Bulloch, "Syrians Killed as Scuds Explode," Sunday Telegraph (London), 31 May 1992, p. 20, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

1992
Iran purchases eight SS-N-22 supersonic Sunburn anti-ship missiles for $600,000 each from Ukraine. The Sunburn can perform evasive S-turns and the United States has no electronic countermeasures to defeat this missile.
—James Kraska, "Iran Flexes Maritime Muscles In Gulf," Defense News, 4 October 1993, pp. 25-26.

1992
Iran's Minister of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics, Akbar Torkan, claims that arms production has increased "three-fold" since 1979. In addition, "Iran has for some time been manufacturing the Nazeat, similar to the Shaheen series." Another missile project is a new variant of China's M-11 missile, possibly named the Tondar-68, with a range of 1,000km.
—"Iran Builds Its Strength," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 February 1992, pp. 158-159.

1992
Iran is a transfer point for missile deliveries between North Korea and Syria.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 February 2000), pp. 36-37.

1992
The German weekly magazine, Focus, reports that the Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS) countries supply to Iran an atom bomb, which can be dropped from an airplane, and a launcher for nuclear missiles.
—"Iran Reportedly Acquires Nuclear Arms from CIS," Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 27 January 1993, p. 7; in FBIS Document FBIS-SOV-93-017, 28 January 1993, p. 6.

January 1992
During President Hashemi Rafsanjani's visit to Sudan, Iran supposedly agrees to supply Sudan with $20 million in weapons. Included in this agreement is the transfer of HY-2 Silkworm missiles to Sudan.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "Iran's Missile Development," The International Missile Bazaar: The New Suppliers Network (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), William C. Potter and Harlan W. Jencks, eds., p. 65.

January 1992
Press reports, confirmed by U.S. intelligence officials, suggest that Tehran has purchased sophisticated heavy weaponry, including missiles, from North Korea and China. The reports indicate that Tehran is purchasing stock from newly independent former Soviet republics. The reports suggest that Iran's rapid bid to develop militarily is tied to the rise of radicalization of six Muslim republics in Central Asia.
—Peter Ford, "Egypt Watches, Worries About Algeria and Iran," Christian Science Monitor, 23 January 1992, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 January 1992
Intelligence sources say Iran is conducting a multibillion-dollar arms buildup via secret deals with Russia, North Korea, and other nations. Iran could become the dominant power in the Persian Gulf. Iran has purchased Soviet SU-24 fighter-bombers, MiG-29 fighter planes, tanks, and other arms. Iran has a "cash-and-carry" deal with the Russian Federation and has purchased conventional weapons, missiles, and nuclear research from Russian sources.
—Jack Nelson, "Arms Buildup Making Iran Top Gulf Power," Los Angeles Times, 7 January 1992, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 January 1992
Iran is working on a long-range missile that is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The "top-secret" plan is to place an Iranian nuclear warhead on a variant of the Silkworm missile, which Iran obtained from China.
—Jack Anderson, "An Iranian Bomb," Washington Post, 12 January 1992, pp. C7-C8.

12 January 1992
The Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MKO), the Iraqi-based Iranian opposition group, issues a statement claiming that China helps Iran and Pakistan produce conventional and unconventional weapon systems and that China and North Korea have helped Iran build ballistic missiles with a range of 300km.
—"Government, Pakistan Set for Nuclear Cooperation," Al-Diyar (Beirut), 12 January 1992, p. 5; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-015, p. 54.

12 January 1992
The London newspaper Sawt al-Kuwayt learns that Iran has received a weapons shipment from Russia, which includes missile launchers.
—"Arms Deal with Russia Worth $5 Billion," Sawt Al-Kuwayt (London), 12 January 1992, pp. 1, 6; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-011, "Defense Official Confirms Arms Deal with Russia," p. 40.

14 January 1992
Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens is quoted as saying, "It is clear that a number of countries, specifically Iran and Libya, have medium-range missiles with chemical warfare capability and are trying to obtain nuclear capability. In the Middle East today, there must be 1,000 missiles in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, and Saudi Arabia, most with a range to hit Israel."
—Richard Beston, "Israel 'Faces 1,000 Missiles'," The Times (London), 15 January 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 January 1992
CIA Director Robert Gates testifies at a hearing of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee on "Weapons Proliferation in the New World Order." Gates testifies that Iran may seek to obtain Soviet technology through contacts with Kazakhstan. Gates also testifies that Iran's principal special weapons suppliers since the Iran-Iraq War have been North Korea "for long-range Scuds and China for battlefield missiles, cruise missiles, and nuclear-related technology."
—"Subject: Weapons Proliferation in the New World Order," Testimony of Robert Gates before the Senate Government Affairs Committee; in Legislative Report, 102 Congress, 15 January 1992 (unofficial); "IRNA on US 'Propaganda' Over Arms Purchases," Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), 25 January 1992; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-017, p. 40.

17 January 1992
Reports indicate that Iran has been buying missile technology and seeking technical expertise abroad. It is estimated that between 1991 and 1992, the former Soviet republics will have supplied Iran with $2 billion in weapons, including the SA-5 anti-aircraft missiles. It is also reported that China is assisting Iran in the production of ballistic missiles and its nuclear program.
—Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, "Arms-Happy Gulf Resists New Curbs," Washington Times, 17 January 1992, pp. A1, A10.

18 January 1992
SA-5 "Gammon" missiles are included in the inventory of arms that are likely to be sold to Iran by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). All CIS arms sales to Iran in 1992 are expected to total more than $1 billion, similar to the amount sold in 1991. Sales to Iran amounted to less than $1 billion in 1990. [Note: The SA-5 system was declared operational by Iran's Air Defense forces in 1997.]
—"Arms to Iran," Jane's Defence Weekly, 18 January 1992, p. 71.

19 January 1992
Sudanese military sources confirm that Iran supplied Sudan with Silkworm missiles as part of a $20 million military aid agreement. [Note: Egypt is worried over the rise of Islamic Fundamentalists in Algeria. A diplomat explains that Egypt's principal worry "is that if Algeria becomes a revolutionary Islamic state, you can expect an alliance with Iran and Sudan."]
—"Iran Supplying Silkworm Missiles, F-7 Aircraft," Al-Wafd (Cairo), 19 January 1992, p. 9; in Proliferation Issues, 14 February 1992, p. 15; Peter Ford, "Egypt Watches, Worries About Algeria and Iran," Christian Science Monitor, 23 January 1992, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; "Iran Reportedly Supplying Arms, Missiles," Rose Al-Yusuf (Cairo), 19 October 1992, p. 71; in Proliferation Issues, 30 October 1992, p. 19.

22 January 1992
Iran is seeking to obtain M-9 missiles from China. Middle East sources report that Iran provided some financing for the missile's development.
—"Syria, Iran Want to Buy China's M-9," Flight International, 22 January 1992, p. 18.

22 January 1992
CIA Director Robert M. Gates, in testimony before Congress, notes recent large arms sales by China to Iran, including missiles and nuclear technology.
—Allison Kaplan, "CIA chief: Iraqis could revive nuclear capability," Jerusalem Post, 23 January 1992; "Urgent Missive on Missiles; Senators Seek to Stiffen Administration Line Toward Beijing," Los Angeles Times, 11 February 1992, p. B6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 January 1992
The Russian ambassador to the UN, Yuli Vorontsov, denies reports in an Arabic magazine, Al-Watan Al-Arabi, that Iran has already purchased three nuclear weapons, possibly from Kazakhstan, for $130 million-$150 million. The source also states that Iran has hired more than 50 Soviet nuclear experts at salaries of $5,000 a month.
—Chrystia Freeland, "Recruiters Target Ex-Soviet Missile Scientists," Financial Times (London), 24 January 1992, p. 16, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 January 1992
Foreign headhunters are recruiting specialists from Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, the missile-building capital of the former Soviet Union, to work in the Middle East and elsewhere. Local businessmen say rocket scientists are among those seeking to work abroad. This recruitment drive raises the issue of Soviet arms technology proliferation to countries such as Iraq, Iran, and Libya.
—Chrystia Freeland, "Recruiters Target Ex-Soviet Missile Scientist," Financial Times (London), 24 January 1992, p. 16, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 January 1992
Israeli military sources report that Iran acquired "several dozen" 500km-range Scud-C missiles from North Korea in 1991 and plans to acquire longer-range missiles.
—Hugh Carnegy, "Israel Worried Over Iran's Nuclear Plans," Financial Times (London), 29 January 1992, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 January 1992
Israel has begun to voice concern over Tehran's military ambitions, saying that it is in the early stages of developing a domestic nuclear weapons program, similar to that pursued by Iraq. This week, the Israeli defense establishment alleged publicly that unspecified German and European companies, some of whom previously cooperated with Iraqi non-conventional arms projects, are now working in Iran.
—Hugh Carnegy, "Israel Worried Over Iran's Nuclear Plans," Financial Times (London), 29 January 1992, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 February 1992
Reports indicate that an Islamic revolution is spreading to the horn of Africa, and to Sudan in particular. Along with thousands of members of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) that have been sent to Sudan over the past few weeks, Iran has also sent Sudan about $20 million worth of weapons. The weapons included in this shipment were ammunitions, bombs, machine guns, anti-aircraft batteries, and Chinese-made Silkworm missiles assembled in Iran. Iran also delivered Chinese-made F-7 fighters.
—Safa Haeri, "Iran's Zealots Export Revolution to Africa," Sunday Times (London), 2 February 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 February 1992
A bipartisan group of 17 U.S. senators sends a classified letter to Secretary of State James Baker about recent arms sales by China to Iran. The letter, sent by Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell, cites testimony by CIA Director Robert M. Gates in Congress last month that Iran has moved toward rearmament by purchasing battlefield missiles, cruise missiles, and nuclear technology from China.
—Jim Mann, "17 Senators Write Baker on China's Arms Sales; Policy: Mitchell has Warned of Mideast Instability if Iran Gets Missiles and Technology from Beijing," Los Angeles Times, 9 February 2001, p. A5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 February 1992
The Associated Press reports that China recently finished arrangements to sell Iran military parts that could be used in the development of a medium-range ballistic missile. The reports do not establish whether the missile parts have already been delivered, but they do indicate that the process of gathering the parts and preparing them for shipment is underway. China has denied repeatedly that it is providing weapon technology to Iran.
—"China-Iran Arms Deal," USA Today, 13 February 1992, p. 4A, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 August 1991-19 February 1992
House Foreign Affairs Committee says that the Commerce Department approved 48 dual-use technology export licenses to Iran between 1 August 1991 and 19 February 1992. The approved technology, valued at $180 million, included digital computer equipment.
—Los Angeles Times, 23 July 1992, p. A4, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 110.

21 February 1992
North Korea is shipping Scud-C missiles to Syria via Iran, with a second shipment of missiles from North Korea already bound for Iran.
—"US Tracks Korean Missile Shipment," New York Times, 21 February 1992, p. A4.

21 February 1992
The Bush administration agrees to lift sanctions on the sale of American high-technology equipment to China in exchange for a Chinese agreement to abide by an existing international agreement restricting missile and missile technology sales.
—Jim Mann, "U.S. Lifting Sanctions on China Sales; Accord: High-Tech Exports Will be Allowed in Exchange for Beijing's Agreement to Observe a Pact Restricting Missile Shipments. Mitchell Criticizes Bush's Policy," Los Angeles Times, 22 February 1992, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 February 1992
Questions arise over whether the 21 February agreement will actually stop China from selling missile technology to Iran and Syria. A U.S. official states, "I think we really stopped them (from selling missile technology). Of course, I won't feel so good if in six months Iran comes out with a new missile with Chinese characteristics."
—Jim Mann, "U.S. Lifting Sanctions on China Sales; Accord: High-Tech Exports Will be Allowed in Exchange for Beijing's Agreement to Observe a Pact Restricting Missile Shipments. Mitchell Criticizes Bush's Policy," Los Angeles Times, 22 February 1992, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 February 1992
The State Department demands that North Korea halt its new shipment of missile-related equipment.
—R. Jeffrey Smith, "U.S. Orders North Korea to Stop Scud Shipment," Washington Post, 22 February 1992, p. A15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 February 1992
China has built a ballistic missile plant and test range east of Tehran, while North Korea has delivered advanced Scud missiles.
—"Waking Up to the Iranian Nuclear Threat," Wall Street Journal, 25 February 1992.

Late February 1992
The Iranian freighter, Iran Salam, which is suspected of carrying North Korean missile-related cargo, is being tracked by U.S. intelligence between Singapore and the Iranian port of Bandar Khomeini.
—Bill Gertz, "Iran-Syria Deal Revealed as Scuds Near Gulf Ports," Washington Times, 10 March 1992, p. A3.

5 March 1992
The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control says the Commerce Department authorized more than $300 million in high-tech transfers to Syria and Iran in recent years. The transactions with Iran included $600,000 in navigational radar and communications equipment that could assist in missile targeting, and $270,000 in electronic measuring gear that could be used to develop microwave circuits for missile guidance radars.
—Miller, "Sensitive Exports: Tighter Controls Needed on Technology," San Diego Union-Tribune, 5 March 1992, p. B14, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

6 March 1992
The Bush administration in recent days has examined the military option of boarding two North Korean cargo ships heading for Iran loaded with Scud-C ballistic missiles for the arsenals of Syria and Iran. The State Department criticized the North Koreans last month for shipping the missiles, which are still on the high seas aboard two ships named the Dae Hung Ho and the Dae Hung Dan.
—"US Mulls Interdicting Arms Ships N. Korean Vessels Carrying Scud Missiles to Iran, Syria," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 6 March 1992, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 March 1992
The Times reports that Washington is considering ordering U.S. naval units to stop and search two North Korean cargo ships believed to be carrying Scud missiles to Iran or Syria. White House officials say even if missiles or related equipment were found, the ships would probably be allowed to proceed because there is no embargo against Syria or Iran.
—Jamie Dettmer, "Ship Hunt for Scuds Planned," The Times (London), 7 March 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 March 1992
The North Korean ship Tae Hŭng Ho, believed to be bound for Iran, is under surveillance by U.S. warships and aircraft. The missiles and equipment are expected to be flown to Syria by Iranian cargo aircraft.
—Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, "US Eyes Syria As Recipient of Scuds," Washington Times, 9 March 1992, pp. A1, A9.

9 March 1992
The North Korean freighter Tae Hŭng Ho docks at the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas with what is believed to be a load of Scud-C missiles and missile equipment. The missiles are unloaded and will allegedly be airlifted to Syria. The ship evaded a U.S. naval task force in the Arabian Sea assigned to "dissuade" the ship from delivering its cargo. A report says the shipment includes 24 missiles bound for Syria, and the contract is for North Korea to deliver 150.
—Barton Gellman, "U.S. Failed to Detect Ship," Washington Post, 12 March 1992, pp. A1, A23; Douglas Waller, et al., "Sneaking in the Scuds," Newsweek, 22 June 1992, pp. 42-46; "Increase in Egypt's 'Scuds' Leads to BAe Pull-Out," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 September 1992, p. 31; Im Hang, "Pukhan Taehŭngho Sagŏn Anp'akk/Han'gye Tŭrŏnan Mi Wihyŏp," Kukmin Ilbo, 11 March 1992, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Missile Chŏkchae Pukhwamulsŏn/Iran Hang'e Iphang," Joongang Ilbo, 11 March 1992, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 March 1992
The Tae Hŭng Ho departs Bandar Abbas and travels through the Suez Canal to Tartus, Syria, where it reportedly delivers manufacturing equipment for underground Scud missile factories that the United States says Syria is building in Hama and Aleppo. There are two fuel plants at Hama; one liquid-fuel plant for Scud-type missiles and one solid-fuel plant for M-9 type missiles. Other reports indicate that there is a plant near Hama dedicated to guidance systems. The Tae Hŭng Ho cargo off-loaded at Bandar Abbas in Iran is reportedly destined for the Syrian liquid-fuel plant.
—George Lardner Jr., "Probe Ordered in Failure to Track N. Korean Ship," Washington Post, 14 March 1992, p. A17; Douglas Waller et al., "Sneaking in the Scuds," Newsweek, 22 June 1992, pp. 42-46; Bill Gertz, "Iran-Bound Mystery Freighter Carried Parts for Missiles," Washington Times, 16 July 1992, p. A3; Neal Sandler, "Israeli Concern over Syrian 'Scud' Tests," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 1992, p. 1; "Increase in Egypt's 'Scuds' Leads to BAe Pull-Out," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 September 1992, p. 31.

9 March 1992
U.S. military officials report that North Korea has been supplying Syria with Scud-C missiles through Iran in a three-party project designed to help Syria attain production capability.
—Alon Pinkas, "US Set to Challenge Korean Scud Ships," Jerusalem Post, 9 March 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 March 1992
An Iranian newspaper reports that any U.S. interception of a North Korean freighter, reportedly laden with Scud missiles for Iran or Syria, would be considered to be piracy.
—"Iran Newspaper Denounces U.S. 'Bullying Tactics'," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 9 March 1992, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 March 1992
The North Korean cargo ship Dae Hung Ho, believed to be carrying Scud missiles to Iran and Syria, evades U.S. warships and docks at the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas.
—Melissa Healy, "Suspect Vessel Eludes US Net, Docks in Iran," Los Angeles Times, 11 March 1992, pp. A1, A9.

10 March 1992
The destroyer USS Ingersoll successfully intercepts an Iranian ship, the Iran Salaam, in the Northern Arabian Sea. The Iran Salaam is believed to be carrying Scud-C missiles or missile production equipment from North Korea to the Iranian port of Bandar Khomeini.
—Bill Gertz, "N. Korean freighter arrives in Iran with Scuds for Syria," Washington Times, 11 March 1992, p. A3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 March 1992
Six members of an international arms smuggling ring are arrested in Madrid, Spain. Mehdi Kashani, a civil engineer and colonel in the Iranian Army, led the smuggling ring. The group was engaged in the purchase of strategic technological equipment, including sophisticated guidance systems, for Iran.
—"Police Break Up International Arms Smuggling Ring," Diario 16 (Madrid), 13 March 1992, p. 12; in Proliferation Issues, 3 April 1992, pp. 29-30; "Breakup of Missile-Trafficking Network Detailed," Diario 16 (Madrid), 16 March 1992, p. 8; in Proliferation Issues, 22 April 1992, pp. 26-27.

11 March 1992
Officials report that they are unsure whether suspected missiles from the North Korean cargo ship Dae Hung Ho have been included in Iran's arsenal.
—Melissa Healy, "General Takes Blame For Ship that Got Away," Los Angeles Times, 12 March 1992, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 March 1992
U.S. Marine General Joseph P. Hoar, commander of Central Command, takes responsibility for "letting the Dae Hung Ho go through" to deliver its suspected cargo of Scud missiles to Iran.
—Melissa Healy, "General Takes Blame For Ship that Got Away," Los Angeles Times, 12 March 1992, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 March 1992
The Dae Hung Ho delivery of Scud missiles is part of a major military deal concluded during a 1991 visit by Iranian Defense Minister Akbar Torkan to Pyongyang. The deal is reportedly worth $2.5 billion and includes 110 Scud-C missiles. The first shipment of 80 advanced Scud-B missiles delivered on 21 February, along with 30 for Syria, is also part of the deal.
—"Navy On Alert Since Arrival of Korean Freighter," Sawt Al-Kuwayt Al-Duwali (London), 12 March 1992, pp. 1, 11; in Proliferation Issues, 26 March 1992, pp. 32-33.

13 March 1992
Police are searching for American Michael Malone in connection with an alleged plot to send 200 missile-guidance components to Iran's Air Force. Police believe the parts were sold by Tampa Helicopters, Inc. Tampa Helicopters could not be reached for comment, and police were unable to specify the relationship between the company and Malone. Police commented that Malone recently delivered a pair of Klystron amplifiers used to help guide missiles shot from F-4 Phantom II fighters to two Portuguese arms dealers.
—"Tampa Helicopters' Name Comes Up In Iran Arms Intrigue," St. Petersburg Times, 13 March 1992, p. B3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis>.

13 March 1992
The Iran Salam, which U.S. officials believe is carrying Scud missiles from North Korea, docks and unloads its cargo at the Iranian port of Char Bahar.
—"Syria Blasts U.S. Over Missile Affair," Facts on File World News Digest, 2 April 1992, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Eric Schmitt, "North Korea Ship Delivers to Iran," New York Times, 18 March 1992, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 March 1992
A CNN broadcast reports that North Korea is assisting in the construction of Scud missile production facilities in Egypt, Iran, Libya, and Syria. North Korea is said to be supporting the construction of a "Scud-D" production facility in Libya.
—"Pukhan, Arab Kukdŭl'e Scud Kongjang Kŏnsŏlchiwŏn," Joongang Ilbo, 14 March 1992, <http://www.joins.com>.

16 March 1992
In a U.S. federal court, Japan Aviation Electronics (JAE), agrees to plead guilty to 10 out of 22 counts of selling U.S. jet and missile parts to Iran during the Iran-Iraq War.
—"JAE Settles Export Violation Case," Defense News, 16 March 1992, p. 30.

16 March 1992
Stern Magazine, citing German intelligence sources, reports that Iran obtained two nuclear warheads and a medium-range delivery system from Kazakhstan, but did not have the codes necessary to fire the warheads and did not have missiles capable of carrying the warheads.
—"Iran 'Buys Bombs'," The Independent (London), 16 March 1992, p. 14, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 March 1992
U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney says that the United States has been unable to confirm whether the North Korean ship Tae Hŭng Ho unloaded missiles at an Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. U.S. intelligence officials believe the ship was carrying missiles, but U.S. Navy vessels were never given permission to board the ship.
—"Cheney: U.S. Not Sure if DPRK Ship Carried Scud Missiles," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 17 March 1992, Item No: 0317103, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; "Puk Missile Sŏn Kangje Susaekhaeya/Mi Chŏ'nŏlchi," Kukmin Ilbo, 18 March 1992, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

18 March 1992
CIA Director Robert Gates and other U.S. officials report that Iran continues to buy Scud missiles from North Korea; is shopping for technology to extend the range of its rockets; has recently acquired sensitive gyroscopes used in missile guidance systems from China; and is otherwise broadly expanding its military capabilities. The intelligence officials suggest that Iran is building up its military capability to become the leader of the Islamic world.
—"The New Order," Wall Street Journal, 18 March 1992, pp. A1, A10.

18 March 1992
Defense officials report that a second North Korean ship believed to be carrying Scud missiles or components has delivered its cargo to Iran after U.S. officials conclude that they have no authority to stop it. Reportedly embarrassed by the failure to track the first ship after raising many issues of its contents, the Bush administration has quietly allowed the Iran Salaam to dock and unload.
—Eric Schmitt, "North Korea Ship Delivers to Iran," New York Times, 18 March 1992, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 March 1992
The United States announces the imposition of sanctions on Iran and North Korea on grounds that the Iranian Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics and the North Korean firms Ryonggaksan Machineries and Equipment Export Corporation and Ch'anggwang Credit Corporation have been involved in "missile technology proliferation." The sanctions will last for two years beginning 6 March 1992.
—Federal Register, Vol. 57, No. 67, 7 April 1992, pp. 1167-1168.

27 March 1992
CIA Director Robert Gates reports that the Iranian government has purchased $2 billion worth of weapons from foreign suppliers each year in a drive to again become the pre-eminent power in the Persian Gulf region. Gates estimates that the total cost of foreign-made weapons acquired by Iran between 1990-1994 will reach $10 billion. Iran's foreign-made arsenal includes advanced warplanes, anti-aircraft missiles, and some extended range Scud missiles.
—Jeffrey Smith, "Gates Warns of Iranian Arms Drive; Tehran Buys $2 Billion In Weapons Annually, House Panel is Told," Washington Post, 28 March 1992, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 March 1992
U.S. spy satellites record North Korea's transfer of at least 20 Scud canisters to Iran to be transshipped by plane to Syria and other Arab countries.
—Jack Anderson and Michael Binstein, "North Korea: Loose Nuclear Cannon," Washington Post, 29 March 1992, p. C7.

May 1992
The North Korean ship Des Hung Ho carries missile parts for Syria to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. Iran then flies the components to Syria. An Iranian ship and a North Korean ship bring missiles and machine tools for Syria and Iran from North Korea. It is estimated that at least 20 North Korean missiles have been transported from Iran to Syria, and production equipment has been transferred to both Iran and Syria from North Korea.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Iran and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 7 February 2000), pp. 36-37.

May 1992
North Korea is reported to have supplied Iran with Silkworm anti-ship missiles and midget submarines. The Silkworm missiles are installed in coastal sites and trailed aboard a surface unit operated by the Iranian Navy.
—"The Iranian Navy," Jane's Intelligence Review, May 1992, pp. 213-217.

May 1992
China is reported to have built a ballistic missile plant and a test range east of Tehran.
—"The Middle East Expands—Rivalry in South Central Asia," Jane's Intelligence Review, May 1992, pp. 11-12.

1 May 1992
Iranian armed forces and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) deploy fighter-bombers, destroyers, missile-launching frigates, speedboats, and assault and anti-submarine helicopters on the sixth day of large-scale naval Victory-3 exercises. The exercises aim to counter the hypothetical penetration of the Straits of Hormuz region by Iran's enemies.
—"Victory-3 Naval Exercises Continue Into 6th Day," Tehran Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, 30 April 1992; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-085, p. 42.

22 May 1992
Iran is reportedly shopping around in Western and Asian markets for nuclear and missile technology. The principal sources have been North Korea for long-range Scud ballistic missiles, and China for battlefield missiles, cruise missiles, and nuclear-related technology.
—Michael Evens, "Fears Over Iran," The Times (London), 22 May 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 May 1992
Four Syrian army officers are killed while working to extend the range of Scud missiles in Iran. As part of a treaty on technical cooperation that Syria and Iran have reportedly signed in 1992, a number of Syrian officers have been sent to Tehran, though Syria has never acknowledged that it is helping Iran's missile program. Iran has contracted to buy 150 Scud-D missiles from North Korea, which have a range of 1,300km and can be fitted with conventional or nuclear warheads. On 18 March, a North Korean cargo ship delivered the first missiles to the Iranian naval base at Bandar Abbas. The missiles will cost Iran $320 million, but part of the agreement with North Korea is that Iran should also acquire technology to manufacture its own rockets.
—John Bulloch, "Syrians Killed as Scuds Explode," Sunday Telegraph (London), 31 May 1992, p. 20, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

June 1992
Director of the Yuzhonye missile complex in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, tells a delegation of French officials that a deal with Iran is "in the works," though he would not specify which missiles Iran wants.
—"Ukraine Offers Missiles for Sale," Defense Electronics, June 1992, p. 18.

June 1992
A German intelligence report alleges that North Korea has sold Iran and possibly Syria components to produce Scud-C missiles.
—Michael J. Inacker, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 5 July 1992, p. 5, cited in Proliferation Issues, 19 July 1992, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 109.

4 June 1992
In an effort to develop their missile program, Iran has received the M-11 missile from China. It is noted in the report that while the United States protested the sale of 170 Scud-B and Scud-C missiles by North Korea, the United States did not protest the Chinese missile sale.
—Arnold Beichman, "Iran's Ongoing Arms-Buying Binge," Washington Times, 4 June 1992, p. G3.

22 June 1992
Newsweek magazine reports that some of the Scud missiles that Iran received from North Korea were picked up by a North Korean fishing boat to be returned for repairs. Iran also reportedly received a clandestine delivery of 90 CSS-8s, short-range surface-to-surface missiles with anti-ship capability, as well as missile guidance technology from China. In addition, North Korea has allegedly pitched the sale of its Nodong-1 missile to Iran.
—"Sneaking in the Scuds," Newsweek, 22 June 1992, pp. 42-46.

Second Half of 1992
North Korea exports a few Nodong-1 prototypes to Iran.
—"Puk, Nodong 1 Ho Iran Chaegong/Sajŏnggŏri 1 Ch'ŏn km Sugi/Mi Ŭihoe Pogosŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 1993, <http://www.chosun.com>.

July 1992
The CIA Nonproliferation Center provides information to U.S. policymakers confirming that the cargo delivered by the North Korean ship Tae Hung Ho consisted of missile manufacturing components, which were subsequently transferred to Syria from Tehran by Syrian aircraft. The shipment is allegedly valued at $100 million. Other information indicates that in exchange for allowing the transshipment, Iran is to be permitted to supply weapons to Hezbollah militia in Lebanon. The deal is enabling Syria to build two missile propellant production facilities at Hamah; one plant will produce liquid fuel and the other will produce solid fuel.
—Bill Gertz, "Iran-Bound Mystery Freighter Carried Parts for Missiles," Washington Times, 16 July 1992, p. A3; Terrence Kiernan, "N. Korea Considers Scud Export Boost," Defense News, 26 April-2 May 1993, p. 3.

July-August 1992
North Korean Deputy Premier-Foreign Minister Kim Yong Nam visits Syria (27-30 July), Iran (30 July-3 August), and Pakistan (4-7 August). Missile cooperation and North Korean sales of the Hwasŏng-6 and possibly Nodong missiles are on the agenda.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 23.

15 July 1992
Russia concludes a $2 billion deal to sell a major arms package to Iran, including advanced combat aircraft, the SA-5 Gammon, the SA-11 Gadfly, and the SA-13 Gopher. [Note: A surface-to-surface capability was added to the Gadfly, which entered into service in 1983. See, "SA-11 'Gadfly," Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 33, accessed via <http://www.janesonline.com>.]
—"Iran/Russia Wrap Up $2 billion Arms Deal," Flight International, 15 July 1992, p. 13.

24 July 1992
Iran establishes a major missile-testing ground near its borders with the former Soviet Union and Afghanistan.
—"II Quarter 1992: July," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, July 1992).

Late July-Early August 1992
Syria conducts two tests of Scud-C missiles acquired from North Korea via Iran. North Korean military personnel are present in Syria for the tests. Israel claims that these tests are the last tests before the missile becomes operational.
—Bill Gertz, "Israelis Say Syrians Test-Fired New Scud," Washington Times, 14 August 1992, p. A25; Neal Sandler, "Israeli Concern over Syrian 'Scud' Tests," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 1992, p. 11; "Increase in Egypt's 'Scuds' Leads to Bar Pull-Out," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 September 1992, p. 31; Allison Kaplan and David Makovsky, "Rabin Blasts Proposed US Arms Sales to Saudis: PM Rejected US Deal," Jerusalem Post, 13 August 1992, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; "Syria, Ch'oech'ŏmdan Missile Saengsandan'gye/Israel Chŏn'yŏk Sajŏng'gwŏn'e," Chosun Ilbo, 14 August 1992, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Pukhanje Scud Missile/Syria, Shilhŏmbalsa Sŏnggong," Donga Ilbo, 14 August 1992, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

August 1992
The Simon Wiesenthal Center issues a report stating that Western firms, including 100 in Germany, 43 in the United States, 29 in France, 22 in the United Kingdom, and 13 in Italy and Switzerland, have provided Iran with materials and technology useful in developing nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as ballistic missiles.
—Michael Fitzpatrick, Reuters, 3 August 1992, cited in Nuclear Nonproliferation Network News, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 108-110.

August 1992
Kamal Kharazzi, Iran's representative to the United Nation, denies claims that Iran uses dual-use technology to produce ballistic missiles and chemical weapons. He says that Iran has no intention of developing nuclear or chemical weapons.
—IRNA (Tehran), 5 August 1992, cited in Proliferation Issues, 12 August 1992, p. 8, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 108.

5 August 1992
Syria reportedly test-launches two advanced Scud missiles capable of hitting targets anywhere in Israel.
—Clyde Haberman, "Israel Says Syria Is Testing Advanced Scud Missiles," New York Times, 15 August 1992, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 August 1992
Iran has pledged over $7 billion in an effort to obtain missiles, tanks, fighter jets, and nuclear technology from China, North Korea, and Russia. Iran is reportedly negotiating the purchase of SAM-5, SAM-11, and SAM-13 missiles from Russia and other Eastern European countries.
—Yousef M. Ibrahim, "Iran Said to Commit $7 billion to Secret Arms Plan," New York Times, 8 August 1992, p. 3.

13 August 1992
The Washington Times reports that the German firm Messerschmidt-Boelkow-Blohm has provided Iran with materials to expand the range of the Silkworm missile from 400km up to 1500km.
—Arnold Beichman, Washington Times, 13 August 1992, p. G3, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 108.

15 August 1992
The recently tested Syrian missiles are purchased from North Korea. However, senior Israeli officials claim that Syria is working with Iran to produce Scuds on its own, including those with chemical warheads.
—Clyde Haberman, "Israel Says Syria Is Testing Advanced Scud Missiles," New York Times, 15 August 1992, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

September 1992
Iran allegedly provides surface-to-surface missiles and other weapons to Sudan, to be used against rebel troops of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army.
—Tariq Hasan, Rose Al-Yusuf (Cairo), 19 October 1992, p. 71, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, November 1992-April 1993," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1994, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 158.

10 September 1992
A spokesman for the Iranian Embassy in Beijing states that China is ready to dispatch 500 M-11 missiles to Iran. The deal is allegedly in response to President Bush's decision on 2 September to sell 150 F-16s to Taiwan.
—Graham Hutchings, "Sino-Iran 'Arms Link'," Daily Telegraph (London), 10 September 1992, p. 10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Eric Chauvistre, Pacific Research, November 1992, pp. 17-18, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 108.

October 1992
A group of Israeli officials, including Eitan Bentsur, foreign ministry deputy director general, visits Pyongyang where he is given assurances that in exchange for economic assistance North Korea will not sell missiles. North Korea invited Foreign Minister Shimon Peres to visit at this time, but he declined. North Korean representatives also reportedly request assistance in mining gold. Israel offers to help raise $1 billion in funds for foreign investment from American Jews if North Korea would stop its plans to export Nodong missiles to Iran.
—Korea Times, 16 June 1993, p. 2, in "Seoul 'Concerned' With Israel-DPRK Contacts," FBIS-EAS-93-114, 16 June 1993, p. 20; Kim Yong Kol, Hankook Ilbo, 16 June 1991, p. 4, in "Israel Makes Gesture to North Korea for Improvement of Relations," FBIS-EAS-93-114, 16 June 1993, p. 20; Jon B. Wolfsthal, "U.S. Prods Israel to Halt Talks With North Korea on Missile Sales," Arms Control Today, September 1993, p. 24; Steve Rodan, "All Eyes Are On Israel's North Korean Connection," Jerusalem Post, 25 March 1994, p. 3B, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Abraham Rabinovich, "Surly Pyongyang warms up to Jerusalem," Jerusalem Post, 18 June 1993, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

October 1992
Iran allegedly decodes the firing and fusing systems from one of two nuclear warheads obtained from Kazakhstan. Work is believed to be progressing on decoding the second warhead. [Note: The veracity of this report is dubious, as most experts would agree that Iran has not acquired nuclear warheads.]
—Assad Homayoun, Washington Times, 5 January 1993, p. F3, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, November 1992-April 1993," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1994, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 156.

October 1992
A group of U.S. officials visits European allies and Japan to discuss an initiative to restrict the sale to Iran of dual-use technologies that could be used to produce ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction.
—Washington Post, 10 November 1992, p. A30, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 110.

October 1992
The Pentagon says that it is concerned that China is discussing further "nuclear missile" exports with Iran. A senior Pentagon official also says that there are indications that China is violating the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in discussing deals for the M-9 and M-11 missiles with Pakistan and Syria.
—Jane's Defence Weekly, 10 October 1992, p. 18, cited in "Ballistic Missiles, Cruise Missiles and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments (July - November 1992)," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1993, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 110.

18 October 1992
Russian and Iranian sources confirm that Russia will supply Iran with an unspecified number of surface-to-air missiles as part of a weapons sale agreement.
—"Yeltsin Rejects US Warning and Supplies Iran with Advanced Weapons," Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 18 October 1992, p. 1; in "Russia Reportedly to Supply Weapons, Equipment," FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-203, 20 October 1992, p. 42.

23 October 1992
Reports confirm that Iran has set up eight missile launching pads for launching Silkworm missiles and modified Scud-B missiles on the disputed Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf. Western sources advance that Iran intends to stockpile approximately 200 Silkworm missiles and more than 800 Scud missiles by the end of 1993.
—"Amid Atmosphere of Escalation in Crisis with Emirates, Iran Moves Missiles to Abu Musa," Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 23 October 1992, p. 1; in "Missiles Moved to Abu Musa Island," FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-207, 25 October 1992, p. 41.; "Iraq Daily Claims Missile Launchers on Abu Musa," Al-Jumhuriyah, 27 October 1992, p. 1; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-211, 30 October 1992, p. 35.; "Iran Prepares Missile Sites on Abu Musa," Mednews, 7 December 1992, p. 5.

27 October 1992
Missile exercises, codenamed Thunderbolt II, are carried out in the central and western parts of the Strait of Hormuz.
—"Missile Exercises Conducted in Strait of Hormuz," Tehran IRIB Television First Program Network, 27 October 1992; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-209, 28 October 1992, p. 57.

Late October 1992
A North Korean ship, laden with as many as 100 upgraded Scud missiles, leaves North Korea and is bound for the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. Half of the cargo reportedly is to be carried overland to Syria.
—"Washington Whispers: On Its Way," US News & World Report, 9 November 1992, p. 30.

Early November
Eleven Chinese technicians went to Iran to inspect work started in 1991 on a long-range Scud missile with a production goal of no fewer than 400 missiles per year.
—Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, "Iran Sizes Up Clinton," Washington Post, 23 November 1992, p. A21.

November 1992
North Korea supplies Iran with 220 Scud missiles, and a few early model Nodong missiles.
—"Puk, Nodong 1 Ho Iran Chaegong/Sajŏnggŏri 1 Ch'ŏn km Sugi/Mi Ŭihoe Pogoso," Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 1993, <http://www.chosun.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 16 July 1993, in "U.S. Report on DPRK-Iran Missile Deal Cited," FBIS-EAS-93-138, 21 July 1993, p. 33.

November 1992
Iran purchases three kilo-class submarines from Russia equipped with advanced SA-16 surface-to-air missiles for $1 billion.
—Nikola B. Schahgaldian, Iran and the Postwar Security in the Persian Gulf (National Defense Research Institute RAND, 1994), p. 23; "Iran Acknowledges More Kilo Class," MedNews, 7 December 1992, p. 5.

8 November 1992
Joseph Alpher, a former official in Israel's intelligence service Mossad and currently deputy head of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University, claims that Iran's vigorous missile program, which includes purchases from China and North Korea, is Israel's number one threat.
—"IV Quarter 1992: November," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Columbia University, November 1992).

10 November 1992
Iran reportedly is purchasing large quantities of advanced technology equipment, including radar testing devices, navigation and avionics equipment, oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, fiber optic cables, digital switches, high-speed computers, remote sensors, and jet engines, from a variety of Western countries.
—"Technology from West Floods Iran," Washington Post, 10 November 1992, pp. A1, A28-A29.

11 November 1992
Russia has surpassed China as the primary arms supplier to Iran. Iran has purchased the Russian SA-5 surface-to-air missile from Russia.
—Kathy Evans, David Pallister, and Simon Tisdall, "Oil Sales to US Help to Bankroll Iranian Drive for Rearmament," Guardian, 11 November 1992, p. 3.

30 November 1992
Citing Gulf military reports, Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Anba' reports that Iranian forces prepared installations and launch pads for surface-to-surface Silkworm missiles on Abu Musa Island.
—"Silkworm Launchers Reportedly Set Up On Abu Musa," MENA (Cairo), 30 November 1992; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-231, 1 December 1992, p. 63.

Early December 1992
Kim Tal Hyŏn leads a delegation to Iran for the signing of a military agreement worth several hundred millions of dollars to develop a new missile that is capable of carry nuclear warheads. The agreement stipulates that Iran will provide North Korea with $500 million to "jointly develop nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles." The agreement also provides for missile flight tests in Iran, and the cooperation of Libya in order to obtain western electronics systems from Libya's al-Fatah program. The al-Fatah program is reported to have the support of German firms and technical experts.
—"Puk, Nodong 1 Ho Iran Chaegong/Sajŏnggŏri 1 Ch'ŏn km Sugi/Mi Ŭihoe Pogoso," Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 1993, http://www.chosun.com; Yonhap News Agency, 16 July 1993, in "U.S. Report on DPRK-Iran Missile Deal Cited," FBIS-EAS-93-138, 21 July 1993, p. 33.

December 1992
North Korea invites Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon to North Korea to discuss aid in exchange for abandoning its missile program. On 14 June 1993, Peres says that he wants to visit North Korea to dissuade them from selling missiles to Iran.
—Korea Times, 16 June 1993, p. 2, in "Seoul 'Concerned' with Israel-DPRK Contacts," FBIS-EAS-93-114, 16 June 1993, p. 20.

December 1992
Reports surface that Iran is developing a new 1000km-range SRBM, the Tondar-68. It is also reported that the "Ugab," a missile similar to the Tondar-68 with a 1000-1250km-range, is under development. [Note: The Oghab artillery rocket and this entry's "Ugab" SRBM share the same name, "Eagle." However, there is no evidence beyond this report in Jane's Intelligence Review that the "Ugab" SRBM exists.]
—"Iran," Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 December 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 December 1992
The Iraqi News Agency (INA) warns that it is necessary to monitor Iran's weapons buildup, particularly those related to missile deals and nuclear arms, as they threaten regional security.
—"Iraq Alarmed By Iran's Nuclear Might," UPI (Beirut), 5 December 1992, in Executive News Service, 7 December 1992.

8 December 1992
Iran and North Korea sign a military agreement worth billions of dollars to cover the development of new missile systems capable of carrying nuclear warheads. Details of the agreement are not released, but informed sources report that part of the agreement covers the development of two new missiles financed by Iran and designed and manufactured in North Korea. One missile is based on the Chinese M-11; the other missile is the M-9B.
—Amir Tahiri, "North Korea Is Iran's Main Partner in the Development of an Advanced Missile System," Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 8 December 1992, p. 3; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-92-239, 11 December 1992, p. 48.

21 December 1992
U.S., French, and German officials say Germany is enjoying an export "bonanza" to Iran. Germany's Federal Export Agency reports an 80% approval rate for licenses of dual-use equipment to Iran, which fall on the C-list of controlled technology. Critics of Germany's export control policy complain that much of the equipment shipped to Iraq and subsequently used in nuclear, biological, chemical, and missile applications, appear on the C-list.
—"Germany's Iran Bonanza," Mednews, 21 December 1992, p. 1.

Late 1992
Iran is attempting to extend the range of the Silkworm missile to 400km at a Silkworm assembly facility near Bandar Abbas. Iran began to assemble Silkworm here in 1988 under Chinese supervision.
—Kenneth Timmerman, "Iran's Ballistic Missile Program," Mednews, 21 December 1992, pp. 4-5.

End of 1992
Iran has an estimated 800 Scud missiles and 200 Chinese Silkworm missiles, as part of a plan to spend $50 billion on defense over the next five years.
—Assad Homayoun, "Unsettling Signals From Iran," Washington Times, 5 January 1993, p. F3, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, November 1992-April 1993," Nonproliferation Review, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1994, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 157.

	Updated February 2006