Austria

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Boehler Edelstahl	Maraging steel used in preforms of centrifuge rotors	1989
Voest-Alpine AG (a state-owned firm)	Magnets for calutrons	Unknown

 Belgium

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Sebatra	Large fertilizer factory at Al Qaim for uranium concentrate production	1981	Plant possibly used for chemical weapons agents

 Brazil

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Brazilian Air Force's Aerospace Technology Center (CTA)	Enriched uranium to 70% U-235	1981
Aeronautics Ministry Institute of Space Activities	UO2 supplier	Late 1970s to 1981	Shipment allegedly halted in response to publicity
CNEN – Brazil	Nuclear materials and equipment for laboratory tests; assistance in Osirak nuclear reactor	1979 through 1980s
Mineral Technology Center (CETEM)	Analyzed uranium ore from Abu Shakir mine	1984
Minerart (created by former Nuclebras employees)	Evaluated Abu Shakir uranium reserve for Iraqi Geological Survey	1985
Natron Consulting and Designing Exporter	Designed plant for UO2 production	1980s
Nuclebras Mineral Resources Department	Prospected to find uranium in Iraq	1983	Prospected for 15 days

 China

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
China Wanbao Engineering Exporter (CWEC)	Lithium hydride	1989 to 1990
Chinese Government	Low-enriched uranium (LEU); weapons-grade uranium; ring magnets (assistance in building samarium-cobalt magnets); UO2	1970 to 1990
China Noth Industries Corportation (NORINCO)	Lithium hydride used as a thermonuclear fuel constituent	1990	PRC denied report

 Denmark

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Danfyisik	High-voltage power supplies	Unknown	Power supplies were used to power R120 separators as part of Iraq's EMIS program

 France

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
CERBAG	Highly enriched uranium (HEU) reactor fuel; built Osiraq reactor	1976 to 1981
Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)	Heavy water and Osiraq reactor	1981
Calorstat	Bellows for centrifuges	1993
ImphyTecphy	Maraging steel	1993
Robatel	Pulsed columns for plutonium extraction	1993
Sciaky	Electron beam welders	Unknown
SGN (Societe Generale pour les Techniques Nouvelles)	Auxiliary facilities (effluent treatment station and hot cell laboratory)	Late 1970s	Facilities for extracting plutonium from spent reactor fuel
Technicatome	Equipment for nuclear reactors	1993
Thomson CSF - Nuclear	High-voltage DC switches (thyrister oblique switches)	Unknown	Adopted the name Thales Group in December 2000

 Germany

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Arburg	Jet molding machines with application-specific fixtures	Unknown
Arthur Pfeiffer Vakuumtechnik GmbH	Induction, resistance, vacuum furnaces	Unknown to 1990
Aviatest (subsidiary of Rheinmetall)	Machining equipment for military research complex, Saad-16	1989
Balzers Hochvakuum GmbH	Electron beam welder	1992
Buderus (Feldmuehle subsidiary)	Technical assistance in building Taji	1988 to 1989
Bundesamt fuer Wirtshaft (BAW)	Nickel powder for fabrication of diffusion barriers used in gaseous diffusion	1986
C. Plath - Nuclear	Components for centrifuge program	Unknown
Dango and Dienenthal engineering works	Special equipment for Taji	1988 to 1989
Degussa	Furnaces, magnets, vacuum chambers; established Al Furat centrifuge factory	Unknown
Dorries Scharmann GmbH (now subsidiary of Bremer Vulkan AG)	Large turning machines	Unknown
Dr. Reutlinger & Sohne KG	Horizontal and vertical balancing machines	Unknown
Export Union GmbH	Investigated for supplying metal to manufacture gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment; contracted to sell maraging steel	1990	Sale blocked by UN embargo; only a test sample delivered
Ferrostaal, SMS Hansclever, and other MAN subsidiaries	Contractor and supplier of universal smelting plant for Taji	1988 to 1990
Finnigan-MAT - Germany and US	Mass spectrometers (MAT 26 machines) to work with gasses (probably UF6) and solids	Unknown
Gerber	Turning machines	1988
Germany - Unknown Nuclear Suppliers	Nickel powder for uranium diffusion barriers; materials and components to produce centrifuges (aluminum alloy tube extrusions for producing molecular pumps)	1990
Gildemeister – Nuclear	Turning machines	Unknown
H & H Metalform – Nuclear	Flow-forming machines capable of making centrifuge rotors; middleman to transfer CNC machines	1987 to 1989 and unknown
Hasenclever (MAN subsidiary)	Melting press for iron pieces	1980
Heinzinger	Sold high-voltage power supplies to Iraq's General Directorate for Industrial Supply (GDIS)	Unknown	Power supplies used to power R120 separators as part of EMIS program
Hochtief	Taji construction assistance	1988 to 1989
Interatom GmbH (Siemens subsidiary)	Contracted to build plant to produce steel and aluminium pipes, technical assistance, training and machinery (helium leak detectors and vacuum pumps); contracted to supply clean room	1989 to 1990	Clean room contract blocked by German Customs two days before Iraq invaded Kuwait
Inwako – Nuclear	UK-made ring magnets (aluminum nickel cobalt magnets and samarium cobalt magnets)	1989
Kavo	Investigated for supplying electrical components for nuclear weapons factory	1980s
Kieserling und Albrecht GmbH	Flow-forming machine	Unknown
Kloeckner	Contractor to Nassr State Establishment	1985
Leifeld – Nuclear	Horizontal flow turning machines	Unknown
Leitz	Three-axis coordinate measurement machine	Unknown
Leybold (subsidiary of German firm Degussa)	Electron beam welders, technical assistance, and ancillary equipment (rough vacuum pumps); dual-use furnace equipment	1984 to 1989 and unknown
Lurgi (subsidiary of Metallgesellschaft)	Contracted to provide technical assistance in construction and processing of industrial pipelines	1980s	Contract for training cancelled by German government
Maho AG – Germany	Milling machines	Unknown
Maho AG - US and Germany	Milling machines	Unknown
MAN AG former employees (Walter Busse and Bruno Stemmler)	Construction and design information for centrifuges; information on patented process for oxidizing maraging steel rotors to prevent corrosion	1988 to 1989
Mauserwerke Oberndorf GmbH - Missile and possibly nuclear	High-precision coordinate measuring machine at Al Kindi (part of Saad-16 missile complex)	Unknown
Messer Gressheim GmbH (subsidiary of Hoechst chemical group)	Electron beam welder	Unknown
Messerschmitt- Boelkow-Blohm (MBB)	Machining equipment for Iraq military research complex, Saad-16	1989
Metallextraktion AB	Mixer-settler units capable of processing uranium and plutonium	Unknown
Neue Magdeburger Wekzeugmaschin- fabrik	Turning machines with specific fixtures	Unknown
Nukem	Technology and materials for centrifuge fabrication	1990
REFU Elektronik GmbH	15KVA high-frequency converters	Unknown
Rhein-Bayern Fahrzeugbau GmbH & Co KG - Nuclear	Ferrite spacer magnets and soft iron ring band cores; Die-casting equipment to manufacture stator coil rings	January to May 1990
Rheinmetall	Machining equipment for Iraqi military research complex, Saad-16	1989
RoSch Verbundwerkstoff GmbH (directed by former MAN Technologie employee)	Carbon-fiber rotors	1989 to 1990
Saarstahl AG	Investigated for manufacturing specialty metal for manufacturing centrifuges for uranium enrichment	1990	Only a test sample delivered
Savaco Plinke	Offered to supply H2SO4 (96%), low concentration 40-60% sulfuric acid	April 1994	At the time UNSCOM found documents at Al Qa Qaa State Establishment, no decision had yet been made to proceed.
Schiess (subsidiary of Metallgesellschaft)	Milling, boring, and turning machines	Unknown
Schloemann- Siemag	Assistance in construction of Taji	Unknown
SHW (Schwabische Huttenwerke GmbH)	Milling machines; license holder to build sensitive machine tools	Unknown
Siemens - Nuclear	Contractor of computers for numerically controlled machine tools for centrifuge end cap production; extra high-precision electronic switches; computer-control system for electron beam welder; x-ray diffraction systems; numerical control units paired with milling, boring, turning, spin-forming and flow-forming machine tools; high-voltage DC switches	1989 to 1990, 1998 and unknown	Contract blocked by UN embargo
Strabag - Nuclear	Planning work for Al Furat pilot hall for 100-unit centrifuge cascade	1989 to 1990
TBT Deep Well Drilling Technology (half-owned by Gildemeister)	Investigated for supplying technical equipment to Taji	1980s
T.P.S.	Pre-machined soft iron pieces	1982 to 1987	Material used to fabricate magnets used in EMIS enrichment program
Transtechnica (subsidiary of MBB)	Machining equipment to Saad-16	1989	Possible use in nuclear program
Vertiebs Ltd.	Flow-forming machine	1991
Vereinigte Aluminwerke	Aluminum tubing for use in centrifuge fabrication	1987
Wotan (now subsidiary of US firm Pratt & Whitney and German firm Schiess AG)	Milling machine	Unknown
Zeiss	High-precision coordinate measuring machine	Unknown
Zertz und Scheid Ingenieurgesell- schaft (ZSI)	Technical assistance (construction and processing of industrial pipelines)	1980s	Contract for training cancelled by German government

 Italy

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) - Italy	Four commercial contracts with shipments of major equipment; $3 billion to $5 billion of unauthorized loans to Iraq, including at least $920 million of export-credit guarantees and over 2,500 letters of credit	1976 to 1989	Indicted by US federal authorities, February 1991
National Committee for Nuclear Energy (CNEN) - Italy	2.6% enriched uranium; technical assistance; negotiated 10-year agreement to assist in atomic energy, including reactor physics	1976 through early 1980s
DEA (Digital Electronic Automation)	Coordinate measurement machines	Unknown
ENEA	Site training for Tuwaitha nuclear fuel production laboratory	1983
Innocenti	Five-axis gantry mill	Unknown
Nuovo Pignone	Gas-diffusing compressor	1993
OCEM	High-voltage power supplies to Iraq's General Directorate for Industrial Supply (GDIS)	Unknown	Power supplies used to power R120 separators as part of EMIS program
SNIA Techint (formerly SNIA Visacosa) with Ansaldo Mechanico Nucleare	Delivered four labs (fuel fabrication lab, chemical engineering lab, radioisotope lab, and materials-testing lab); hot cell complex for dissolving fuel rods	1977
SNIA Visacosa	Plutonium extraction equipment (lead-shielded hot cells, glove-boxes, Pyrex micro mixer-settlers with Tygon or Teflon tubes)	1975 to 1978

 Japan

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Hamamatsu Photonics KK	Streak video cameras and support equipment	1989	Stated use of equipment for auto engine research

 Jordan

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Firas Trading Exporter	High-end machine tools; production lines for making diamond cutting tools and powder metallurgy; highly sensitive plasma spray machine	1995	Broker for contract between Iraq's Badr State Establishment and Belstroyimpex (Belarus)

 Liechtenstein

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Balzers Liechtenstein (subsidiary of Swiss firm Buehrle-Oerlikon)	High temperature heat-treatment furnaces; smelting and casting installations; personnel training	1990	Managed all contracts between German and Swiss Oerlikon subsidiaries, and the Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI)

 Niger

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
ONAREM (Office National des Resources Minieres)	UO2	Late 1970s to 1982

 Poland

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Chemadex	Serviced part of Iraq's large fertilizer factory at Al-Qaim	1981 to 1990	Factory produced uranium concentrate and possibly chemical warfare agents
Poland - Unknown Nuclear Suppliers	Possible supplier of high explosives and furnished bomb parts	Unknown

 Portugal

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
National Laboratory of Industrial Engineering (LNETI)	Yellowcake	Late 1970s to 1982	Supplied without safeguards

 Russia/Soviet Union

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Soviet Union	Hot cells; medical radio-isotope production laboratory	1960s	Hot cells capable of manipulating spent fuel
Soviet Union	2MW IRT-5000 research reactor	1962

 Sweden

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) - Nuclear	Large hot and cold isostatic presses; associated furnaces	Unknown	Capable of pressing high explosives into shapes needed for implosion devices; both presses destroyed by UN inspectors

 Switzerland

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
ABRA	Hot and cold isostatic presses	Unknown
Aciera	Three-axis milling machines	Unknown
Acomel	28 KVA high-frequency drive converters; frequency converters.	1989	Each unit capable of powering a large number of centrifuges in a cascade to enrich uranium
Agie	11 electrical discharge machines	Unknown	For working exotic metals
Alwo	Equipment	1993	Possible supplier
Awmel SA	Drive converter	1992	Capable of driving cascaded centrifuge arrangement
Balzers	Electrically controlled bellows valves	Unknown	Capable of being used in the centrifuge program for uranium enrichment
Balzers Hochvakuum AG (subsidiary of Swiss firm Buehrle- Oerlikon)	Leak indicators, vacuum pumps, tungsten wire	1990	Components for use with two vacuum furnaces associated with nuclear program
Brown Boveri	Design of calutron magnet	1980
Buehrle- Oerlikon (see also Oerlikon)	Vacuum furnaces, components and training	1980s	Parent Exporter of three subsidiaries (Balzers [Zurich], Balzers [Liechten- stein] and Arthur Pfeiffer [FRG])
Cetec	UF6 resistant valves for enrichment program	1989	Equipment seized in Jordan
Charmilles	Ram-type electrical discharge machines	Unknown	For working exotic metals
Dixi	Jig bores	Unknown	One was capable of being used to develop nuclear weapons
EWAG	Five-axis tool grinding machines	Unknown	Designed to operate with computers for precision grinding
Hauser	Jig bores and jig grinders	Unknown
Lasag	Bottom bearings for centrifuges	1993	Possible supplier
Leitz	Three-axis coordinate measurement machine	Unknown	Can be used to develop centrifuge parts for uranium enrichment
Oerlikon	Three-axis milling machines	Unknown
Plasmatechnik (subsidiary of Sulzer Bros.)	Plasma spray systems	Unknown	Can be used to develop nuclear weapons
Schaublin	High-precision turning machines; small components and forgings for the centrifuge prototype; milling machines	1989 to March 1990	Machine tools were programmed by unknown third parties to manufacture centrifuge parts; can be used to produce centrifuges to enrich uranium
Schmiede- meccanica (SMB)	End caps and baffles for centrifuges to enrich uranium; manufactured and attempted to ship specialty steel forgings for Iraq's first 100-centrifuge cascade	1989 to 1991	For Urenco G-1 centrifuge
SIP	Jig bores	Unknown	Four were capable of making precision components for the Iraqi nuclear weapon program
Vakuum Apparate Technik (VAT)	Uranium hexafluoride-resistant pneumatic valves	Unknown	Can be used in the Iraqi centrifuge program for uranium enrichment

 United Kingdom

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
600 Services, Ltd.	Eroda NC 650 machine tool; Bridgeport Vertical Machining Center BPC 520V machine; Bridgeport Interact 11 Mk 4 machine; Bridgeport Interact 1 Mk 2 machine	1988 to 1989	CNC machines configured for the centrifuge manufacturing program
Amersham	33 ampoules of plutonium-238 and six ampoules of plutonium-239	Unknown
Atlas Equipment	Attempted to smuggle US-made electrical capacitors	1989	Used to trigger nuclear weapons
Bridgeport	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Colchester Lathes	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Endshire Export Marketing	Samarium cobalt magnets	1989	For use in centrifuges to enrich uranium
Euromac Ltd. - UK	40 US-made electrical capacitors, used to trigger nuclear weapons	1990	Nuclear program
FMT	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Hadland Photonics	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Harrison	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Instron	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
International Computer Systems	Licensed to sell computers to Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI) and Al Atheer, the Ministry of Defense, Hatteen General Establishment, Badr Establishment of Mechanical Engineering, State Establishment for Heavy Engineering Equipment (SEHEE)	1988 to 1990
Lumonics	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Matrix Churchill Ltd. (Formerly known as TI Machine Tools)	Sensitive computer-controlled machine tools; high-tech lathes; centrifuge components; on-site training for Iraqi technicians; turning machines; machine tools; magnets, vacuum chambers, ion sources and collector components for calutrons to enrich uranium	1987 to 1990
MEED International	Machine tools and equipment	1987 to 1990	A key front Exporter in the UK-based Iraqi procurement network
Millitorr	Maker of electrical equipment diverted to EMIS uranium enrichment program	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Morgan Rushworth	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
Renishaw-Probe	Maker of equipment found in nuclear facilities by UN inspectors	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq
River Don Castings Ltd.	60-ton rough-machined discs used for magnet discs	1987 to 1988	Used in calutrons to enrich uranium to nuclear weapon grade
River Don Castings Ltd.	Patterns for castings manufacture to Taji	1989
Technology Development Group (TDG)	Invested in Swiss firm Schmiedemeccanica and German firm H & H Metalform	1987 and Late 1980s	Key front Exporter in UK-based Iraqi procurement network
TMG Engineering	Front Exporter for Al-Arabi holding Exporter of Baghdad	1987	Key front Exporter in UK-based Iraqi procurement network
Wickman Bennett	Machine tools	1994	Firm claims equipment was exported legally and diverted later by Iraq

 United States

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
Axel Electronics Inc.	Licensed to sell capacitors	1987	Capacitors can power the firing set for nuclear weapon
BDM Corporation	CAD equipment	Between 1985 and 1990
Canberra Elektronik GmbH and Canberra Industries Inc.	Licensed to sell electronic and computing equipment able to measure neutrons	1986
Carl Zeiss	Licensed to sell microcomputers	1985 to 1990
Cerberus Ltd.	Licensed to sell over computers to Al Qa Qaa State Establishment	1987
Consarc	Vacuum and annealing furnaces; licensed to sell high-temperature "skull" furnaces and numerical control equipment for use in making crucibles for high-performance furnace system and furnaces	1989 to 1990	Sold to Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI)
CVC Products Inc.	Attempted to sell large-throat vacuum diffusion pumps	1989	US Customs seized equipment prior to transfer
Data General Corporations	Licensed to sell computers	1985 to 1990
Dupont	Nuclear-grade fluorinated Krytox vacuum pump oil for centrifuge program	1989
ELMA	High-voltage power supplies to General Directorate for Industrial Supply (GDIS)	Unknown	Used to power R120 separators for EMIS program
E Z Logic Data Systems, Inc.	Licensed to sell computers	1989	Sold to Hatteen General Establishment
Finnigan-MAT - Germany and US	Mass spectrometers	1985 to 1988	Used to sample uranium during enrichment to nuclear weapon grade
Gerber Systems Technology	Licensed to sell computers and run computer-controlled milling and turning machine tools	1988	For Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI)
Hardinge Brothers Inc.	"Super Precision" turning lathe; capable of being used to produce centrifuges	Unknown	Found by UN inspectors at Al Atheer
Hewlett Packard	Licensed to sell electronic testing and computer graphics equipment to the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission; Computers for operating machine tools	1986 to 1987
Hipotronics	Power supply units (four 45-kv, 5-amp and five 21-kv, 1.1-amp), with reverse polarity	1989
Honeywell Inc.	Licensed to sell computers	1985 to 1990
International Computer Ltd.	Licensed to sell computer equipment	Between 1985 and 1990
International Computer Systems	Electronics and computer equipment	Between 1985 and 1990
Leybold Vacuum Systems (LVS)	Electron beam welder with application specific mandrel, expanding mandrel and rollers, and numerical controller to assemble centrifuges for enriching uranium; five-axis CNC machine	1988 to 1989	US subsidiary of German Exporter
Maho AG - US and Germany	Milling machines	Unknown
Matrix Churchill Corp. and XYZ Options	Plant to produce high-precision tungsten carbide tools	1988 to 1990	Built at Al Atheer
Nupro	Bellow valves	1991
Perkin Elmer Corp.	Licensed to sell electronic and photographic equipment for chemical research; licensed to sell computers to use with chromatograph; Plasma spray system	1986 to 1989
Presray Corp.	Rubber door seals to prevent spread of contaminants	1980s	For State Electrical Industries
Sackman Associates	Licensed to sell computer equipment	Between 1985 and 1990
Siemens Corp.	Computers for testing and control of two X-ray diffraction systems capable of high temperature analysis of mineral powders, and stress and texture analysis of minerals	1989	US subsidiary of Siemens; sold to Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI) and Al Atheer
SIP Corporation	Jig bores	Unknown
Spectra Physics	Licensed to sell lasers and laser systems for study of laser physics and applications	1987
Tektronix	Electronic measuring equipment via German firm Gildemeister; digital oscilloscope to Germany via MBB to Saad-16	1985 to 1989	Sold to SOTI, a subdivision of the Ministry of Defense
TI Coating Inc.	Chemical vapor deposition blueprint; training and manuals for acExportering TI Coating equipment	1988	Sold to Badr Establishment of Mechanical Engineering
Universal Voltronics Corporation	High-voltage power supplies to General Directorate for Industrial Supply (GDIS)	1988	Power supplies were reversed engineered and used in EMIS program; GDIS stated that equipment was for RF generators and heating equipment
US Departments of Defense and State, and Department of Energy nuclear weapon labs Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia	Nuclear weapon detonation technology and flyer plate technology, used to control force and shape of implosive shock waves	August to September 1989
Veeco Instruments Inc.	Computers for SOTI	1986
XYZ Options, Inc.	Powder press for compaction of nuclear fuels at Al Atheer; owner of CarbiTech of Topeka, KS, which trained Iraqis to manufacture carbide-tipped inserts for machine tools	1989 to 1990

 Yugoslavia

Exporter	Item(s)	Year/Date	Remarks
EMO Electrical Engineering Corp./Ohrid	Equipped Tarmiya calutron complex	1980
Federal Directorate of Supply and Procurement	Involvement with Al Tahidi State Establisment Project 946; Built Tarmiya calutron complex	1980s and 1997

Key Sources: Arms Control Today; Bulletin of Atomic Scientists; Defense And Foreign Affairs Weekly; Fact Sheet: Iraq's Nuclear Weapon Programme, IAEA Action Team; Diario de Noticias; Daily Telegraph (London); Fourth ConsoliYear/Dated Report of the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency under paragraph 16 of Security Council resolution 1051 (1996); Frankfurter Rundschau (Frankfurt/Main); Institute for Science and International Security; The Iran Brief; Khidhir Hamza and Jeff Stein, Saddam's Bombmaker: The Terrifying Inside Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons Agenda; New York Times; Los Angles Times; Mednews; Nuclear Developments; Nuclear Threat Initiative Database; Nucleonics Week; Proliferation Issues; Steve Weissman and Herbert Krosney, The Islamic Bomb: The Nuclear Threat to Israel and the Middle East; San Jose Mercury News; Sunday Telegraph (London); Time; Wall Street Journal; Washington Post; Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control; Federation of American Scientists.

	Updated November 2003