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| In chemical warfare (CW), phosgene oxime (CX) is a relatively obscure casualty agent. Not to be confused with phosgene gas (carbonyl chloride), the basic formulae for phosgene oxime and related compounds were first discovered in 1894 by Nef and Scholl. Phosgene oxime, that is, the dichloroform oxime, was also synthesized by German chemists in 1929. Phosgene oxime is more accurately referred to as an urticant or nettle gas, as in the painful effects of the stinging nettle plant. A colorless, crystalline solid, phosgene oxime would be likely delivered as a thermal fog for battlefield use. However, there are no confirmed reports of phosgene oxime ever having been used in warfare. In the chemical weapons literature, phosgene oxime has apparently been combined with other chemicals, including mustard or perhaps VX, to allow increased permeability of these agents. With regards to phosgene oxime, a chemical researcher (Hackmann) wrote in 1934 that “there are few substances in organic chemistry that exert such a violent effect on the human organism as this compound.” In addition to having very rapid action, phosgene oxime is known to have superior ability to penetrate rubber-based protective garments. While not a true blister in the sense that its effects on the skin are different from mustard or Lewisite, phosgene oxime produces almost immediate and extremely painful irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Other sources indicate that a full body rash can result from even limited contact with phosgene oxime, including the production of wheals. Long-term effects have also been described, symptoms apparently lingering for up to a year. Sores and necrotic lesions on the skin also require an extensive healing period and, like other blister agents, can serve as focal points for opportunistic infections.
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