This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.
Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.
North Korea delivers 10 tons of powdered aluminum to Syria. The aluminum originally came from China, and is delivered to the Centre des Etudes et de Recherche Scientifique (CERS, Scientific Studies and Research Center), the institute in charge of Syria's missile and chemical weapons programs.
--Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 19.
North Korea sells 20 Nodong engines to Iran. [Note: This could be the same shipment of 12 missile engines for Iran's new Shehab medium-range missiles that took place in November 1999 according to the Washington Times.]
—Andrew Koch and Steve Rodan, "Iran Begins Serial Production of Shehab 3," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 36, no. 15, 10 October 2001.
North Korea begins efforts to acquire gyros and accelerometers for the Nodong-1 in order to reduce its circular error probability (CEP), which is estimated to be 2-4km.
—Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk Missile Kaebalmit Such'ulhyŏnhwang," Yonhap News Agency, 6 February 2002, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/>.
North Korea deploys 240mm multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) and SA-7 portable surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
—Yonhap News Agency, 16 February 2002, in "ROK Article Views Status of DPRK Conventional Weapons Deployed Near Armistice Line," FBIS Document ID KPP20020217000005; Kim Ki Dong, "Bush Panghan Kŏktong'ŭi Hanbando/Puk Hyujŏnsŏnbaech'i Mugi'nŭn," Segye Ilbo, 18 February 2002, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
The number of North Koreans possibly involved in missile development in Libya and Egypt has increased.
—"Up to 300 N. Koreans in Egypt for Missile Program, World Tribune, 21 June 2001, http://www.worldtribune.com/; Up to 300 N. Koreans Aid Egypt's Missile Program," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 242, 21 June 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com/ >.
Masaaki Nakayama, a member of Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party, meets with a senior North Korean official in Beijing in an attempt to reopen talks on various issues, including North Korea's missile program. The meeting is believed to be a follow-up to a December meeting in New York. However, Nakayama denies the story.
—"Japan Demands End to N. Korea Missile Tests," Korea Times, 21 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Japan's Defense Agency issues a report on North Korea (99年 北韓 情勢) that says North Korea might have already deployed Nodong-1 missiles. The report, which is said to use US military intelligence sources, also says North Korea is constructing several ballistic missile facilities, including one at Chiha-ri, P'an'gyo-kun, Kangwŏn Province. The agency also says that North Korea has made rapid progress in the development of the Taepodong-1 [Paektusan-1].
—"N. Korea May Have Deployed Rodong-1," Daily Yomiuri, 3 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Hwang Yŏng Shik, "[Pukhan Taepodong Missile] 'Sae Chihabalsagiji Kŏnsŏl Kanŭngsŏng'," Hankook Ilbo, 4 January 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Jun, "'Puk Nodong 1 Ho Shilchŏnbaech'i'; Il Pangwich'ŏng Chŏngsebogosŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 4 January 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
Japan's NHK, quoting Japan Defense Agency sources, reports that North Korea has deployed Nodong medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs). However, NHK does not mention the number of missiles or where they have been deployed. According to the report, North Korea produced 20 Nodong-1 missiles in 1997, and 10 more during the first half of 1998. North Korea reportedly deployed some of them but also exported some to Iran and Pakistan.
—"Report: North Korea Deploying Medium-Range Missiles," Associated Press, 2 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service, 2 January 1999, in "North Korea Deploying, Exporting Medium-Range Missiles – Japanese Report," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 2 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "'Puk, Nodong 1 Ho Missile Iran-Pakistan'e Such'ul' NHK Podo, Chosun Ilbo, 3 January 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/ >.
A spokesman for Iran's Defense Ministry denies a report by Japan's NHK television on 2 January that Iran has purchased missiles from North Korea. Iran's Foreign Ministry says the report is "unfounded" and that Iran has no missile cooperation with other countries.
—"Iran Denies Purchase of Ballistic Missile from DPRK," Xinhua News Agency, 3 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
A Japanese Defense Agency official states that North Korea has deployed medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) and is constructing three missile launch facilities, including one at Taepo-dong [Mususan-ri]. The official says the assessments are based upon US satellite imagery. [Note: The construction at Musudan-ri almost certainly consists of improvements or expansion of existing facilities.]
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea Deployed Medium-Range Missiles," Japan Economic Newswire, 4 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "North Korea Has Deployed Medium-Range Missiles, Report Says," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 4 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >.
Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Nonaka Hiromu says that Japan has no conclusive information that North Korea has deployed Nodong-1 ballistic missiles on an operational basis.
—"Japan Yet to Verify NKorea Missile Report," Agence France Presse, 5 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Japan Yet to Verify North Korea's Missile Deployment," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 5 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Japan Unable to Confirm Info on N. Korea's Missile Deployment," Jiji Press, 5 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 5 January 1999, in "Japan Yet To Confirm DPRK Missile Deployment," FBIS Document ID FTS19990104001379, 4 January 1999.
The Japanese government confirms through various sources that North Korea is planning to deploy missiles at 10 different sites, including some sites still under construction.
—"North Korea Said To Deploy Missiles at More Than 10 Sites," Yonhap News Agency, 6 January 1999, in BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 6 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "North Korea Building Missile Silos," Asahi News Service, 7 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Lee Jun, "Pukhan Missile Kiji 10 Kot Nŏm'ŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 6 January 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
US and Japanese diplomatic sources say that North Korea has begun construction of at least five underground missile launch sites located near its borders with China and South Korea. The launch sites are reportedly more than 50m deep and capable of multiple firings.
––"Report: North Korea Building Underground Missile Launch Sites," Associated Press, 8 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Yonhap News Agency, 8 January 1999, in "Pyongyang Said to Be Building 'at Least Five' Underground Missile Sites," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 9 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "More Taepodong Sites Seen," Daily Yomiuri, 9 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >.
US Pacific Command announces that the United States has yet to detect any signs that North Korea is preparing to launch another ballistic missile.
—"No Signs NK Preparing Missile Launch, Prueher Says," Pacific Stars and Stripes, 20 January 1999, p.1.
Japan's Foreign Minster Masahiko Komura announces to the Diet that Japan is ready to resume dialogue with North Korea if Pyongyang takes steps to eliminate international concern over its nuclear and missile programs.
––"Japan Open to Talks with North Korea: Komura," Japan Times, 20 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
The commander of UN Forces in Korea, US General John H. Tilelli, says there is no evidence that North Korea is preparing for another missile flight-test, and that North Korea's military posture has changed very little over the last two years. However, Tilelli says that North Korea's economic problems must have degraded their military readiness. In regard to the Nodong, Tilelli says that development is complete and the missile is now being produced, but he cannot confirm whether the missile has been deployed.
—"U.S. Commander: No Evidence of Increased N. Korean Threat," Korea Times, 29 January 2000, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/>.
CIA director George Tenet says that North Korea is developing a new generation of missiles that could deliver larger payloads to the continental United States.
—James Risen, "C.I.A. Sees a North Korean Missile Threat," New York Times, 3 February 1999, <http://www.nytimes.com>;"N. Korea Could Test Taepodong-2 as Early as 1999, U.S. Says," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 4 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis.nexis.com/>.
State Department Spokesman James Rubin says that North Korea could possibly test-launch its Taepodong-2 missile later this year. However, Rubin says that North Korea must overcome several important technical obstacles to deliver a small warhead with its Taepodong-1 (Paektusan-1) missile. Rubin also says that a North Korean missile test will worsen US-North Korean relations, and that the United States is cooperating with its allies to prevent North Korean missile development.
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea Could Test Taepodong-2 This Year, U.S. Says," Japan Economic Newswire, 4 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis.nexis.com/>; "N. Korea Could Test Taepodong-2 as Early as 1999, U.S. Says," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 4 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis.nexis.com/>; Kuk Ki Yŏn, "Puk, Taepodong 2 Ho palsashilŏm Kanŭngsŏng Ittda," Segye Ilbo, 5 February 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/; "Mi'gungmubudaebyŏnin 'Puk Taepodong 2 Ho Yŏnnae Shihŏmbalsa Kanŭng' Palgyŏ," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 5 February 199, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Sŏng Yong, "Taepodong 2 Ho Shihŏmbalsa Tan'gye," Chosun Ilbo, 4 February 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
According to the Chosun Ilbo, the Korean Workers Party holds a Political Bureau meeting at which Kim Jong Il addresses the participants. Kim reportedly says, "The successful orbiting of our first man-made satellite has created a big stir in the world. The successful launching of 'Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1,' using our own strength and technology, in the face of the imperialists' schemes to isolate and ruin our country with an economic embargo on top of natural disasters hitting the country for several years in a row, represents a major victory of our version of socialism. Based on a firm faith in our strength and technology, we should produce even better satellites in the future."
—"Kim Jong Il's Address at 1999 Workers' Party Political Bureau Meeting," Chosun Ilbo, 24 June 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiromu Nonaka announces that Japan will not resume food assistance to North Korea until it guarantees cessation of missile launchs.
—"Japan Not Ready to Resume Food Aid to North Korea, Official Says," Deutsche Presse-Agentur (Tokyo), 4 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
North Korea's Rodong Sinmun says in a commentary that US criticisms of the North Korean "missile threat" are a "vicious challenge to North Korea and no less than a declaration of war. It is not the United States but North Korea that is exposed to [a] missile threat."
—"U.S. Fiction of 'Missile Threat' under Fire," Korean Central News Agency, 6 February 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Migug'ŭi <Missile Wihyŏp> Ron Pinan/Rodongshinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 6 February 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; Kim In Gu, "Puk 'Missile Munje Shibimalla'," Chosun Ilbo, 6 February 1999, <http://www.chosun.com>.
The Korean Central News Agency announces that North Korea "will never give up" its "sovereign right" to build and launch missiles. [Note: There is no KCNA announcement in early February that North Korea "will never give up its sovereign right to build and launch missiles. Jim Lea mostly likely published this statement from an earlier report.]
—Jim Lea, "NK Says It Will Not Stop Missile Development," Pacific Stars and Stripes, 9 February 1999, p. 3.
The Washington Post quotes Robert Einhorn, US deputy assistant secretary for nonproliferation at the State Department, as saying that the United States has yet to detect any signs that North Korea is getting ready to launch another missile.
—"World Brief," Washington Post, 9 February 1999, p. A10.
Japan's Defense Agency says that North Korea has the technological capability to launch a long-range ballistic missile (LRBM) that could hit parts of the United States.
—"Japan Says NK Has Long-Range Missile Capability," Pacific Stars and Stripes, 18 February 1999, p. 3.
US intelligence reports suggest that China may be assisting North Korea in its space and missile program through the transfer of dual-use satellite technology.
—Bill Gertz, "U.S. Eyes N. Korean Missiles for Signs of Aid," Washington Times, 24 February 1999, p. A3.
The Japanese Defense Agency reports that the Nodong-1 and the Taepodong-1 (Paektusan-1) are both capable of carrying 500-1,000kg warheads, but that North Korea does not have the technology to miniaturize a nuclear bomb.
—Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), 24 February 1999, p. 1, in "DA: DPRK Missile Technology Insufficient," FBIS Document FTS19990225000868.
US satellite imagery reportedly reveals the deployment of 10 or more Nodong missiles on mobile launchers in "Yong'ŏ-dong," Yanggang Province. This is the first report of the deployment of Nodong missiles in a particular location. According to reports, the US government notifies the Japanese government of this development, saying that the missiles are loaded on mobile launchers. [Note: The correct name of the location is "Yŏngjŏ-ri, Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province."]
—Kyodo News Service, "U.S. Confirms Missile Deployment in N. Korea: Daily," Japan Economic Newswire, 27 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; "North Korean Nodong Deployment Confirmed U.S. Spy Satellite Spots Missiles in Northern Area," Daily Yomiuri, 28 March 1999, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; "Report: NK Deploys Missiles That Could Hit Japan," Korea Times, 27 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Nam Yun Ho, "Pukhan Chunggŏri Missile Yong'ŏ-dongbaech'i Hwagin—Yomiurishinmun," Joongang Ilbo, 29 March 1999, <http://www.joins.com/ >; "US Confirms Missile Deployment in North of N. Korea: Report," Agence France Presse, 28 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >.
North Korea warns Japan that Japanese satellites in space are vulnerable to missile attack and could become targets, depending on Japan's attitude and actions toward North Korea. North Korea's Rodong Sinmun accuses Japan of having a "reactionary scheme for a preemptive strike against North Korea that has triggered a hatred of the Korean People's Army and people for Japan and hardened their pledge to revenge it." The commentary goes on to warn "Japan's militarists," that "if they dare attack, they will be reduced to crow feed."
—"Foolish Behavior," Korean Central News Agency, 1 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Pangwich'ŏngjanggwan Noroddaŭi Tobalbal'ŏnbinan/Rodongshinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 1 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "North Korea Warns Japan Could Become Missile Target," Agence France Presse, 1 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
Japan holds secret, informal talks with North Korea in Singapore to discuss limits on North Korea's missile program.
—Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 11 March 1999, in "Japan, DPRK Confer on Missiles, Normalization," FBIS Document ID FTS19990311000669, 11 March 1999.
According to the Washington Times, the National Security Agency issues a report that claims China sold specialty steel to North Korea. [Note: This could be possibly maraging steel, which can be used for missiles.]
—Bill Gertz, "China Breaks Vow, Sends N. Korea Missile Materials," Washington Times, 6 January 2000, p. 1.
According to Japanese sources, North Korean scientists and engineers working on the Taepodong missile program receive orders to "stand down" and halt preparations for a possible missile launch.
—Bungo Osawa, Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), 13 March 1999, p. 3, in "'Informed Source' Says DPRK Stands Down on Missile Alert," FBIS Document ID FTS19990313000938, 13 March 1999.
The US State Department announces that the fourth round of bilateral missile talks with North Korea will take place on 29 March 1999 in Pyongyang.
—Lim Yun-Suk, "US and N. Korea to Tackle Missile Issue Following Deal over Nuclear Site," Agence France Presse, 17 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Park Tu Shik, "Mi-Puk, 29 Il Missile Hyŏpsang Chaegae," Chosun Ilbo, 17 March 1999, <http://www.chosun.com>.
The Korean Central News Agency denies that North Korea has obtained missile technology from China.
—"KCNA on U.S. Ill-Intentioned False Propaganda," Korean Central News Agency, 19 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/ >; Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 19 March 1999, in "KCNA Rejects Rumors of Using Foreign Nuclear Technology," FBIS Document ID FTS19990319000514, 19 March 1999.
Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi announces that Japan has made North Korea aware of the importance of the August 1998 missile launch and that he does not expect North Korea to test launch another missile.
—Kyodo News Service, "Obuchi Seeks N. Korea's Response to Japanese Concern," Japan Economic Newswire, 22 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Obuchi Sees No Immediate Danger of N. Korean Missile Launch," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 23 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/
>.
The US State Department implements sanctions against three Egyptian firms for "transferring dual-use technology and missile components" to North Korea. The firms are Arab-British Dynamics, Helwan Machinery and Equipment Company, and Kader Factory for Developed Industries. Israeli and US intelligence sources reportedly say they believe Egypt has transferred technology acquired from participation in the Condor missile program. Egypt ended its participation in the program in the late 1980s under US pressure.
—Steve Rodan, "Israel, USA Claim Egyptian Missile Links with N Korea," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 33, no. 8, 23 February 2000.
A South Korean government source says that North Korea has at least four missile factories and ten missile bases, and possibly as many as eight factories and twelve bases, with more under construction. The source says North Korea is currently building two more missile launch sites. The source also states that North Korea is capable of producing more than 100 Scud-type missiles annually.
—Lee Sung-yul, "North Korea Operates at Least 4 Missile Factories, 10 Launch Sites, Official Says," Korea Herald, 26 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; "N. Korea Has at Least Four Missile Factories, 10 Bases: Report," Agence France Presse, 25 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Yonhap News Agency, 25 March 1999, in "ROK Official Comments on DPRK Missile Plants, Bases," FBIS Document ID FTS19990324002145; Yonhap News Agency, 25 March 1999, in "South Korean Official Comments on North Korean Missile Plants, Bases," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 25 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >.
The fourth round of bilateral missile talks between the United States and North Korea are held in Pyongyang. The talks end without resolution, but the two sides agree to hold another round of talks.
—"DPRK on 4th DPRK-U.S. Missile Negotiations," Korean Central News Agency, 31 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; Lim Yun-Suk, "US and N. Korea to Hold Talks on Pyongyang's Missile Exports," Agence France Presse, 28 March 1999; "NK Earns $100 Million Annually from Missile Exports," Korea Times, 1 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kwŏn Tae Yŏl, "[Mi-Puk] Missile Hyŏpsang Pyongyang'sŏ O'nŭlkkaji Yŏllyŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 31 March 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>; Kwŏn Tae Yŏl, "Mi-Puk Missile Hoedam Sŏnggwaŏbs'ŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 29 March 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry official declares that North Korea has a "legitimate right of self-defense to develop, test, and produce missiles by its own efforts and defend the security" of North Korea. The official condemns the United States for using the North Korean missile threat as a justification for constructing a national missile defense system. The spokesman says that North Korea reaffirmed its position that it needs to be compensated for the foreign exchange it would lose from its missile exports before it can halt the sales.
—"DPRK on 4th DPRK-U.S. Missile Negotiations," Korean Central News Agency, 31 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Missile Such'ulchungji Tae Hyŏn'gŭmbosangjean/Oemusŏngdaebŏn'in 4 Ch'a Missile Hyŏpsang'e Ŏn'gŭp," Korean Central News Agency, 31 March 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 31 March 1999, in "DPRK Foreign Ministry Spokesman on US 'NMD' System," FBIS Document ID FTS19990331000440, 31 March 1999.
At the close of the fourth round of US-North Korean missile talks, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Robert Einhorn announces that North Korea has offered to suspend its missile exports in exchange for cash compensation from the United States. Einhorn says that the North Korean proposal is unacceptable, but that the United States has offered to lift economic sanctions on North Korea in successive stages if North Korea pledges to cooperate on missile issues. Einhorn also warns North Korea that another missile launch will have negative consequences.
—"U.S. Team Ends Talks in N. Korea; North Resists Halt to Missile Exports," Washington Post, 1 April 1999, p. A16, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Jun Kwan-woo, "No Progress Made in N.K. Missile Talks," Korea Herald, 1 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Jun Kwan-woo, "Washington, Pyongyang Poles Apart in Missile Nonproliferation Talks," Korea Herald, 2 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 31 March 1999, in "DPRK To Continue Development of Long-Range Missiles," FBIS Document ID FTS19990331000150, 31 March 1999.
A senior US government official says that North Korea earns about $100 million per year from missile exports.
—"NK Earns $100 Million Annually from Missile Exports," Korea Times, 1 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Iran reportedly sends some Chinese-made C-802 cruise missiles to North Korea to "improve the systems and precision" of the missiles. In February 2000, North Korea and Iran are reported to be jointly developing a copy of the missile. [Note: Iran reportedly first received the missiles from China in the mid-1990s.]
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea, Iran Jointly Developing Missile: Newspaper," Japan Economic Newswire, 16 February 2000, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "N. Korea, Iran Jointly Develop Missile: Report," Korea Times, 17 February 2000, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Chŏn Hyŏn Il, "Puk-Iran, Chungje Sunhang Missile Kongdong Kaeryang Yŏn'gye," Segye Ilbo, 18 February 2000, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Shim Kyu Sŏn, "Puk-Iran Missile Kongdonggaebal Ch'ujin," Donga Ilbo, 18 February 2000, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kyodo News Service, 16 Feb 2000, in "Sankei Shimbun: DPRK, Iran Jointly Developing Missile," FBIS Document ID JPP20000217000006.
Senior US officials say that North Korea has shipped "missiles, missile technology, and parts produced by its advanced ballistic program" to "countries such as Iran and Pakistan" and that North Korea earns about $100 million annually from missile sales.
—"Missile Exports Earn Pyongyang $770 Million a Year, Report Says," South China Morning Post, 3 April 1999, <http://www.scmp.com/>.
Pakistan conducts a flight test of the so-called "Ghauri-2" from a mobile launcher. Pakistan claims that the missile was produced at the Khan Research laboratory in Pakistan. However, the missile is believed to be a North Korean-produced Nodong, which would make this test the fourth flight test of the Nodong.
—Kathy Gannon, "Pakistan Tests New Missile Capable of Carrying Nuclear Warhead," Associated Press, 14 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Pakistan Test-Fires Long-Range Ballistic Missile in Response to India," Agence France Presse, 14 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "A Better Missile, Says Pakistan," The Hindu, 15 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 24.
North Korea conducts a static engine test for the Taepodong-2.
—Chŏng Ho Wŏn, "Puk Shihŏmbalsa Missile Sagŏri'nŭn 4500-6700km Ch'ujŏng," Segye Ilbo, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Chong Ch'ŏl, "'Pukhan Missile Palsa Tŭkshilddajyŏ Kyŏljŏnghaltŭt' Ch'ŏn Kukchŏngwŏnjang," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
North Korea conducts another static engine test for the Taepodong-2.
—Chŏng Ho Wŏn, "Puk Shihŏmbalsa Missile Sagŏri'nŭn 4500-6700km Ch'ujŏng," Segye Ilbo, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Chong Ch'ŏl, "'Pukhan Missile Palsa Tŭkshilddajyŏ Kyŏljŏnghaltŭt' Ch'ŏn Kukchŏngwŏnjang," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
US policy coordinator for North Korea William Perry visits North Korea and proposes a package deal from the United States, Japan, and South Korea to end economic sanctions, provide economic assistance, and establish diplomatic relations with North Korea in exchange for an end to North Korea's missile and nuclear programs.
—Son Key-young, "NK Rolls Out Red Carpet for Perry," Korea Times, 27 May 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/>; Son Key-young, "Perry Arrives in Seoul for Debriefing on North Korea Visit," Korea Times, 28 May 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/>; Son Key-young, "Perry Fails to Meet Kim Jong-il," Korea Times, 30 May 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/>; "U.S. President's Special Envoy Here," Korean Central News Agency, 25 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Reception for U.S. President's Special Envoy," Korean Central News Agency, 25 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Kim Yong Nam Meets U.S. President's Special Envoy," Korean Central News Agency, 26 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Personal Letter to Kim Jong Il," Korean Central News Agency, 26 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Talks between Kang Sok Ju and William Perry," Korean Central News Agency, 28 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Reception by U.S. President's Special Envoy," Korean Central News Agency, 28 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "U.S. President's Special Envoy and His Party Leave," Korean Central News Agency, 28 May 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>.
North Korea begins preparations for another missile test immediately following William Perry's departure from North Korea.
—Park Tu Shik, "[Puk Missile Shilhŏmjunbi] 'Tŏ K'ŭn Tanggŭn Naera' Sŏbang'e Message," Chosun Ilbo, 18 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
US Secretary of Defense William Cohen raises the issue of Egyptian-North Korean missile cooperation during his visit to Cairo. According to Jane's Defence Weekly, sources in US and Israeli intelligence agencies believe Egyptian firms are sending missile technology from the United States and other Western countries to North Korea.
—Steve Rodan, "Israel, USA Claim Egyptian Missile Links with N. Korea," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 33, no. 8, 23 February 2000.
The Defense Intelligence Agency issues a report that claims North Korea has obtained accelerometers, gyroscopes, and "special high-tech machinery" from Chinese government-owned companies. The Pentagon believes that the transferred technology contains material of US-origin. The arms sales are believed to be in response to the NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
—Bill Gertz, "Missile Parts Sent to North Korea by Chinese companies; Response to Embassy Bombing Seen," Washington Times, 20 July 1999, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Speaking at an academic conference, former South Korean Defense Minister Lee Jong Gu reveals that North Korea has deployed 20 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) with a range of 250km that can be used in a surface-to-surface role along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Lee also says that North Korean FROG-5 and FROG-7 rockets deployed along the DMZ can be equipped with chemical warheads.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 11 June 1999, in "Former ROK Minister Comments on DPRK Missile Deployment," FBIS Document ID FTS19990611000729, 11 June 1999.
A Japanese government official discloses that North Korea is preparing for another Taepodong missile test "around July or August" by expanding its launch facilities. The report is said to be the result of US satellite imagery and other South Korean government information. Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiromu Nonaka denies reports that Japan has information that a North Korean launch is imminent.
—Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 16 June 1999, in "Sources: DPRK Preparing for Missile Launch," FBIS Document FTS19990615001749; Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 16 June 1999, in "Nonaka Says DPRK Missile Launch Not 'Imminent'," FBIS Document ID FTS19990616000062; Park Chŏng Hun, "[Ilshinmun] 'Puk Taepodong Missile 7-8 Wŏl Palsashihŏm'," Chosun Ilbo, 16 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
US intelligence sources say that North Korea is "refurbishing its launch pad" and making preparations for another missile launch later this summer. The launch is expected to be a flight-test for the Taepodong-2.
—Elizabeth Becker, "U.S. Says Photos Show North Korea Preparing for Missile," New York Times, 18 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Ch'ŏn Yong T'aek, director of South Korea's National Intelligence Service, tells the National Assembly that North Korea has apparently been preparing to launch a missile, but he does not know when the launch will occur. However, Ch'ŏn says that analysts believe it will take two or three months for North Korea to complete the launch preparations.
—Kim In Ku, "[Puk Missile/Chŏngbubunsŏk] 'Taepodong' Ch'aryang Umjig'im Hwalbal," Chosun Ilbo, 18 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
North Korea leases satellite transponders from Thai company Shinawatra Satellite Public Co. Ltd. for the relay of domestic digital television signals. The company has similar contracts with India, Vietnam, and Myanmar, and says the transponder on the Thaicom 3 communications satellite is only capable of broadcasting television or radio signals. A spokesman for the firm later says, "There is no Global Positioning System (GPS) on any of our satellites." Shinawatra will monitor use of the transponders, and unauthorized use would result in the cancellation of the lease. South Korea and Japan are concerned that North Korea could use the transponders to locate the impact point of its ballistic missiles during tests. However, analysts believe that the transponders would need to be modified for military purposes, and it is unclear whether North Korea has the ability to modify them.
—Matichon (Bangkok), 23 June 1999, pp. 1, 18, in "Thaicom Transponders Reported Leased to North Korea," FBIS Document ID 19990623000735; "Thai Firm denies It Supplied N. Korea with Missile Tracking System," Agence France Presse, 13 July 1999.
Charles Kartman, US envoy for Korean affairs, meets with North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye Gwan in Beijing. They discuss the possible date for resuming missile talks.
—Jun Kwan-woo, "U.S. North Korea May Resume Talks in Missile Nonproliferation in July," Korea Herald, 28 June 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/>; "Puk-Mi Naeil Beijing'sŏ Kowigŭphoedam," Chosun Ilbo, 22 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
Speaking at the Heritage Foundation, US Assistant Secretary of State Stanley Roth claims that North Korea will suffer "very serious consequences" if it launches another ballistic missile.
––George Gedda, "U.S. Warns North Korea against New Missile Test," Associated Press, 24 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
India detains the North Korean ship Ku Wŏl San at Kandla under suspicions that it was delivering missile components to Pakistan. A week later, after investigating the cargo, Indian intelligence sources confirm that the ship was carrying 148 crates with machinery and blueprints for the 300km-range Hwasŏng-5 (Scud-B) and the 500km-range Hwasŏng-6 ballistic missiles. The seized cargo includes heavy-duty presses that are used for flattening and milling high-grade steel; a plate bending machine with three rollers capable of rolling 16-mm thick sheets; "torroidal" air bottles, which are used to guide a warhead once it has separates from the missile; and two sets of "theodolites," which are used to survey a launch site. North Korea maintains that the ship was not bound for Pakistan, and that North Korea would not undermine the security of India. India believes that Pakistan is acquiring missile technology from both North Korea and China as part of a "fail-safe" program of having two separate teams simultaneously developing North Korean liquid-fuel missiles and Chinese solid-fuel missiles.
—Mihir Mistry, Times of India, 5 July 1999, <http://www.timesofindia.com>; Manoj Joshi, "India Refuses To Let N. Korea Off the Hook" Times of India, 31 July 1999, <http://www.timesofindia.com/>; Douglass Davis, "Report: Libyan Missiles Can Hit Israel," Jerusalem Post, 25 September 2000, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
The United States, Japan, and South Korea agree to cooperate to avert a North Korean missile launch. The three countries pledge to push North Korea to respond to the proposals made by US policy coordinator for North Korea William Perry in May 1999.
—"Japan, S. Korea, U.S. to Cooperate on N. Korean Missile," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
The Rodong Sinmun publishes a commentary that says the production and deployment of missiles are the sovereign rights of North Korea.
—"Papers on U.S. Racket about 'Missile Threats'," Korean Central News Agency, 26 June 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Shinmundŭl Migug'ŭi <Missile Wihyŏp> Sodong'ŭl Ronp'yŏng," Korean Central News Agency, 26 June 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "[Pukhan] 'Missile Kaebal Paech'i'nŭn Chajugwŏn Munje'," Chosun Ilbo, 25 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
A US Defense Intelligence Agency report says that North Korea has recently moved a Taepodong-2 missile to a launch site on the east coast.
—Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, "Inside the Ring," Washington Times, 16 July 1999, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Taepodong 2 Ho Palsagijiro Olmgyŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
South Korea reveals that a fifth round of US-North Korean missile nonproliferation talks could begin as early as July 1999. US special envoy Charles Kartman proposed the talks during a mid-June 1999 meeting with North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye Gwan.
—Jun Kwan-woo, "U.S. North Korea May Resume Talks in Missile Nonproliferation in July," Korea Herald, 28 June 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/>.
North Korea is reportedly developing the "Taepodong-3," which would be capable of striking almost all of the United States. [Note: This is likely a three-stage configuration of the so-called "Taepodong-2."]
—"North Korea," Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 150, no. 26, 28 June 1999, p. 20, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea Developing Teapodong-3 Missile: U.S. Magazine," Japan Economic Newswire, 3 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Puk, Taepodong 3 Ho Missile Kaebalchung," Chosun Ilbo, 3 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura reports to the Japanese Diet that North Korea has deployed at least 10 Nodong missiles.
—"Report: North Korea has Deployed At Least 10 Rodong Missiles," Associated Press, 30 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
US Deputy Assistant Defense Secretary for Asia Kurt Campbell announces that the United States is trying to prevent a North Korean test of the Taepodong (Paektusan-1) missile and is using "intensive diplomacy...to dissuade North Korea from taking an action which will have very real consequences for our ability and our desire to engage North Korea."
—Robert Burns, "Pentagon Official Says North Korea Preparing for a Missile Launch," Associated Press, 30 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Bill Gertz, "N. Korea Might Test Missile with Long-Range Capability; U.S. Trying to Stop with Diplomacy, Pentagon Official Says," Washington Times, 1 July 1999, p.A3, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korea military and intelligence sources say that North Korea is constructing three large-scale "underground tunnel" facilities for the transportation of missiles. The facilities are reportedly located in Yongnim-ŭp, Yongnim-kun, Changang Province; "Yŏngjŏ-dong," Pŏptong-kun, Kangwŏn Province; and Sangnam-ri, Hŏch'ŏn-kun, South Hamgyŏng Province. [Note: The actual name of the location "Yŏngjŏ-dong" is "Yŏngjŏ-ri." There are two locations in North Korea called "Yŏngjŏ-ri"—the other Yŏngjŏ-ri is in Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province. This is the first report of missile facility construction at Yŏngjŏ-ri, Pŏptong-kun, Kangwŏn Province. Since this report has not been substantiated, and there is no advantage to placing an intermediate-range missile facility in Pŏptong-kun, Kangwŏn Province, the construction site is probably at Yŏngjŏ-ri, Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province.]
—"[Pukhan] Yongnim Tŭng 3 Kossŏ Missile Kaengdogongsa," Chosun Ilbo, 30 June 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>; Chosun Ilbo, 30 June 1999, in "DPRK Allegedly Constructing Missile Pit Sites for Launch," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990701001996, 6 July 1999.
North Korea ships specialty steel with missile applications to Egypt. The steel is shipped through a Chinese firm in Hong Kong.
—Bill Gertz, "North Korea Continues To Develop Missiles; Sells Technology to Rogue Nations," Washington Times, 28 October 1999, p. A1; Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 26.
After concluding a visit to North Korea, former UN Undersecretary General Yasushi Akashi states that North Korean officials informed him that North Korea is "ready" to launch a rocket but did not say if or when it would be launched. He says North Korea believes that if China and Japan can launch satellites, it should have the same right.
—Nicholas D. Kristof, "A Report That North Korea Has Plans to Test-Launch a Missile," New York Times, 4 July 1999, p.11, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Puk Missile Palsa Chunbi Wallyo," Chosun Ilbo, 3 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>; Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea Developing Teapodong-3 Missile: U.S. Magazine," Japan Economic Newswire, 3 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
During President Kim Dae Jung's trip to the United States, the United States tells South Korea that Pyongyang might suspend its plan to test launch a ballistic missile.
—"NK Might Suspend Firing Missile," Korea Times, 4 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura announces that a major focus of Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi's trip to mainland Asia in early July 1999 will be to encourage countries including China to press North Korea not to conduct missile tests. Japan indicates that it will take diplomatic action including possible suspension of $1 billion in funds for the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation (KEDO) if North Korea launches a missile.
––"Obuchi to Discuss N. Korea Missile During China Trip," Japan Economic Newswire, 6 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korean President Kim Dae Jung says that if North Korea tests a missile, South Korea will "take considerable countermeasures" against it. Kim indicates that these countermeasures do not include ending South Korea's commitment to Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organisation (KEDO) or the "sunshine policy" of engaging North Korea.
––Son Key-young, "N. Korea Missile Test Will Not Derail Engagement Policy: Kim," Korea Times (Seoul), 7 July 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/>.
Pentagon Spokesman Kenneth Bacon announces that North Korea has shown no signs of slowing or stopping its preparations for a missile launch despite repeated warnings from the United States, Japan, and South Korea.
––Shigemi Sato, "US Missile-Tracking Ships Leave Japan Amid Fears of North Korea Test," Agence France Presse, 8 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
A South Korean government source reveals that North Korea is building an underground missile base at "Yŏngjo-dong," Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province, about 20km from the Chinese border. The source says the launch areas are facing towards China, which would make them difficult for South Korean or US military forces to strike. The base construction is said to be about 70% complete and has about 10 launch areas that are well over 20m long, which is reportedly large enough for the Nodong, Taepodong-1, and Taepodong-2 missiles. The source says North Korea has about 10 missile bases, with three more underground currently under construction. [Note: The government source appears to be in the Defense Ministry. The Segye Ilbo reports the same information from a Defense Ministry official on 7 July.]
—Yu Yong Wŏn, "Pukhan Chiha Missile Kiji Chunggukkukkyŏng Pugŭn'e Kŏnsŏl," Chosun Ilbo, 7 July 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Yu Yong Wŏn, "Pukhan, Chunggukkukkyŏngbugŭn'e Chiha Missile Kiji Kŏnsŏl," Chosun Ilbo, 7 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>; Kim Yŏng Bŏn, "Puk, Chunggukkyŏng'e Missile Kiji Kŏnsŏlchung," Munhwa Ilbo, 7 July 1999, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/ >; "N. Korea Building New Missile Facility Near Border With China," Korea Times, 7 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Report: North Korea Building New Missile Facility," Associated Press, 7 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Han Kyŏng Hun, "Pukhan Chunggug'in'gŭn Chiha Missile Kiji Kŏnsŏl," Segye Ilbo, 8 July 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/ >.
A South Korean presidential spokesman confirms reports that North Korea is building a missile base at "Yŏngjŏ-dong," Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province, near the Chinese border. [Note: The location is actually called "Yŏngjŏ-ri."]
—Kevin Sullivan and Mary Jordan, "North Korea Building New Missile Site, South Says," Washington Post, 7 July 1999, p. A17, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Puk, Chunggukkukkyŏng'e Missile Kiji Kŏnsŏljung," Kukmin Ilbo, 9 July 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/ >.
Two US missile-tracking ships leave Japanese ports. On 7 July, the USS Invincible, an ocean surveillance ship equipped with a radar system for tracking the trajectories of ballistic missiles, leaves from a US base on the Japanese island of Kyushu. On 8 July, the USS Observation Island, also equipped with a special radar system, departs from a US naval base in Tokyo Bay. A spokesman at the Yokosuka base refused to talk about the specifics of the mission.
––Shigemi Sato, "US Missile-Tracking Ships Leave Japan Amid Fears of North Korea Test," Agence France Presse, 8 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korean Defense Minister Cho Sŏng T'ae confirms that North Korea is building an underground facility at "Yŏngjŏ-dong," which will most likely be used to store and launch ballistic missiles. [Note: The name of the location is actually "Yŏngjŏ-ri."]
—Kyodo News Service, "South Defense Minister Says North Tunnel for Missile Use," Japan Economic Newswire, 8 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "N. Korea Missile Base Near Chinese Border: South Korean Defense Chief," Agence France Presse, 8 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
The Segye Ilbo reports that North Korea has 10 missile bases, including bases at Chunggangjin and Paeg'un. North Korea is also reportedly building missile bases at Yongnim-kun, Chagang Province; at Yŏngjŏ-dong [Yŏngjŏ-ri], Kimhyŏngjik-kun, Yanggang Province, and at Sangnam-ri, Hŏch'ŏn-kun, South Hamgyŏng Province.
—Kim Kyŏng Hun, "Pukhan Missile Ŏdi'e Sumgyŏ Twŏtna/Chung Chŏpkyŏngjiyŏk Tŭng 10 Kos'e Palsagiji," Segye Ilbo, 8 July 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/ >.
Two Japanese legislators say that North Korea uses Japanese-made components and machinery to produce missiles. The legislators claim that up to 40% of the semiconductors used in the Taepodong-1 were made in Japan, and that "high-tech welding machines" used in developing North Korea's missiles were also made in Japan. The lawmakers cite a reliable South Korean source for this information.
—Kyodo News Service, "Japanese Parts Used for N. Korean Missile: Lawmakers," Japan Economic Newswire, 8 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
North Korea signs a contract to lease space on the Thai company Shinawatra's Thaicom 1A satellite for radio and television broadcasting. Some analysts in Japan and South Korea are concerned that the satellites can be used to monitor the impact point during a missile flight-test.
—THAICOM News Archives, "Thaicom Strictly Commercial," 13 July 1999.
US Senator Robert Toricelli travels to North Korea and meets with North Korean Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs Kim Gye Gwan to discuss the possible forthcoming missile launch. After the meeting, Toricelli says, "Despite the illogic and enormous setback that I believe will ensue, the North Koreans may indeed proceed with the firing of a multi-stage rocket this summer." He says that a North Korean missile launch would have "extraordinary consequences" that would alter North Korea's relations with the United States, Japan, and possibly China.
—Jim Lea, "Report: NK to Launch a Missile," Pacific Stars and Stripes, 13 July 1999, p. 1.
According to unnamed South Korean intelligence officials, North Korea will likely launch a Taepodong-2 missile in late August 1999, ostensibly to put a satellite into orbit. The launch site will likely be Musudan-ri, the same location that North Korea used to attempt a satellite launch in August 1998. The height of the launch tower at Musudan-ri has been increased significantly, indicating that the missile to be launched could have a longer range. North Korea has leased Thailand's Thaicom 1A satellite with a global-positioning system and the capability to locate missile impacts. The United States has deployed two ships, the Observation Island and the Invincible, in the region to track anticipated North Korean and Chinese ballistic missile tests. Japanese military officials have indicated that a North Korean missile launch in August is "unlikely."
—Jim Lea, "Report: NK to Launch a Missile," Pacific Stars and Stripes, 13 July 1999, p. 1.
US Senator Robert Toricelli says it appears North Korea will test launch a ballistic missile within the next two months.
—Charles Hutzler, "North Korea Likley to Fire Test-Missile – US Senator," AAP News, 13 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kim Sŏng Yong, "Puk Missile 2 Kaewŏllae Shihŏmbalsa," Chosun Ilbo, 12 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
Shinawatra Satellite Public Co. Ltd. denies that any of its satellite transponders could be used for military purposes. A company spokesman says that the concern over whether North Korea might use the transponder to track ballistic missiles is unfounded. Instead, the spokesman claims that no Shinawatra satellites have global positioning system (GPS) capabilities. The spokesman clarifies that North Korea would be using the transponders solely for television and radio broadcasting.
—"Thai Firm Denies it Supplied N. Korea with Missile Tracking System" Agence France Presse, 13 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Shinawatra Denies Military Satellite Deal with N. Korea," Business Day (Thailand), 14 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Supalak Ganjanakhundee, "Thai Satellite Providing TV Transimission for N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 13 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman says that North Korea has the sovereign right to launch satellites.
—"DPRK FM Spokesman Clarifies Its Stand on Satellite Launch," Korean Central News Agency, 15 July 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Wisŏngbalsanŭn Chajujŏkchu'gwŏn'gukka'ŭi Happŏpchŏkkwŏllimunje/Oemusŏng Taebyŏn'in," Korean Central News Agency, 15 July 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "North Korea Claims Right to Launch Scientific Satellites," Agence France Presse, 15 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korea's National Security Council says that North Korea has been preparing for a missile launch, but gives no details about the preparations, or when a launch might take place.
—"North Korea Preparing to Test Long-Range Missile, Says Seoul," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 16 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Norata Hosei, head of Japan's Defense Agency, says the Taepodong-2 has a range of 6,000km, and that some experts believe the Taepodong-3 is already under development. The Taepodong-3 is expected to have a range of at least 8,000km.
—"[Il Pang'wich'ŏngjanggwan] 'Puk Taepodong 3 Ho Missile Kaebalchung'," Hankook Ilbo, 19 July 1999, p. 30, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; "Puk, Taepodong 3 Ho Missile Kaebal," Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
A South Korean military source says that the first stage of North Korea's Taepodong-2, which is still under development, is similar to that of China's CSS-3 (Dong Feng-4); the South Koreans believe the engine will use a fuel mixture made of nitrogen and hydrogen. The second stage is expected to be a Nodong missile.
—Kyodo news Service, "Taepodong-2 Missile Similar to China's CSS-3 Rocket," Japan Economic Newswire, 20 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>;
Responding to a 20 July report in the Washington Times, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright says that the United States is "concerned by reports that North Korea may be seeking from China materials such as specialty steel for its missile program." Yu Shining, a spokesman for the Chinese Embassy, when asked to comment on the reported Chinese transfer of missile components to North Korea, refused to comment on specifics but did claim that China has "always abided by our commitments undertaken to abide by the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)."
—Bill Gertz, "Technology Transfers a Concern, U.S. Says; China Denies Violating Missile Controls," Washington Times, 21 July 1999, p. A4, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korean officials announce that the United States and North Korea would hold bilateral talks prior to the four-party talks scheduled to begin on 4 August 1999 in Geneva. The US special envoy for Korean issues, Charles Kartman, will meet with North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye Gwan to discourage North Korea from conducting any ballistic missile tests.
—Son Key-young, "NK, US to Hold Talks on Missile Threat in Geneva," Korea Times, 22 July 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; "Missile Issue to Dominate Preliminaries of 4-Way Talks," Korea Herald, 22 July 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>.
Stephen Bosworth, US ambassador to South Korea, tells a South Korean audience that "North Korea is a sovereign state and retains a right to test its missiles, but the North should give up its (missile) sovereignty to peacefully coexist with the world community.' Bosworth reportedly made the comment in response to a reporter's question concerning North Korea's right to launch missiles. Bosworth's comments came under attack from South Korean analysts. The US Embassy in Seoul clarified that Bosworth's comments were misunderstood, and denied that the United States believes North Korea has the right to launch missiles. South Korea is afraid that Bosworth's comments may lead North Korea to believe that Seoul and Washington have policy differences on North Korea's anticipated missile test.
—Son Key-young, "Seoul to Refer NK Missile Launch to Security Council," Korea Times, 23 July 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; Jun Kwan-woo, "U.S. Envoy Urges N.K. to Give Up 'Sovereign Right' to Test Missile," Korea Herald, 23 July 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>; Jun Kwan-woo, "U.S. Envoy Under Fire For Remarks On 'Sovereign' N.K's Missile Rights," Korea Herald, 27 July 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>.
The Sankei Shimbun reports that North Korea is improving and expanding the flight-test facility at Musudan-ri. In March 1999, North Korea began construction of two structures to store and load fuel and oxidizing agents, and is also currently building a pipeline connecting the structures to the launch pad. One pipeline reaches the launch pad and the other is about half complete. The launch tower has also reportedly extended to about 33 meters, which is said to be sufficient to launch the still untested Taepodong-2. A Japanese government official said that US reconnaissance satellites had confirmed the report. Japanese government officials are concerned that if North Korea builds permanent facilities and pipelines, reconnaissance satellites will be unable to determine if the fueling of a missile is underway.
—Kyodo News Service, 3 August 1999, in "2 Facilities Seen at N. Korean Missile Base: Paper," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Two Facilities Seen at North Korea Missile Base, Newspaper Says," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 3 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "N. Korea Building Pipelines at Base," Daily Yomiuri, 4 August 1999, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service, 3 August 1999, in "Fuel Storage, Injection Facilities Reportedly Seen at North Korean Missile Base," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 3 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Associated Press, "Pyongyang Upgrading Missile-Launch Base" South China Morning Post, 3 August 1999, <http://www.scmp.com>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman says it is North Korea's sovereign right to test-fire satellites and missiles.
—"DPRK FM Spokesman Warns U.S. of Unpredictable Consequences," Korean Central News Agency, 3 August 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Wisŏnghwaltong Kŏl'go Wihyŏpkonggalhanŭn Coehn Pal'ŏn Pinan/Chosŏnoemusŏngdaebyŏn'in," Korean Central News Agency, 3 August 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "North Korea Says It May Fire Missile, as Well as Satellite," Associated Press, 3 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Pyongyang Defends Satellite Launch as Sovereign Right," Xinhua News Agency, 3 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
US Defense Department spokesman Kenneth Bacon says that North Korea is unlikely to conduct a missile flight-test within the next few weeks.
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korean Missile Test Unlikely in Next Few Weeks: U.S.," Japan Economic Newswire, 10 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Ch'ŏn Yong T'aek, director of South Korea's National Intelligence Service, tells the National Assembly that North Korea has completed the preparations to launch the still untested Taepodong-2, which has an estimated range of 4,500km to 6,700km. However, Ch'ŏn says it takes about three-four weeks to launch the missile after the political decision is made to do so. Ch'ŏn also says that pipeline construction leading from the structures (believed to be propellant and oxidizer storage and fueling facilities) to the launch pad has been completed.
—Jun Kwan-Woo, "N. Korea Ready to Launch Missile with 6,700-Kilometre Range," Agence France Presse, 11 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Chŏng Ho Wŏn, "Puk Shihŏmbalsa Missile Sagŏri'nŭn 4500-6700km Ch'ujŏng," Segye Ilbo, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Chong Ch'ŏl, "'Pukhan Missile Palsa Tŭkshilddajyŏ Kyŏljŏnghaltŭt' Ch'ŏn Kukchŏngwŏnjang," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Ho Kyŏng, "Puk Taepodong 2 Ho Palsajunbi Wallyo-Ch'ŏn'gukchŏngwŏnjang Pogo," Kukmin Ilbo, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Ji Un and Chu Hyŏn Jin, "Puk Missile Palsa Swipke Mothalgŏt," Taehan Maeil, 12 August 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kim Ch'a Su, "Ch'ŏn'gukchŏngwŏnjang 'Puk Missile Palsajunbi Imi Kkŭtnaetda'," Donga Ilbo, 12 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
Japan and South Korea threaten North Korea with punitive economic sanctions if it proceeds with a ballistic missile launch. The Japanese Diet submits legislation that would suspend cash remittances from ethnic Koreans and pro-Pyongyang groups in Japan to North Korea. North Korea earns an estimated $600 million annually, or more than its total export revenues, in the form of cash remittances from Japan. South Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Hong Sun Yŏng has announced that South Korea would halt or reduce all trade with North Korea in the event of a North Korean ballistic missile test.
—Hae Won Choi, "North Korea Faces Pressure Over Missile," Wall Street Journal, 12 August 1999, p. A17.
North Korea conducts a live fire exercise with three Styx ship-to-ship missiles.
—Chŏng Byŏng Sŏn, "Puk, Styx Missile Shilchebalsahullyŏn," Chosun Ilbo, 3 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
US Defense Department spokesman Kenneth Bacon says the United States and North Korea will meet later this month to discuss North Korea's suspected plan to test-launch a ballistic missile.
—Kyodo News Service, "U.S., N. Korea to Resume Missile Talks at End of Aug.," Japan Economic Newswire, 17 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Mi-Puk Missile Hoedam Idal Chaegae," Chosun Ilbo, 18 August 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman says that Pyongyang has a peaceful space program and a missile program for defense, and that North Korea has the sovereign right to have both.
—"FM Spokesman on Satellite Launch and Missile Development," Korean Central News Agency, 18 August 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Uri'ŭi Uryŏhaeso'ŭido'issŭmyŏn Missile Hyŏp'ŭiyong'ŭi' itta/Chosŏn'oemusŏngdaebyŏn'in," Korean Central News Agency, 18 August 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Puk 'Taemi Missile Hyŏpsang Yong'ŭi'," Chosun Ilbo, 19 August 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
South Korean Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Hong Sun Yŏng meets with his Japanese counterpart Masahiko Komura in Japan to discuss joint steps to be taken by the two countries if North Korea test-fires its new Taepodong-2 missile.
—C.W. Lim, "South Korea Launches Diplomatic Campaign Over North Korean Missile," Agence France Presse (Seoul), 22 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Shin Yong-bae, "Officials Expect Seoul's 3-Pronged Missile Diplomacy to Bear Fruit," Korea Herald, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Cho Nam Kyu, "Han-Il Oemujanggwan, Puk Missile Chaebalsa Chŏji Wihan Taeŭngch'aek Hyŏp'ŭi," Segye Ilbo, 23 August 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
The Los Angeles Times quotes a US official as having said that "it is highly probable" that North Koran technicians are working in Pakistani nuclear labs in a continuing deal between the two countries in which nuclear technology is exchanged for missile technology and components.
—Dexter Filkins, "N. Korea Aid to Pakistan Raises Nuclear Fears," Los Angeles Times, 23 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korean Defence Minister Cho Sŏng T'ae visits China to discuss North Korea's missile program. South Korea wants China to dissuade North Korea from testing its new intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM; Taepodong-2).
—Shin Yong-bae, "Officials Expect Seoul's 3-Pronged Missile Diplomacy to Bear Fruit," Korea Herald, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
US State Department deputy spokesman James Foley announces that US Special Envoy Charles Kartman will lead a delegation to meet with a North Korean delegation led by Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye Gwan in Berlin 7-11 September 1999.
—"US, North Korean Officials to Meet in Berlin Next Month," Agence France Presse, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service, "U.S., N. Korea to Resume Talks in Berlin in Early Sept.," Japan Economic Newswire, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "US, N. Korean Officials to Meet in Berlin Next Month, Korea Times, 26 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
US government officials and diplomatic sources say that North Korea will likely suspend its plans for a missile launch.
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea to Call off Missile Launch: U.S.," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Japanese Report Says N. Korea Delaying Missile Launch," Korea Times, 26 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
South Korean Unification Minister Im Dong Wŏn and William Perry, the US policy coordinator for North Korea, meet to fine-tune the policies of the two governments regarding incentives for North Korea if it forgoes test-launching its new missile (Taepodong-2).
—Shin Yong-bae, "Officials Expect Seoul's 3-Pronged Missile Diplomacy to Bear Fruit," Korea Herald, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Following a four-day visit to North Korea, US Congressman Tony Hall says that North Korea would likely forgo its missile program if the United States lifts economic sanctions. Hall says that North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Kim Gye Gwan told him that were the United States to lift sanctions, North Korea, "will certainly respond in good faith." Kim also told Hall that there was a good chance of resolving the missile problem at bilateral US-North Korean talks scheduled to take place in Berlin 7-11 September 1999. Delegates at the talks will also discuss North Korea's response to policy recommendations presented to North Korea by US policy coordinator William Perry.
—Son Key-young, "NK Likely to Shelve Missile Test If US Lifts Sanctions: Hall" Korea Times, 30 August 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>.
South Korean President Kim Dae Jung calls on North Korea to cease its military provocations and engage in constructive relations with the international community. Kim notes that although a ballistic missile launch does not seem imminent, North Korea's technical ability in missile development is a threat to stability in Northeast Asia. To that end, Kim says South Korea must "persuade and pressure" North Korea to give up its missile program. North Korea must understand that there would be a high price to pay in the form of economic and diplomatic sanctions if it carried out a missile test. At the same time, North Korea must know that not firing a missile will bring increased benefits from the international community.
—"Seoul Willing to Reward Pyongyang for Not Firing Missile: Kim" Korea Times, 30 August 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>.
Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura says that Japan may ease sanctions on North Korea if progress is made in missile talks with the United States. Japan placed the sanctions on North Korea after a North Korean rocket flew over Japan on 31 August 1998, in a failed attempt to place a satellite into orbit.
—"Front Page: Komura Signals Easing of Sanctions Against N. Korea," Asahi Shimbun, 2 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiromu Nonaka and US Navy Pacific Commander-in-Chief Dennis Blair during a meeting agree that North Korea is unlikely to test-fire a missile in the immediate future.
—Kyodo News Service, 2 September 1999, in "Japanese Official, US Commander Agree No North Korean Missile Launch Soon," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 3 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Kyodo News Service, "U.S., Japan: No N. Korean Missile Launch Soon," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
North Korean television shows an image of the Paektusan-1 space launch vehicle (SLV) on the first anniversary of North Korea's constitutional revision that elevated Kim Jong Il de facto leader. The image shows the first stage with one engine. [Note: There had been speculation that the first stage used clustered Scud engines.]
—Park Chŏng Hun, "Pukhan, Taepodong Missile TV Konggae," Chosun Ilbo, 11 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
US and North Korean negotiators complete the first day of talks in Berlin on Pyongyang's threat to conduct a missile launch. Kim Gye Gwan, head of the North Korean delegation, says the atmosphere of the meeting with Charles Kartman and the US delegation was good, but adds that the talks' success "depends on the attitude of the United States." North Korean demands are expected to include the lifting of sanctions and the expansion of aid.
—Shin Yong-bae, "North Korea, U.S. in Tense Tug-Of-War over Concessions at Berlin Negotiations" Korea Herald, 9 September 1999, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>; "NK and US Meet For Missile Talks in Berlin," Joongang Ilbo, 8 September 1999, <http://english.joins.com/>.
A study by the US National Intelligence Council concludes that during the next 15 years, the United States will face intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) threats from Russia, China, North Korea, probably Iran and possibly from Iraq. It also warns that the United States could be threatened by forward-based systems such as short- and medium-range missiles or land-attack cruise missiles launched from ships or other platforms. The report says that North Korea might assist Iran with the design of an Iranian ICBM patterned on the Taepodong-1 (Paektusan-1). The report claims North Korea is the country most likely to develop an ICBM capable of striking the United States during the next 15 years. Despite the failure of the Paektusan-1 space launch vehicle (SLV) to place a small satellite in orbit on 31 August 1998, North Korea demonstrated that it has mastered several technologies required for ICBMs. A three-stage Paektusan-1 would be very inaccurate and would almost certainly be incapable of striking US urban centers. The report, which was written before the United States and North Korea reached an agreement on a flight-test moratorium, claims most analysts expect North Korea to conduct a flight test of the Taepodong-2 this year unless it is delayed for political reasons.
—National Intelligence Council, "Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States Through 2015," September 1999, <http://www.cia.gov/>; "North Korea, Iran and Iraq Could Develop ICBMs" Jane's Missiles and Rockets, October 1999, vol. 3, no. 10, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Yŏ Shi Dong, "[CIA] 'Pukhan 15 Nyŏnnae ICBM Kaebal...Iran Wihyŏpchŏkchonjae'," Chosun Ilbo, 10 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiromu Nonaka announces that Japan is willing to resume dialogue with North Korea if Pyongyang does not proceed with an anticipated ballistic missile launch. Nonaka tells reporters that if North Korea refrains from the missile launch, Japan would hold discussions with South Korea and the United States concerning, "the future of our stance to North Korea." Nonaka also hinted that Japan might consider dropping economic sanctions against North Korea. Talks between Japan and North Korea have been stalled since 1992.
—"Japan Seeks To Reopen Dialogue with North Korea," Agence France Presse, 9 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
According to an understanding reached between the United States and North Korea following bilateral talks in Berlin, North Korea privately agrees to suspend its missile program and to carry out no further tests. While North Korea commits itself to improving relations, it says nothing publicly about its missiles.
—"US-North Korean Detente: A New Approach in Pyongyang," International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), vol. 5, no. 8, 1 October 1999; Philip Finnegan, "U.S. Officials Seek To Build on N. Korean Missile Agreement," Defense News, 4 October 1999, p. 20; "US-N. Korean Missile Talks End," Agence France Presse, 12 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
US Department of State Spokesman James Rubin says that bilateral talks held in Berlin between the United States and North Korea resulted in a pledge by North Korea to refrain from testing a long-range ballistic missile. Rubin notes that the agreement stipulates "North Korea will refrain from testing any long-range missiles for the duration of negotiations that are aimed at improving relations between the United States and North Korea." Rubin says that the agreement is not a formal treaty, but that it is a positive step towards a permanent solution to problems on the Korean peninsula.
—James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefing, US Department of State, 13 September 1999, <http://www.state.gov/>; "US Agrees to Ease N. Korea Sanctions in Return for Missile Launch Halt," Agence France Presse, 13 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Philip Shenon, "North Korea Said to Agree to End Missile Tests," New York Times, 13 September 1999, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Tyler Marshall and Edwin Chen, "N. Korea Missile Test Seen as Unlikely in Wake of Pact," Los Angeles Times, 13 September 1999, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Donga Ilbo (Seoul), 3 May 2001, in "ROK Daily Sees DPRK Decision To Freeze Missile Launch as Gesture to US," FBIS Document ID KPP20010503000123; "North Korea, Iran and Iraq Could Develop ICBMs" Jane's Missiles and Rockets, October 1999, Vol. 3, no. 10, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
During a seminar in Seoul, Korea National Defense University Professor Kim Ch'ŏl Hwan says that since 1991, North Korea has exported 160 Scud-B missiles to Iran, 100 to Iraq, and 18 to the United Arab Emirates. During the same period, Kim says that Pyongyang has exported 42 Scud-C missiles to Iran, 150 to Syria, and 20 to India.
—Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, Scud Missile 490 Such'ul," Chosun Ilbo, 15 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
Robert Walpole, CIA national intelligence officer for strategic and nuclear programs, tells the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "I ended up working to help stop the Condor II program being worked on by Argentina, Iraq, and Egypt. Had it come to fruition, it would have made the Nodong and Taepodong-1 look like toys. It would have been a much better system." [Note: There is speculation that Egypt may have transferred technology from the Condor program to North Korea.]
—Steve Rodan, "Israel, USA Claim Egyptian Missile Links with N Korea," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 33, no. 8, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
The 60-day detainment period for the crew of the Ku Wŏl San expires, and the crew is allowed to return to the ship. The Indian government has not yet pressed charges, but the case is still under investigation. Authorities say the cargo, which was detained on 25 June 1999, contained 148 boxes of missile manufacturing equipment. Furthermore, the Maltese Economic Corporation, which was the consignee, is found not to exist.
—Korean Ship's Crew Is Still Not Free, Says DRI," Times of India, 18 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>
US President Bill Clinton makes public his intent to mitigate sanctions imposed by the United States on North Korea under the Trading with the Enemy Act, the Defense Production Act, and US Department of Commerce regulations. Clinton's announcement, which is to promote better US-North Korea relations and, "to support the Agreed Framework," is a consequence of talks between US and North Korea representatives from 7 to 12 September 1999 in Berlin and is made with the expectation that North Korea will not conduct further long-range missile tests. As a result, most imports of North Korean products, exports to North Korea of most non-sensitive items, investment in various North Korean industries, transfers of funds to North Korea, shipment of goods to North Korea, and flights between the United States and North Korea will be permitted, though it will take several months to make necessary regulatory changes. Other activities will continue to be prohibited, including the export of US Munitions List items, the unlicensed export of Commerce Control List dual-use items, various forms of assistance, unauthorized transfers of funds between the United States and the government of North Korea, and all activities restricted by US statutes or international agreements.
—Fact Sheet: Easing Sanctions Against North Korea, White House Office of the Press Secretary, 17 September 1999, <http://www.pub.whitehouse.gov>; White House Office of the Press Secretary, "Statement By The Press Secretary: Easing Sanctions Against North Korea," 17 September 1999, <http://www.pub.whitehouse.gov/>; David E. Sanger, "Trade Sanctions on North Korea Are Eased by U.S.," New York Times, 18 September 1999, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; John Connelly, "Clinton Eases N. Korea Curbs; Pyongyang Agrees to Give up Missile Test," Boston Globe, 18 September 1999, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Tyler Marshall, "U.S. to Ease Commercial Sanctions on North Korea," Los Angeles Times, 18 September 1999, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Terence Hunt, "After a Half-Century, Clinton Eases North Korea Sanctions," Associated Press, 17 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
In remarks to the press, William Perry, coordinator for US policy on North Korea, describes the state of US-North Korea relations and his report to the US Congress. Perry says that since 1998, US intelligence had revealed "suspect nuclear sites" and the "production and deployment of long-range missiles in North Korea." Perry has also concluded that the fall of the North Korean government is not imminent and that the United States should therefore negotiate with North Korea, offering normalization of relations if North Korea gives up its long-range missiles. Perry indicates one long-term goal is to bring North Korea into compliance with Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) guidelines. He adds that for the purpose of confirming a suspension of flight-testing, the United States, "can verify unilaterally whether or not (North Korea is) testing long-range missiles, or deploying them." Perry doubts that the untested Taepodong-2 ballistic missile would be deployed.
—"Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and Dr. William Perry: Press Briefing on U.S. Relations with North Korea," US Department of State Office of the Spokesman, 17 September 1999, <http://secretary.state.gov/>.
The US claims that the easing of sanctions on North Korea will not continue if North Korea resumes missile testing. A diplomatic source stated, "If North Korea threatens to resume test-launching Taepodong-2 missiles or puts the threat into practice, the easing of sanctions will no longer be valid."
—Joongang Ilbo, 19 September 1999, in "USA to Reapply Sanctions if North Korea Test-Launches Missile," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 21 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman says that Pyongyang will not launch a missile as long as the US and North Korea remain engaged in high-level talks.
—"DPRK Not to Launch Missile," Korean Central News Agency, 24 September 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; "Chomihoedamjinhaenggigan'enŭn Missile Palsarŭl Haji Anhŭlgŏsida/Oemusŏngdaebyŏn'in," Korean Central News Agency, 24 September 1999, <http://www.kcna.co.jp/>; Howard W. French, "North Korea Says It Will Halt Missile Tests During U.S. Talks," New York Times, 25 September 1999, p. A5, in Lexi-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Eric Prideaux, "N. Korea To Freeze Tests for Talks," Associated Press, 24 September 1999, in Lexi-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Philip Finnegan, "U.S. Officials Seek To Build on N. Korean Missile Agreement," Defense News, 4 October 1999, p. 20; "Puk Missile Palsajungdan Podojŏnmun Yoyak," Chosun Ilbo, 25 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
North Korean Foreign Minister Paek Nam Sun tells the UN General Assembly that North Korea will suspend missile launches while Pyongyang is engaged in high-level talks with Washington to resolve pending issues between the two sides. Paek says, "It is fortunate that the United States has recently decided to partially lift economic sanctions against the DPRK."
—"N. Korea Repeats Missile Pledge at UN General Assembly," Korea Times, 26 September 1999, in Lexi-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; "N Korea Repeats Missile Pledge at UN General Assembly," AFX – Asia, 26 September 1999, in Lexi-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/ >; Ŏm Nam Sŏk, "Puk, Missile Shihŏmbalsa Chungdan Chaehwagin," Chosun Ilbo, 26 September 1999, <http://www.chosun.com/>.
South Korea's Ministry of National Defense submits a report to National Assemblyman Sŏ Ch'ŏng Wŏn that says North Korea is preparing to deploy 200 Scud-C missiles to forward areas near the Demilitarized zone (DMZ). The missiles are to be deployed at three bases
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