This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Mid-1990s
The United States "intelligence community" estimates that North Korea has produced one, possibly two nuclear weapons.
—National Intelligence Council, "Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015: Unclassified Summary of a National Intelligence Estimate," December 2001, released on 9 January 2002, <http://www.cia.gov>.

9-12 January 1995
Experts from the United States, Japan and South Korea meet in Washington to set up the framework for the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the consortium tasked with supplying two light water reactors and 500,000 tons/year of heavy fuel oil to North Korea in exchange for Pyongyang's pledge to give up its graphite-moderated reactors and allow IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. The total cost is estimated at $4 billion.
—"U.S. to Start Looking for Korean Energy Money," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 10 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Meeting on North Korean Energy Needs in Fourth Day," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Experts Finish Up Korean Energy Meeting," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 13 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 January 1995
The Jerusalem Post reports "Israel has concluded that—given current assistance from China, North Korea and Russia—Iran could achieve nuclear capability by mid-1996. The report does not say what role North Korea could play, or is playing in Iran's nuclear weapons program.
—Steve Rodan, "What the US is Whispering to Israel about Iran," Jerusalem Post, 13 January 1995, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Mid-January 1995
The United States delivers 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil to North Korea. The shipment, originally expected by 1 January, was delayed after North Korea captured a downed US helicopter and its two-man crew. [Note: One crew member died in the crash and the pilot is later returned to the United States.]
—"Second U.S. Oil Shipment for North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 17 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "America in Asia; North Korea Takes the Money," The Economist, 14 January 1995, p. 36, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Mid January 1995
A delegation of US experts headed by State Department official Norman Wulf travels to Pyongyang to discuss the disposal of 8,000 spent fuel rods currently stored in a cooling pond at the Yŏngbyŏn nuclear complex. The US delegation is allowed to inspect the cooling pond and the graphite reactor from which the rod were removed. North Korea reportedly agrees to store the rods in dry concrete until they are shipped to a third country by 2002.
—"Second U.S. Oil Shipment for North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 17 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Cooperating on Nuclear Fuel-Rod Disposal - US Official," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Talks Progress, but Problems Remain in North Korea Nuclear Talks," Agence France Presse, 31 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 January to 1 February 1995
Technical experts from the United States and North Korea meet in Berlin to work out details of the delivery of two light water nuclear reactors. Pyongyang's insistence that the reactors come from a country other than South Korea reportedly threatens the success of the talks and the survival of the nuclear agreement between the United States and North Korea. However, after the meeting, the two sides release a joint statement in which they "agreed that some progress had been made," but details such as financing, the type of reactor and safety considerations have yet to be resolved.
—Steven Greenhouse, "North Balks, Threatening Korean Pact," New York Times, 9 February 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S., N. Korea, Open Talks on Nuclear-Reactor Deliveries," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 28 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Other Countries Agree to Participate in Korean Project," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 3 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 February 1995
US Senator Richard Lugar announces in a press conference that South Korea will pay approximately three quarters of the cost for the two light water reactors. The total cost of the reactors is approximated at $4.5 billion.
—"Seoul to Foot Three Quarters of Pyongyang Reactor Cost," Agence France Presse, 1 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 February 1995
In a meeting with Clinton administration officials, IAEA Director General Hans Blix says that North Korea has complied with its pledge to freeze its nuclear program.
—Steven Greenhouse, "North Balks, Threatening Korean Pact," New York Times, 9 February 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexi, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 February 1995
Washington announces that it will not accept new demands made by North Korea at talks held in Berlin 28 January to 1 February. Among the additional demands that would add $1 billion to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) project was the provision of new power grids connecting the two light water reactors to the existing power grid.
—Steven Greenhouse, "North Balks, Threatening Korean Pact," New York Times, 9 February 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Rejects New Korean Demand Demands for Additional Equipment," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 February 1995
The Yomiuri Shimbun, quoting a diplomatic source in Seoul, reports that the United States and South Korea are making plans to conduct the annual Team Spirit military exercises from 28 March to 2 April. The military drill has reportedly been scaled down to one-fourth of the usual size, involving about 30,000 US and South Korean soldiers.
—Ichiro Ue, "Team Spirit Exercises Planned," The Daily Yomiuri, 12 February 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S Korean, US Plan Military Drills Despite Warning by North," Agence France Presse, 12 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 February 1995
North Korea states that it will not accept light water nuclear reactors if they are provided by South Korea and warns that it has "nothing to lose" by walking away from the Agreed Framework.
—"U.S. Insists on S. Korean-Designed Reactors in Nuclear Deal," Xinhua News Agency, 17 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 February 1995
Washington reiterates its demand that North Korea accept South Korean designed reactors. Pyongyang has insisted that the reactors be provided by a state of its choice, but according to State Department spokeswoman Christine Shelly, the Clinton administration considers reactors designed by South Korea as "the only viable option."
—"U.S. Insists on S. Korean-Designed Reactors in Nuclear Deal," Xinhua News Agency, 17 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 February 1995
Ambassador Robert Gallucci, in testimony before the Asian and the Pacific Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee, says that international inspectors have discovered that North Korea possesses up to 30kg of plutonium from its 5MW graphite moderated reactor. This amount, enough to build four to five nuclear weapons, is more than Western experts had suspected was in North Korea's possession.
—"Hearing of the Asia and the Pacific Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee," Federal News Service, 23 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Had More Nuclear Material Than Expected," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 23 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 February 1995
South Korean Defense Minister Lee Yang Ho announces that South Korea and the United States will not hold the annual Team Spirit joint military exercise in March as earlier planned. Another Defense Ministry official claims that the military exercise is not cancelled but merely postponed until Washington and Seoul decide whether or not to hold it later in the year.—"S. Korea, U.S. Cancel "Team Spirit" Exercise This Year," Xinhua News Agency, 25 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 March 1995
The South Korean Defense Ministry announces that South Korean and the United States will hold a six-day joint military exercise beginning 3 April. A Defense Ministry spokesman says that these maneuvers should not be mistaken as a resumption of the annual Team Spirit military exercise that was postponed in order to relieve tension on the peninsula and encourage North Korea to abide by the Agreed Framework. North Korea has threatened to revive its frozen nuclear program if Team Spirit exercises resume.
—"South Korea and U.S. Forces to Hold New War Games," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 7 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 March 1995
The North Korean Foreign Ministry warns that the Agreed Framework will collapse unless the United States drops its demand that the two light water reactors come from South Korea.
—Korean Central Broadcasting Agency (Pyongyang), 7 March 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; DPRK Foreign Ministry Warns Against Insistence on ROK Reactors," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 8 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Warns Nuclear Deal Could Collapse," Associated Press, 7 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Alexander Valiyev, "North Korea Refuses to Accept South Korean Reactors," ITAR-TASS, 7 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8-9 March 1995
The United States, Japan and South Korea host a conference in New York for the establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). Twenty-three nations plus the European Union attend the conference. On 9 March, the United States, Japan and South Korea sign the Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, officially establishing KEDO. Of the other twenty-three nations, none sign on as members, but Australia, New Zealand, and Canada pledge funds amounting to approximately $7 million.
—"Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, 9 March 1995, <http://www.kedo.org>; Steven Greenhouse, "North Korea Threatens to Jettison Pact in Dispute over Reactors," New York Times, 9 March 1995, p. A6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Korean Energy Group Meets to Discuss Nuclear Reactor," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Japan, U.S., ROK Urge Participation in KEDO," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 9 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Be Unveiled Even as Framework Agreement Falters," Agence France Presse, 9 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Agreement Signed by US, Japan, South Korea," Agence France Presse, 10 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 March 1995
Steven Bosworth, a former US ambassador, is named head of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—"American Diplomat Named to Head Korean Energy Group," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 20 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Robert Coloma, "Seoul Warns of 'Immediate Sanctions' if Pyongyang Scraps Deal," Agence France Presse, 20 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 March 1995
Seoul warns that the United States, Japan, and South Korea will impose "immediate sanctions" and seek UN Security Council intervention if Pyongyang does not accept a South Korean reactor model for the light water reactors to be supplied under the Agreed Framework. The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) says that North Korea has until 21 April to accept the South Korean design.
— Robert Coloma, "Seoul Warns of 'Immediate Sanctions' if Pyongyang Scraps Deal," Agence France Presse, 20 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; O Yŏng Hwan, "Kyŏngsurogyeyak Shihannae An'doemyŏn UN Sŏ Taebukchejae Non'ŭi/Sankeishinmun Podo," Joongang Ilbo, 20 March 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

25-27 March 1995
Representatives from the United States and North Korea meet in Berlin to discuss implementation of the Agreed Framework. The talks, originally scheduled to run through 29 March, are suspended on 27 March reportedly to allow the two delegations to consult with their capitols. North Korea reportedly continues to insist that the two light water reactor it is to provided under the agreement must come from a country other than South Korea.
—Sid Balman Jr., "U.S. Says N. Korea Talks Not Dead," United Press International, 27 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Barry Schweid, "Pause Taken in Reactor Talks," Associated Press, 27 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S.-North Korean Talks Break Off," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 27 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S.-North Korean Talks to Resume Next Week in Berlin," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 7 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 March 1995
The IAEA Board of Governors asks North Korea to permit IAEA inspectors to measure the amount of plutonium in the spent fuel of its 5MW(e) nuclear reactor and in the waste from its Radiochemistry Laboratory [reprocessing facility]. It also requests that the Agency be allowed to verify the freeze on North Korea's nuclear facilities.
—"IAEA Urges North: Allow Continued Verification," Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 30 March 1995; in FBIS document FBIS-EAS-95-061, 30 March 1995.

April 1996
Singapore pledges $300,000 to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—Ravi Velloor, "S'pore to Give $141,000 a Year to Energy Body," The Straits Times (Singapore), 20 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Singapore to Give 100,000 Dlrs Yearly to KEDO," Japan Economic Newswire, 19 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early April 1995
North Korea conducts maintenance on its 5MW(e) reactor in Yŏngbyŏn-kun. IAEA Director General Hans Blix confirms that North Korea is conducting legitimate maintenance, not making preparations to restart the reactor.
—Barry Schweid, "U.S. Sees No Cause for Concern Over N. Korean Reactor Maintenance," New York Times, 10 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Finds No Refueling Move at DPRK Reactors," Xinhua News Agency, 10 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12-13 April 1995
Representatives from the United States and North Korea once again meet in Berlin to resolve issues relating to the implementation of the Agreed Framework. The main point of contention is whether or not South Korea will supply the two light water reactors promised to North Korea for halting its graphite moderated nuclear program. North Korea demands that the reactors come from another country, but the United States insists that South Korean reactors are the "only option." After two days of talks the meeting adjourns without any apparent resolution, but the two sides agree to meet again on 18 April after consulting with their capitols.
—"U.S.-North Korea Nuclear Talks in Berlin Bog Down," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US-DPRK Reactor Talks Adjourn," Xinhua News Agency, 13 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Berlin Talks between U.S. and North Korea Again Suspended," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 13 April 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Nuclear Talks Recessed till Tuesday," Agence France Presse, 13 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 April 1995
The Pentagon announces that the United States and South Korea will conduct a joint military exercise beginning in late-April and running through mid-May. According to a Pentagon official the exercise will be limited in scope, involving approximately 13,000 personnel.
—"US, South Korea to Hold Military Exercise," Xinhua News Agency, 14 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S., South Korea to Stage Military Exercise," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18-20 April 1995
Representatives from the United States and North Korea meet for the fifth time in Berlin in an attempt to resolve issues relating to the implementation of the Agreed Framework. The two sides fail to reach an agreement on whether or not the two light water reactors, promised to North Korea for freezing its graphite moderated nuclear program, would be of a South Korean design. North Korea insists that the reactors come from another country, but the United States continues to claim that since Seoul is funding most if the $4 billion project, South Korean reactors are the only option.
—Tim Weiner, "North Korea Leaves Talks on Nuclear Pact," New York Times, 21 April 1995, p. A10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sid Balman Jr., "U.S., N. Korea Break Off Talks," United Press International, 20 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Walks Out of Berlin Nuclear Talks," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 20 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Barry Schweid, "Breakdown in Talks Leaves U.S. Displeased," Associated Press, 20 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sid Balman Jr., "Tense Talks between U.S., N. Korea," United Press International, 19 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 April 1995
At the NPT Review Conference, South Korean ambassador to the UN, Park Su Gil, says that North Korea's noncompliance with its obligations under the NPT is a threat not only to the Korean Peninsula "but also to the whole world." Park also calls on North Korea to "faithfully implement" the Agreed Framework.
—"South Korea Backs Indefinite NPT Extension, Urges North's Cooperation," Agence France Presse, 19 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 April 1995
As the date arrives by which the United States and North Korea were to have reached an accord for the provision of two light water reactors, US Secretary of State Warren Christopher urges North Korea not to resume operations at its nuclear facilities and proposes high-level talks in Geneva. In Berlin, Kim Jong U, chief North Korean negotiator to the recently dissolved talks, rebuffs Christopher's proposal, saying, "We think everything that could be discussed in high-level talks has already been discussed and settled." North Korea insists that 21 April is a legally binding deadline by which a contract must be concluded, but the United States claims that it is merely a "target date."
—Barry Schweid, "Christopher Urges North Korea to Resume Talks at Higher Level," Associated Press, 21 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Elaine Sciolino, "U.S. Offering to Raise Level of Talks with North Korea," New York Times, 22 April 1995, p. A5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Proposes Geneva Meeting with North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 21 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 21 April 1995, in "South and USA Discuss Prospects for Talks," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 April 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 April 1995
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman announces that Pyongyang will take a "necessary decisive measure" in order to defend North Korea's sovereignty following the breakdown of nuclear talks with the United States.
—Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 22 April 1995, in "Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Berlin Talks," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Andrew Pollack, "North Korea Threat Seen on Halt of Atom Talks," New York Times, 23 April 1995, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 May 1995
North Korea notifies the United States that it is willing to resume nuclear talks at a higher level as proposed by Secretary of State Warren Christopher on 21 April. The date and venue have yet to be determined. North Korea had originally rejected Christopher's proposal, insisting that 21 April was the deadline for negotiating a contract for the provision of two light water reactors.
—Sid Balman Jr., "N. Korea Agrees to Talks," United Press International, 1 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Barry Schweid, "North Korea Agrees to Resume Negotiations over Reactors," Associated Press, 1 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Steven Greenhouse, "North Korea to Resume Nuclear Talks," New York Times, p. A3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 May 1995
North Korea informs the NPT Review Conference President Jayantha Danapala that it disassociates itself from any decision or document emerging from the conference.
—"N. Korea Boycotts Decision at NPT Conference: UN Spokesman," Agence France Presse, 10 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 May 1995
The United States, Japan, and South Korea call on North Korea not to reactivate its nuclear facilities before high-level between Washington and Pyongyang resume late in the month. Representatives from the three countries make the statement from Seoul where they are meeting to prepare for the upcoming nuclear talks.
—"U.S., Japan and South Korea Ask North Korea Not to Restart Reactors," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 10 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 May 1995
In an article published in the Rodong Sinmun, the official daily of the Korean Workers' Party, North Korea warns that it might resume operations of its nuclear facilities if the United States continues to insist on South Korean designed nuclear reactors.
—Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 13 May 1995, in "'Nodong Sinmun': Result of Talks Depends on USA," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 15 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Again Threatens to Reopen Old Nuclear System," Agence France Presse, 13 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 May-13 June 1995
The United States and North Korea meet in Kuala Lumpur to resolve issues relating to the Agreed Framework. The main topic of the negotiations is whether or not two light water reactors, promised to North Korea for giving up its graphite moderated nuclear program, will be provided by South Korea. North Korea, claiming that the South Korean reactor design is untested and unsafe, demands that the reactors come from another country, but the United States insists that since Seoul is financing more than three-quarters of the reactor project, South Korean reactors are the only option. On 13 June, after three weeks of talks, the two sides release a joint statement in which North Korea concedes that the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) retains the right to choose the provider of the reactors.
—"Joint U.S. - DPRK Press Statement," 13 June 1995, <http://www.kedo.org>; Andrew Pollack, "U.S. and North Korea Agree on Deal for Nuclear Reactors," New York Times, 13 June 1995, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Officials on Kuala Lumpur for Nuclear Talks with North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Vladmir Solntsev, "North Korea and USA Make Headway at Kuala Lumpur Talks," ITAR-TASS, 7 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Philip Shenon, "Breakthrough is Announced in U.S.-North Korea Nuclear Talks," New York Times, 8 June 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 June 1995
IAEA Director General Hans Blix informs the IAEA Board of Governors that North Korea has serviced its 5MW(e) nuclear reactor and is expected to do the same at its Radiochemistry Laboratory [reprocessing facility].
—"DPRK Conducts Maintenance at Reactor," KBS-1 (Seoul), 12 June 1995; in FBIS document FBIS-EAS-95-112, 12 June 1995.

13 June 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) officially decides to provide North Korea with two South Korean-designed light water reactors. The KEDO executive board determines that the "reference plants" for the project will be South Korea's Ulchin 3 and 4 reactors, currently under construction by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), South Korea's state-controlled electric utility. [Note: KEDO officially names KEPCO as the main contractor for the project on 19 March 1996.]
—Andrew Pollack, "North Korea to Get Plants from Rival," New York Times, 14 June 1995, p. A5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "South Korea to Build Light water Reactors in North: Gallucci," Agence France Presse, 13 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 June 1995
New Zealand becomes a member of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—"About Us: Member Nations," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org/au_members.asp>.

Late June 1995
Pyongyang agrees to allow US personnel to take steps to ensure the safe storage of 8,000 nuclear fuel rods that were removed from its 5MW(e) reactor in May 1994 and are slowly corroding in a cooling pond. The Department of Energy personnel will be allowed to clean the water, adjust the temperature, and encase the rods in corrosion-resistant storage containers.
—Sid Balman Jr., "U.S. Agrees with North Korea on Oil," United Press International, 29 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. and North Korea Make Progress Following Talks," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 30 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 July 1995
A South Korean government official announces that three US firms, Combustion Engineering, General Electric and Sergent and Lundy, will participate in the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) light water reactor project. Sergent and Lundy will provide technical support to Korea Power Engineering Company in designing the reactors. Combustion Engineering will provide technical assistance to Korea Heavy Industries Company (KHI) and Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) in manufacturing and designing the reactor facilities. General Electric will provide technical assistance to KHI in construction of the turbine generators. The government official stresses that overall project management and infrastructural construction will be conducted exclusively by Korea Electric Power Cooperation (KEPCO).
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 21 July 1995, in "Three US Firms 'Expected to Participate' in Reactor Project," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Ku Sŏng Chae, "'Kyŏngsuro' Misach'amyŏ Sangdangnyang Pojang/Hankukhyŏng T'oesaek Uryŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 22 July 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Im Min Su, "Kyŏngsuro Misa Ch'amyŏ Pojang/Kuknae Hach'ŏngŏpch'e Chijŏngkwŏn Tŭng Puyŏ," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 22 July 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

Late July 1995
North Korea prevents a scheduled visit by KEDO's top three executives because one of them is South Korean. The KEDO delegation was to include Stephen Bosworth, KEDO executive director, and his two deputies, Ch'oe Yŏng Jin and Umezu Itami, from South Korea and Japan respectively.
—"Difficulties Ahead for North/South Cooperation," Nuclear News, September 1995, p. 41.

26 July 1995
Italy pledges $1.9 million to Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 26 July 1995, in "Italy pledges 1.9m dollars to Korean Peninsula Energy Development," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 27 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 July 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) Executive Board, comprising representatives from the United States, Japan, and South Korea, meets in New York. The Executive Board creates three advisory committees on the light water reactor project, the supply of heavy fuel oil and the safe storage of 8,000 spent fuel rods. The newly created committees are tasked with advising and recommending appropriate measures to the Executive Board and the Executive Director regarding their respective area of focus within the KEDO project.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 1 August 1995, in "KEDO Executive Board Forms Three Advisory Groups," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 2 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 August 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) holds its first general assembly. Over thirty nations attend the meeting held in New York. At the meeting, the Executive Board proposes sending a team of experts to North Korea later in the month in order to find a suitable site to construct the two reactors.
—"KEDO Opens 1st General Assembly in New York," Japan Economic Newswire, 1 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Start Talks with N. Korea This Month," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 2 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Select Site for Reactors in N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15-22 August 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) sends a team of experts to North Korea to survey possible locations for two light water reactors. The 15-man team, including experts from the United States, Japan and South Korean and US government officials, visits Shinp'o, a coastal city located in South Hamgyŏng Province. The KEDO team reportedly has "productive and Technical consultations" with North Korean personnel from the Department of Atomic Energy, However, the team receives incomplete survey documents of the proposed area carried out by the former Soviet Union in the 1980s, and according to Kang Yun Kwan, a member of the KEDO team, the documents do "not have all the data needed by KEDO." Pyongyang has reportedly demanded that KEDO must pay a fee of about $2.5 million to get the complete survey report. [Note: In 1985 Russia began conducting site surveys in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o for the construction of two VVER-440 reactors. Russia stopped the program in 1992 due to lack of funds from North Korea. At that time, North Korea had paid only $500,000 of the estimated $2.5 million cost of the survey results. North Korean officials from the Department of Atomic Energy informed the KEDO team that under the agreement with Russia it could not release the full results of the survey without payment.]
—"Payment Demanded for Russian Survey Data," Nuclear News, October 1995, p. 44; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 9 August 1995, in "KEDO Survey Team to Visit DPRK on '14th or 15th' August," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 9 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Mission Arrives in Pyongyang for Reactor Survey," Japan Economic Newswire, 16 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Experts Return from Survey of North Korean Nuclear Plant Site," Agence France Presse, 23 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Mission Has 'Productive' Talks in N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 23 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 23 August 1995, in "KEDO Official on Outcome of Reactor Site Survey in North," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 27 August 1995, in "KEDO Survey Team Reports Additional Site Survey Necessary," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 28 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Wants KEDO to Pay fro Russian Data," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 25 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 August 1995
South Korea's Joongang Ilbo, quoting North Korean defector Kang Myŏng Do, reports that North Korea has a secret underground nuclear facility in Kimdan-gol, Tonghŭng-ri, Tongshin-kun, Chagang Province. The defector, Kang Myŏng Do, son-in-law of North Korean Premier Kang Sŏng San, claims that he witnessed construction of the facility and was told by the project coordinator that it was a nuclear facility. [Note: In July 1994, Kang, who defected in May 1994, claimed that North Korea possessed five nuclear bombs.]
—Joongang Ilbo, 28 August 1995, in "Defector on Nuclear Facilities on Chagang Province, North Korea," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 30 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Has Secret Underground Nuclear Facility: Defector," Japan Economic Newswire, 27 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Choe Wŏn Ki, "Pukhan Kŭkpi Haekshisŏl Itta/Chagnagdo Kimdankol Chiha," Joongang Ilbo, 28 August 1995, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>;

11-13 September 1995
Representatives from North Korea and the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) meet in Kuala Lumpur to conclude the light water reactors supply agreement. The North Korean and KEDO delegations are respectively headed by Ambassador-at-Large Hŏ Jong and Stephen Bosworth, executive director of KEDO. The talks are productive but disagreements remain over whether KEDO should finance additional projects related to the reactors such as new power grids and improved port facilities. North Korea reportedly requests an additional $1 billion to finance the additional facilities. The two sides agree to hold working-level discussions in Kuala Lumpur immediately following the high-level talks.
—"Seoul Officials in US-Led Team for Talks with North Korea on Reactors," New Straits Times (Malaysia), 12 September 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Lokman Mansor, "KEDO, N. Korea Conclude Meetings," Business Times (Malaysia), 13 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Executive Board Agrees on Talks with North Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 14 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 13 September 1995, in "North Korea and KEDO Issue Joint Communiqué on Negotiations," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 15 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis.nexis.com>; "Second Day of Nuclear Talks Convene on Kuala Lumpur," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12-19 September 1995
The IAEA sends a team of negotiators to Pyongyang. The IAEA requests that it be allowed to expand its monitoring activities in North Korea and improve its technical capability to confirm that North Korea's maintenance of the 5MW(e) nuclear reactor in Yŏngbyŏn-kun and the plutonium processing facility does not reflect an attempt to revive its nuclear program.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 12 September 1995, in "IAEA Negotiations to Resume in Pyongyang," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 13 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Evan S. Medieros, "North Korea, KEDO Consortium Begin Talks on Reactor Contract," Arms Control Today, October 1995, p. 22; Korean Central Broadcasting Agency (Pyongyang), 13 September 1995, in "IAEA Delegation Arrives for Talks on Nuclear Facilities," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 20 September 1995, in "Atomic Energy Agency Delegates Depart after Latest Nuclear Freeze Talks," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 21 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 September 1995
A Bangkok official announces that Thailand has pledged $300,000 to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—"Thailand to Donate 300,000 Dlrs to KEDO," Japan Economic Newswire, 13 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13-15 September 1995
North Korea and the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) hold working-level talks in Kuala Lumpur immediately following three days of high-level discussion earlier in the week. KEDO delegation head Gary Samore says that the talks were "very successful in identifying the key issues that need to be addressed in the course of the upcoming discussions." The two sides agree to resolve the outstanding issues and conclude a light water reactor supply agreement as soon as possible.
—Lokman Mansor, "KEDO, N. Korea Experts Meet in KL," Business Times (Malaysia), 14 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 13 September 1995, in "KEDO and North Korea to Begin Work on Details of Reactor Contract," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North, South Energy Talks End," United Press International, 15 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Azman Ahmad, "N. Korea, KEDO Resolve Differences," New Straits Times (Malaysia), 15 September 1995, p. 7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 September 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) executive board meets in Tokyo to discuss the proposed location of two light water reactor and the recently concluded expert-level talks in Kaula Lumpur.
—"KEDO Executive Board Agrees on Talks with N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 14 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 September 1995
IAEA Director General Hans Blix calls on Pyongyang to allow agency inspectors to verify the accuracy and completeness of North Korea's initial declaration of nuclear material in its possession. In his address opening the IAEA General Conference, Blix also announces that current IAEA-North Korean negotiations currently underway in Pyongyang have made little progress.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 19 September 1995, in "Nuclear Watchdogs Want to Carry Out More Checks," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 20 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 September 1995
Australia becomes a member of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO).
—"About Us: Member Nations," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org/au_members.asp>.

22 September 1995
Member states attending the IAEA General Conference adopt a resolution concerning nuclear safeguards in North Korea. The resolution calls on North Korea to cooperate with the IAEA to "preserve intact" all data pertinent to determining the "accuracy and completeness" of North Korea's original nuclear inventory report until North Korea "comes into full compliance with the safeguards agreement." In his opening statement, IAEA Director General Hans Blix tells the conference that unresolved concerns include the disposition of nuclear spent fuel from North Korea's 5MW(e) nuclear reactor and installation of waste tank monitoring equipment at its reprocessing plant.
—"IAEA Member States Adopted Resolutions on Nuclear Safeguards ,Safety, and Technical Cooperation," IAEA Press Release (Vienna), 22 September 1995; "IAEA Urges N. Korea to Accept Nuclear Inspections," Japan Economic Newswire, 23 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea and Iraq Criticized at IAEA Meeting," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 22 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 September 1995
IAEA Director General Hans Blix reports to a special IAEA Board of Governors meeting that North Korea has denied the IAEA permission to measure the amount of plutonium in the 8,000 spent fuel rods or in the liquid waste at its Radiochemistry Laboratory [reprocessing facility]. Blix says that North Korea agreed only to allow IAEA inspectors to determine if the fuel rods were irradiated and to photograph the radiochemical lab. North Korea has indicated that it will make the examination of plutonium contingent upon progress in negotiations for a light water reactor supply contract.