This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Early January 2002
In response to India's reported deployment of Agni missiles, Pakistan deploys Ghauri missiles along the border targeting New Delhi. The nuclear command structure is decentralized to enable Pakistani corps commanders launch the missiles. India deploys the Agni missiles at Kala Dongar, Dalia, Lakhpat, Masooyee, and Thard villages in the Rann of Kutch sector, across the border from the Pakistani province of Sind.
—"Pakistan Daily Reports Commanders Authorized to Order Missile Firing," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 7 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 7 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 January 2002
A US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report states that China provided considerable assistance to Pakistan's ballistic missile program in 2000 that enabled Pakistan to start serial production of short-range ballistic missiles like Shaheen-I and Haider-I. The CIA report also states that Pakistan acquired dual-use equipment and materials from other sources in Western Europe. The report says that Pakistan needs Chinese assistance for producing the two-stage Shaheen-II medium-range ballistic missile. In addition, certain contacts exist between Chinese entities and Pakistani entities involved in nuclear weapons development, in spite of China's pledge in May 1996 to stop such assistance.
—"CIA Smells China Role in Islamabad's Missile Program," The Statesman (Calcutta), 9 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Anwar Iqbal, "CIA: India, Pakistan Still Pursuing Nukes," United press International, 8 January 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 January 2002
China sends a range of military hardware including missile systems to Pakistan to help Pakistan face India's buildup along the border. A senior Pakistani military official says that China has helped to reinforce the country's missile capability. However, Pakistani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aziz Khan denies receiving any shipment of arms from China.
—Zahid Huaasin, "Shiploads of Chinese Arms 'Sent to Pakistan'," The Times (London), 9 January 2002, Overseas News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 January 2002
A US National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) report indicates that in the event of war with India, Pakistan's goal is to strike as many Indian targets as possible with nuclear tipped missiles. The NIE reports that foreign assistance played a critical role in Pakistan's solid-propellant missile acquisition and development program. The NIE predicts that Pakistan will continue with its ballistic missile program until it achieves the capability to strike at a large number of Indian targets.
—"Pak Goal to be Able to Strike Large Number of Targets in India," Press Trust of India, 10 January 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 January 2002
Highly placed Indian sources say that Pakistan has initiated a fast-track program for missile production at the Fatehjung missile factory near Islamabad that was built with Chinese assistance. Sources say that the missile factory has produced eight Hatf-I, Hatf-II, and Hatf-III missiles in the past 18 months. According to the Indian sources, Chinese technicians and experts are working on guidance and control systems, solid fuel, and M-4X missile variants supplied by China. The sources say that Pakistan currently possesses 110 Hatf-I, 90 Hatf-II, six Shaheen-I, and two Shaheen-II missiles. Pakistan also possesses 12 to 15 small to large missile launchers.
—"Pak Enhancing Nuke carrying Capacities," Press Trust of India, 12 January 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 January 2002
According to US intelligence officials Pakistan is building missile launch sites along the border with India. The launch sites are being constructed for the short-range M-11 missiles (Hatf missiles) that are being taken out of storage and beginning to be deployed. US officials describe the launch site construction to be concrete areas where mobile launchers will be stored. Pakistan is building five new launch sites along its eastern border and US intelligence agencies have identified the location of three of those five sites. US officials also spotted a convoy of 95 trucks at the Sargodha missile storage facility; the trucks were believed to be carrying missiles to northern parts of the country. Other intelligence reports reveal that Pakistan is preparing to transport additional M-11 missiles from the southern to the northeastern parts of the country.
—Bill Gertz, "Pakistan Builds Missile Sites Near Border With India; Bush Asks Nations to Ease Tensions," Washington Tines, p. A1; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 14 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 January 2002
US Ambassador to China Clark Randt calls on China to take more steps to prevent the spread the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Ambassador Randt says, "Our experience to date is that China does not have an effective export control regime for sensitive materials and items." Diplomats say that China reneged on the promise made in November 2000 to stop exporting certain technologies and has reportedly exported missile technologies to Pakistan.
—Joe Leahy, "U.S. Warns China Over Weapons of Mass Destruction," Financial Times (London), 22 January 2002, p. 6; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 January 2002
Pakistan rules out any tests in response to India's testing of its Agni missile. Pakistan's spokesperson Major General Rashid Qureshi says, "Pakistan is neither in a race with India nor is it going to do anything in reaction to what India did."
—"Roundup: Pakistan 'will not respond to India's missile test'," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 26 January 2002, Politics; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 January 2002
Pakistani sources claim that Pakistan possesses more reliable terminal guidance systems than India. According to these sources, Pakistan's missiles can reach their targets with an accuracy of within millimeters and inches. Sources claim that Shaheen can travel two to two-and-a-half times faster than India's Agni missile because of its solid-fuel capability. The Shaheen-II missile can travel 2,500 kilometers in 15 minutes and has an accuracy of within 100 meters. The sources further claim that Pakistani scientists have completed preparations for testing the new Shaheen missiles and are waiting for the government's signal to conduct testing. Sources say that Pakistan will conduct a test of Shaheen-II if the world does not take strict action in response to India's Agni-I test. The tests will involve firing more than one missile simultaneously and the tests will be used to measure the capability of the new missiles to carry additional weight. The price of a modern missile like Shaheen-II is 300 million rupees, but Pakistani scientists have produced it indigenously at one-third that price.
—Muhammad Saleh Zafir, "Pakistan Completes Plans To test-Fire Shaheen Missiles, Said 'in a Few Weeks'," Jang (Karachi), 26 January 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020126000021, 26 January 2002; Hanif Khalid, "Pakistan to test Shaheen Missile if World Indifferent to Indian Missile Test," Jang (Karachi), 26 January 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020126000021, 26 January 2002.

26 January 2002
In response to a question on Pakistan's nuclear readiness, Pakistan's military spokesperson, Major General Rashid Qureshi, says, "We do not discuss operational aspects....Pakistan can defend itself and has its deterrence in place."
—"Pakistan's Deterrence is in Place: Military Spokesman," Agence France Presse, 26 January 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 26 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 January 2002
Pakistan decides not to respond immediately to India's test-firing of the Agni-I ballistic missile. The chief presidential spokesperson, Major General Rashid Qureshi, says, "We are exercising restraint."
—Farhan Bokhari, "Islamabad Holds Off on Response to India Test," Financial Times (London), p. 8; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 January 2002
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in its semi-annual report to Congress, expresses concern that countries like India, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea may become "secondary proliferators." The report says that increasing self-sufficiency of these nations' weapons of mass destruction programs and their lack of participation in the supplier regimes such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime increases the risk of proliferation from these countries.
—"CIA Concerned India, Pak May Become Secondary Proliferators," Press Trust of India, 31 January 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 January 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 February 2002
Pakistan rejects reports that China is assisting its missile program. Pakistan's foreign office spokesperson says, "Pakistan's missile technology is totally indigenous and even China has made a statement saying that it would not supply Pakistan any technology or missiles in violation of the missile control technology regime."
—"Pakistani spokesman says missile program 'Totally Indigenous'," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 3 February; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 3 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 February 2002
Pakistan moves M-11 missiles to operational locations along the Indian border in Punjab, Jammu, and Kashmir.
—"Pakistan Reportedly Deploys M-11 Missiles on Border with India," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 5 February 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 5 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 February 2002
China refutes the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report, which mentions Chinese assistance to Pakistan's missile development program. A Chinese foreign office spokesperson says, "The report has no truth."
—"China Denies Helping Pakistan's Missile Program," Business Recorder, 5 February 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 7 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 February 2002
Experts and diplomats from 73 countries, including India, Pakistan, Israel, Libya, Iran, Russia, and the United States, meet in Paris to discuss a draft code of conduct for ballistic missiles prepared by France. The draft code requires participating countries to describe their ballistic missile programs annually and provide advance notification of each missile test to each other.
—"Experts from 73 States Discuss Missile Code of Conduct," Agence France Presse, 8 February 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 February 2002
Pakistani scientists strongly urge the government to grant them permission to test-fire the long-range Shaheen-II missile. The scientists claim that testing will expedite the manufacturing process for the missile. The missile reportedly has a range of 2,500km and can reach its target in less than twelve minutes. The missile has a payload capacity of one ton. Pakistani sources indicate that Shaheen-II, if launched from Punjab, can hit any city in India. Sources say that the target for test-firing will be located in the sea since Pakistan does not have the required land area to accommodate the entire range of the missile.
—Muhammad Saleh Zafir, "Pakistani Scientists Seek Permission to Test-Fire Shaheen-II Missile," Jang (Karachi), 17 February 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020218000056, 18 February 2002.

20 February 2002
According to US officials, China continued to send shipments to Iran and Pakistan even after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 and after President Bush's visit to Shanghai in October 2001, when the issue was raised with the Chinese President Jiang Zemin. A US official comments, "the Chinese profess to have a policy of non-proliferation, they insist they don't export missile technology, and yet we still keep seeing evidence of shipments to countries that are also seeking weapons of mass destruction."
—David E. Sanger, "China is Treated More Gently Than North Korea for the Same Sin," New York Times, 21 February 2001; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 February 2002
US President George Bush fails to persuade Chinese President Jiang Zemin to halt the sale of missile technology to Iran, Pakistan, and other nations during his two-day state visit to China. China made a pledge in November 2000 to curb its exports of sensitive nuclear equipment and know-how to countries like Iran and Pakistan. US officials, however, complain that China has not begun to formulate its export control rules and a list of sensitive technologies, nor has it clamped down on export deals made before the November agreement.
—"Bush Hopes for Nuclear Deal: He Lands in China With Warm Welcome for Support in War on International Terrorism," Gazette (Montreal), 21 February 2002, News, page A15; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Ron Fournier, "Bush Fails to Win Missile Deal," Courier Mail (Queensland), 22 February 2002, p. 12; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 February 2002
China says it is preparing a list of export controls for missile-related items but rejects US charges that it violated the November 2000 agreement by selling missiles to Pakistan. Chinese foreign office spokesperson Kong Quan says that any violators of the nonproliferation laws and regulations will be punished accordingly.
—"China Denies Violating Sino-U.S. Non-Proliferation Agreement," Press Trust of India, 22 February 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 22 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 February 2002
A senior Chinese foreign policy official says that the United States must take the next step to resolve the dispute over Chinese exports of missile technology. The imposition of sanctions in September 2001 on a Chinese arms company for selling missile parts to Pakistan remains a point of concern. Chinese officials contend that the deal is not covered under the November 2000 agreement since it was made prior to the conclusion of the accord. US officials, however, insist that they had a verbal understanding with Chinese officials that deals made prior to November 2000 will be covered by the accord.
—Erik Eckholm, "China Says Next Move in Arms Talks is up to U.S.," New York Times, 27 February 2002, Section A, p. 5; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 February 2002
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Kong Quan announces that China and the United States will attempt to resolve the issue of trying to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction in early March in Washington, DC. Mr. Quan also refutes US claims that China Metallurgical Equipment Corp (MECC) was secretly exporting missile-related items to Pakistan.
—"China, U.S. to Thrash out Nonproliferation in March," Japan Economic Newswire, 28 February 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 February 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 March 2002
China and Pakistan sign a memorandum of understanding on military cooperation and collaboration in the defense production sector. The Chinese delegation is led by General Xiong Guangkai, Deputy Chief of General Staff of the People's Liberation Army.
—"Pakistan Signs Military Cooperation Agreement with China," Agence France Presse, 11 March 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 11 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 March 2002
Pakistani Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar denies any military cooperation with North Korea during talks with the Japanese Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi. According to a Japanese official, Mr. Sattar told Mr. Kawaguchi that Pakistan's missile program is "self-sustaining." Mr. Sattar assures the Japanese foreign minister that Pakistan's nuclear weapons and technology are safe and under strict control.
—"Pakistan Denies Military Ties with N. Korea," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 13 Match 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 13 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 March 2002
US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director George Tenet, in his testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, says China is a key supplier of missile technology to Pakistan, Iran, and other countries. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Vice Admiral Thomas R. Wilson, in his testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, says that China has provided missile and other assistance to Iran and Pakistan.
—"CIA chief Russia, China, North Korea as proliferators," Agence France Presse, 20 March 2002, Domestic, non-Washington, general News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Prepared Testimony of Vice Admiral Thomas R. Wilson Director, Defense Intelligence Agency," Federal News Service, 19 March 2001, Prepared Testimony; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 March 2002
According to Jane's Intelligence Review, Pakistan has edged past India in nuclear weapons capability since the tests in 1998. According to the report, Pakistan will use its liquid-fueled Ghauri missiles for offensive purposes and the solid-fueled Shaheen series for defensive purposes. The report says that Pakistan has also established the Nuclear Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority.
—"Pak Moving Ahead of India in Nuke Capability: Report," Press Trust of India, 25 March 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 26 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 March 2002
The Pakistani government plans to boost its weapons exports from $20 million per annum to $120 million per annum. The military establishment is confident of manufacturing a large array of weapons systems for exports, including ballistic missiles.
—"Pak Plans Major Export of Weapons – Report," Press Trust of India, 27 March 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 March 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 May 2002
Following increasing tensions along the border between India and Pakistan, Pakistan reportedly deploys its 750km-range Shaheen ballistic missiles.
—"Parakram Peaks, Shaheen Deployed," The Statesman (Calcutta), 21 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 April 2002
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf indicates that Pakistan is willing to use nuclear weapons if it faces a serious threat from India.
—Roger Boyes, "Musharraf Warns India He May Use Nuclear Weapons," The Times (London); in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 April 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 April 2002
Pakistan begins preparations for testing the Ghauri-3 missile, which has a range of about 3,000km and is more powerful and bigger than the Ghauri-2. Preliminary tests for the Ghauri-3 are reported to have been completed successfully, and all employees of Kahuta Research Laboratories have been barred from taking leave. The test preparations are in response to the ongoing tensions with India, the increase in Indian defense budget, and the Indian government's testing of the Agni and Dhanush ballistic missiles.
—"Pakistan Reportedly Begins Preparations For Testing Ghauri-3 Missile," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 21 April 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 April 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 May 2002
Pakistan plans to conduct missile tests in the "next 10 days" by test-firing its short-range and medium-range missiles. The Strategic Plans Division (SPD) is planning to conduct several tests of the medium-range Ghauri and the short-range Shaheen missiles. Preparations are proceeding at full-pace at Tilla near Jhelum and Sonmiani near Karachi. According to a local newspaper, the objective of the test is to "fine-tune the guidance systems of the missiles that have already been tested." The testing will take place by mounting mock nuclear warheads on the missiles to measure their performance. The tests are in response to India's testing of its Agni-I and Akash missiles.
—"Pakistan Reportedly To test Fire Missiles 'in Next 10 Days' – Indian Agency," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 10 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 10 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 May 2002
Bruce Riedel, a senior adviser to Bill Clinton on India and Pakistan, reveals that Pakistan mobilized its nuclear arsenal against India during the Kargil crisis in 1999.
—Shyam Bhatia and Tom Walker, "Pakistan Made Preparations for Nuclear Strike on India," Sunday Times (London), 12 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 13 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 May 2002
Pakistan develops an intermediate-rage ballistic missile, Shaheen-III, and finalizes preparations for its test-firing. The missile is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The missile was supposed to be tested on 18 May but the test was postponed. Shaheen-III is a solid-fueled missile with a range of over 2,500km and a payload capacity of 1,000kg. The missile has a computerized terminal guidance system and will be fired from a mobile launcher towards a target in the Arabian Sea. According to a news report, Pakistan has conducted "motor-engine" tests for another short-range ballistic missile called the Haider-I. Pakistan reportedly possesses seven types of surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.
—"Pakistan to test-Fire Shaheen-III Missile 'At Any Moment'," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 21 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 May 2002
Pakistan announces plans to test a range of nuclear-capable missiles between 25-28 May. A Pakistani government spokesperson describes the planned tests to be "routine tests" conducted for technical reasons. The spokesperson claims the tests are not related to the existing tense situation between India and Pakistan. Pakistani sources indicate that Shaheen, Ghauri, and a Pakistani version of the Chinese M-11 missile will be tested over the next three days. A Pakistani official says the tests are needed to fine-tune the guidance systems for the missiles. The missile tests are expected to be conducted in Dera Ghazi Khan, a remote tribal region southwest of Islamabad.
—"Pakistan announces it plans to test nuclear-capable missiles," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 24 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 24 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 May 2002
Pakistan announces that it will test a new series of short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles at the Tilla Range; the missiles that will be tested are nuclear capable. During the test, each missile will carry a payload equivalent to the weight of a nuclear warhead. The missiles will be fired toward sea-based targets, and space-based satellites will be used to compile the results of the data generated during the tests. According to Pakistani sources, Pakistan has acquired the capability to produce "multi-independent re-entry vehicles (MIRV) that can deliver three to seven bombs over an area of 80,000 square kilometers. A Pakistani government spokesperson announces that several countries including India, Iran, and the United States have been given prior notification of the tests. [Note: The claim about MIRVs cannot be verified independently.]
—"Pakistan Reportedly Develops Capability for Multi-Warhead Missiles," BBC Monitoring International Reports, 25 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Rahul Bedi, "Pakistan Tells India It Will Test Its Missiles Today," Irish Times (Dublin), 25 May 2002, City Edition, World News, p. 13; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 May 2002
Pakistan test-fires its medium-range Ghauri (Hatf-V) ballistic missile. Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf says the test was conducted at 9:30 a.m. and claims the missile's range as 1,500km. The missile is launched from a mobile launcher and its range is shortened to 1,200 kms from 1,500km. The missile travels a distance of 400km into space, takes a turn towards land, and strikes its target in the Chagai area in Balochistan in nine minutes. The missile carried a payload of one ton. In its statement, the military-run Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) says it was the third test for the Ghauri missile and test results indicate that all the design parameters "have been successfully validated." The ISPR statement says the tests are a part of research and development of Pakistan's indigenous missile program and will be conducted based on technical needs. The ISPR statement does not provide details about the missile's range and the test range, but a Pakistani official indicates the test range might be in Dera Ghazi Khan, a remote tribal place. A senior Pakistani defense official says that the testing took place at the Ratla testing range. Pakistan's Information Secretary Anwar Mahmood says India and other neighbors of Pakistan were given advance notification of the missile tests.
—"Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable missile," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 25 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pakistan conducts test of medium-range missiles: Islamabad says it warned India of its plans," The Vancouver Sun (British Columbia, Canada), 25 May 2002, p. A15; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Shahid Iqbal, "Pakistan Tests Nuclear-Capable Missile," United press International, 25 May 2002, General News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Mohammed Saleh Zafir, "Pakistan to test-Fire More Missiles, To Develop MIRV Missile System," Jang (Karachi), 26 May 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020526000054, 26 May 2002.

26 May 2002
According to sources, Pakistan will test-fire two more missiles in the next two days and begin a new series of tests in three weeks. Highly informed sources reveal that a missile in the Hatf series will be tested in the next 24 hours. The tested missiles are being produced in large numbers to avoid a shortage during an emergency.
— Mohammed Saleh Zafir, "Pakistan to test-Fire More Missiles, To Develop MIRV Missile System," Jang (Karachi), 26 May 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020526000054, 26 May 2002.

26 May 2002
Pakistan successfully test-fires a short-range ballistic missile of the Hatf series. The military announcement says, "This was the first test of the Ghaznavi, which is capable of carrying warheads accurately up to a range of 290 kilometers." The statement says the flight data from the test validates all design parameters. Sources from Pakistan's nuclear and defense establishment claim that the testing of Ghaznavi-1 indicates the resumption of tests of Pakistan Army's indigenous missile development program that was discontinued after the failed tests of Hatf-2 in 1989. The sources claim that the Pakistani Army continued its indigenous missile development efforts in parallel with the missile development program of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Khan Research Laboratory.
—"Pakistan successfully tests short-range ballistic missile," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 26 May 2002, Politics; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pakistan Running Three Parallel Missile Development Programs," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 May 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 26 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 May 2002
Indian security sources believe the recently tested Ghaznavi missile to be the Chinese M-11 missile. According to the sources, China may be working with Pakistan on the 2,000km M-18 missile, which Pakistan might have renamed as Shaheen-II (Hatf-6). According to news reports, Pakistan has renamed M-11 as Hatf-3/Shaheen and the M-9 as Hatf-4/Shaheen-I. [Note: This report is unsubstantiated.]
—Atul Aneja, "Step Up Diplomatic Pressure: India," The Hindu (Chennai), 26 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 26 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 May 2002
A top Pakistani defense official says that the recently tested Ghauri-II has already been inducted into the Army and claims that the missile can be launched from ships. The Chairman of National Engineering and Scientific Commission, Samar Mubarakmand, claims that Ghauri-II can hit targets at 1,600km. However, international media sources suggest that the missile tested on Saturday logged only 900km.
—"Ghauri-II Already Inducted into Pak Army," Press Trust of India, 26 May 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 29 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 May 2002
Pakistan plans to conduct five more missile tests in the next 24 hours. According to Pakistani government sources, the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) has been entrusted with the task of carrying out the tests. The missiles to be tested belong to the Hatf series.
—Salef Zafir, "Pakistan to Test-Fire Five More Missiles Within Next 24 Hours," The News (Karachi), 27 May 2002, News Update; in FBIS Document, SAP20020527000065, 27 May 2002.

28 May 2002
Pakistan test-fires a short-range missile, Abdali, with a range of 180km and the capability of carrying tactical warheads. Pakistani television reports the Abdali as the first version of Hatf-2 and says the latest test-firing completes the current tests of Hatf series of missiles.
—"Pakistan tests another short-range missile," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 28 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 May 2002
According to Indian military sources, Pakistan is facing severe technological difficulties in the areas of storage, accuracy, range, and command mechanisms of its missiles. A Pakistani military delegation is currently in Beijing discussing with Chinese missile experts about a possible strategic depth needed in the event of an Indian attack. Indian military observers monitoring Pakistani missile tests remain skeptical about the capability of the recently tested missiles. They claim that the missiles did not reach their targets and had mid-air troubles that might result in the missiles falling into Pakistani territory. Sources say, "The Chinese technological inputs did not work for Ghauri and subsequently for Ghaznavi." According to sources, the Ghauri missile can be mounted with a small 5kt nuclear warhead.
—"Chinks in Pak's Missile Armoury," Financial Express (Mumbai), 31 May 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 May 2002
Pakistan's Ambassador to Japan, Mr. Touqir Hussain, says that there are no plans to conduct further missile tests.
—"Pakistani Ambassador Says No Plan for Further Missile Tests," Japan Economic Newswire, 31 May 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 May 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 June 2002
Senior British sources indicate that Pakistan's nuclear missiles can be launched by a brigadier or a corps commander without central authority in the event of disruption of communications during a war. In order to increase the survivability of its Ghauri and Shaheen missiles, Pakistan has dispersed them to remote areas that have limited communications facilities.
—David Blair, "Whose Finger on the Button?: In Pakistan, Launching Nuclear Weapons May be Down to Corps Commander in the Field," Gazette (Montreal), p. B1; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 7 June 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 June 2002
US Assistant Secretary of State for Nonproliferation, Thomas Wolf, in his testimony to the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, says that China recently provided Pakistan with missile-related technical assistance. According to Mr. Wolf, the assistance includes, "dual-use missile related items, raw materials, and other accessories essential for missile manufacturing."
—"U.S. Says China Provided Pakistan with Missile-Related Tech," Press Trust of India, 8 June 2002, Nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 June 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 July 2002
Pakistan's Naval Chief Admiral Abdul Aziz Mirza says that Pakistan should acquire a sea-based nuclear delivery system for deterrence purposes. He, however, rules out an arms race with India.
—"Pak Should Think of Sea-Basing N-Arms," Press Trust of India, 31 July 2002, nationwide International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 31 July 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 August 2002
According to sources, Pakistan has developed an advanced nuclear-capable ballistic missile called Shaheen-3. The missile has a 25-meter accuracy rate and a range of 750km. The missile is also capable of evading the anti-ballistic missile system that India is trying to acquire from Israel. The missile has been developed by the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM), which also recently tested the Hatf-3 for the Pakistani Navy. The Hatf-3 is five meters long and weighs 5,000 kilograms, making it easily launchable from sea. The Hatf-3 is a solid-fueled, nuclear-capable missile with terminal guidance system.
—"Daily Reports Pakistan Developed New Ballistic Missile System," Jang (Karachi), 1 August 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20020801000120, 1 August 2002.

22 August 2002
The US government announces that it will impose sanctions on the North Korean company Changgwang Sinyong Corp. (North Korea Mining Development Trading Corp.) for violating the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) by supplying components of missile systems. US officials do not give information on the recipient of the missile-related components nor do they provide specific information on the supplied equipment. Changgwang Sinyong Corp. has been sanctioned in the past for supplying missile technology to Iran and Pakistan.
—Eli J. Lake, "U.S. to Sanction North Korean Firm," United Press International, 22 August 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 22 August 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 August 2002
The US State Department announces sanctions on North Korea for its "unauthorized proliferation activities" involving the sale of Ghauri missiles and technology to Pakistan and scud missiles to Yemen.
—"USA Imposes Missile Sanctions on N Korea," The Stateman (India), 25 August 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 29 August 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 August 2002
China announces a set of rules for tightening its export control regulations on missiles and missile-related items and technologies. According to the new rules, China will implement a licensing system to monitor its export of missile and missile-related items and technologies.
—"China announces missile export control regulations," Japan Economic Newswire, 25 August 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 August 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 August 2002
A senior US diplomat says that the United States welcomes the new Chinese regulations on missile exports but insists that the ban on launching US satellites on Chinese rockets will remain. US State Department spokesperson says the United States wants to see an "actual, real reduction" in China's missile exports.
—William Foreman, "U.S. welcomes Chinese missile rules but not ready to drop ban on satellite launches," Associated Press, 27 August 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 August 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 October 2002
In response to India's testing of the Trishul and Dhanush missiles, Pakistan announces plans to test-fire the Shaheen missile. The test is expected to take place anytime in the next 24 hours from the Sonmiani test site. The Shaheen missile has a range/payload capacity of 750km/500kg and can hit its target accurately. This solid-fueled missile can be fired from fixed or mobile launchers.
—"Pakistan to Conduct Missile test Within 24 Hours, Musharraf to Attend," Khabrain (Islamabad), 3 October 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20021003000010, 3 October 2002.

4 October 2002
Pakistan's Ministry of Defense announces that Pakistan test-fired a medium-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile of the Hatf series. The missile is acknowledged as a Hatf-4, also called a Shaheen-I. The statement says that Pakistan provided advance notification of the test to neighboring countries. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aziz Ahmed Khan says the testing was done to verify "the technical aspects of the indigenously produced missile." The nuclear capable missile weighs 10 tons, measures 40 feet in length, and has a range of 500 miles. London-based Jane's Defense Weekly states that the missile has a range of 430 miles and a payload capacity of 1,000 kilograms. Pakistani officials have claimed in the past that the missile can be fired on 15-minutes' notice.
—"Pakistan successfully test fires new missile," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 4 October 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 4 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pakistanis Test Ballistic Missile," New York Times, 4 October 2002, p. 3; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 4 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Pakistan Tests Medium-Range Ballistic Missile," Washington Post, 4 October 2002, p. A24; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 4 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 October 2002
A senior Pakistani government officials reveals that Pakistan is preparing to conduct a test of the nuclear-capable Shaheen medium-range missile tomorrow. According to the official, Iran, Afghanistan, and India have been given advance notice about the test. The official says the test will be conducted in southern Pakistan. Pakistani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aziz Ahmed Khan says the tests are being conducted for purely technical reasons. According to a local daily, The News, the missile to be test-fired will have a range of 800 kilometers (500 miles) and an accuracy of 25 to 50 meters. The daily also reports that the missile will be tested from Sonmiani, the same site where the previous Shaheen missile test was conducted on 4 October. The missile is expected to take off from Sonmiani and will hit its target near Sandhak. Sonmiani is located 75 kilometers north of Karachi and 50 kilometers east of the Iranian border. A team of scientists led by Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission, have reached the test-site. The test will be witnessed by the Vice Chief of Army Staff, General Muhammad Yousaf and the Karachi Corps Commander and several other defense officials.
—Bronwyn Curran, "AFP: Pakistani Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Preparing for 2nd Missile Test," AFP, 7 October 2002; in FBIS Document, JPP20021007000177, 7 October 2002; Hanif Khalid, "Pakistan to test Fire Another Ballistic Missile on 8 October," The News (Internet Version), 7 October 2002; in FBIS Document, SAP20021007000010, 7 October 2002.

8 October 2002
Pakistan test-fires another Shaheen-I medium-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile. Pakistani defense reports indicate the missile's range to be 820 kilometers.
—"Pakistan test fires another missile of Shaheen series," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 October 2002, Miscellaneous; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pakistan tests missile," Vancouver Province, 9 October 2002, p. A24; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 9 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 October 2002
A Pakistani defense ministry statement about the missile test on 8 October says, "This test was in continuation of the one conducted on 4 October 2002 to validate additional parameters. These parameters stand completely validated in the light of data collected from the test."
—"Pakistan Launches Second Missile Test," Courier Mail (Queensland, Australia), 9 October 2002, p. 17; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 8 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 October 2002
US intelligence officials conclude that Pakistan supplied North Korea with vital equipment for its secret nuclear weapons program. US intelligence officials say that Pakistan provided nuclear technology to North Korea in exchange for North Korean missiles. According to US officials, the trade between Pakistan and North Korea began around 1997 and seems to have extended even after Pakistan became an ally of United States in the war on terror. US officials approximate that North Korea started its uranium enrichment project in 1997 or 1998, around the same time Pakistan tested the missiles it received from North Korea.

A spokesperson for Pakistan's embassy, Asad Hayauddin, says it is "absolutely incorrect" to charge Pakistan with supplying nuclear technology to North Korea.
— David E. Sanger and James Dao, "A Nuclear North Korea: Intelligence; U.S. Says Pakistan gave Technology to North Korea," New York Times, 18 October 2002, p. 1; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 18 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 October 2002
Pakistan's chief presidential spokesperson General Rashid Qureshi describes as "absolutely rubbish and baseless" a recent news report suggesting Pakistani transfer of nuclear technology to North Korea in exchange for missiles.
—"Pakistan denies nuclear-missile trade-off with North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 18 October 2002, Politics; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 18 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 October 2002
Two US officials indicate that Russia and Pakistan are North Korea's main suppliers of equipment for uranium enrichment for nuclear weapons. The officials say that China is also one of the suppliers for North Korea's nuclear weapons program.
—George Gedda, "Nuclear N. Korea worries U.S.," The Standard (St. Catharines), p. C14; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 October 2002
Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf denies assisting North Korea and says, "There is no such thing as collaboration with North Korea in the nuclear arena."
— Roland Watson and Zahid Hussain, "U.S. attacks N. Korea's 'suppliers': Russia, China and Pakistan accused of aiding rogue state's nuclear program," Ottawa Citizen, 19 October 2002, p. A9; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 19 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 October 2002
A senior US official says that Pakistan supplied nuclear weapon-related equipment and technology to North Korea despite denials by Pakistan's president.
—"USA Confirms Pak Finger in N Korea's Nuke Pie," The Statesman (Calcutta), 20 October 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 21 October 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Late October 2002
US Secretary of State Colin Powell says that there is no ongoing program of nuclear cooperation between Pakistan and North Korea. Colin divulges that Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has offered him "four hundred percent assurance" that there is no such interchange taking place now.
— David E. Sanger, "Alliances: In North Korea and Pakistan, Deep Roots of Nuclear Barter," The New York Times, 24 November 2002, p. 1; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 24 November 2001, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 November 2002
US officials believe that Pakistan assisted North Korea's nuclear weapons program until the summer of 2002. Even though US officials publicly state that Pakistan altered its behavior towards North Korea after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in reality, US officials admit that Pakistan continued to trade nuclear technical knowledge, designs, and possibly material in exchange for missile parts as recently as three months ago. US intelligence officials have briefed members of the Congress on this issue. Pakistan's Ambassador to the United States, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, denies the allegations and states, "No material, no technology ever has been exported to North Korea."
—Glenn Kessler, "Pakistan's N. Korea Deals Stir Scrutiny; Aid to Nuclear Arms Bid May Be Recent," Washington Post, 13 November 2002, p. A01; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 13 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 November 2002
Pakistan denies a US media report that says Pakistan traded in nuclear technology. Pakistan's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aziz Ahmed Khan says, "We have never indulged in nuclear commerce. We have a multi-layered command and control system for our nuclear program." The government statement adds "Pakistan's commitment that it would not export any sensitive technology to a third country remains unquestionable...Pakistan's record in this regard is impeccable."
—"Pakistan rejects report it helped North Korea with nuclear weapons," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 25 November 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 November 2002
Ninety-two countries adopt the International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (ICOC). Countries that did not sign the agreement include India, Pakistan, China, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Syria, and Israel.
—Stephanie Van Den Berg, "Over 90 Countries Sign Ballistic Missile Code of Conduct," Agence France Presse, 25 November 2002, International News; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 November 2002, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

	Updated November 2003