Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

5 January 1995
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) announces that it has been awarded a contract with the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources to provide consulting for the construction of Turkey's first nuclear power plant at Akkuyu.
—Sŏ Pae Wŏn, "Wŏnjaryŏk'yŏn Tŏ'k'ie Kisulsuch'ul /Wŏnjajŏnmunyongnyŏk Kyeyak," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 6 January 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; "Contract Award Contested," European Energy Report, 6 January 1995, p. 13, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 January 1995
An official from the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the government will provide Russia with materials and equipment for Russia's waste storage site construction. The materials and equipment is estimated to be worth approximately $100 million.
—"Rŏ Haekp'yegimulshisŏl ŏnsŏl/Kijajae Paekmantallŏ," Donga Ilbo, 9 January 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

10 January 1995
The Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) announces that it will shut down the 250KW TRIGA Mark II and 2MW TRIGA Mark III research reactors. According to KAERI, the TRIGA Mark II reactor will be preserved at a memorial hall at KAERI in the Taedŏk Science Town near Taejŏn, and the TRIGA Mark III will be scraped.
—"Wŏnjaro 2 Ki T'oeyŏk/'TRIGA Mark II' Pojŏn 'Mark III' Haech'e'k'iro," Donga Ilbo, 10 January 1995, p. 17, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Wŏnjaryŏk Anjyŏnbaeksŏ, (Seoul: Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002) p. 127.

9-12 January 1995
Experts from the United States, Japan and South Korea meet in Washington to set up the framework for the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). KEDO is the consortium tasked with supplying two light water reactors and 500,000 tons/year of heavy fuel oil to North Korea in exchange for Pyongyang's pledge to give up its graphite-moderated reactors and allow IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. The total cost is estimated at $4 billion. During the working-level talks, the three parties decide to use South Korea's Uljin-3 and Uljin-4 nuclear reactors as models for the light water reactors.
—"U.S. to Start Looking for Korean Energy Money," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 10 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Meeting on North Korean Energy Needs in Fourth Day," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 12 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Experts Finish Up Korean Energy Meeting," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 13 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Ku Ki Yŏn, "Pug'e Kyŏngsuro Yusanggonggŭp/2001 Nyŏnbu't'ŏ Taegŭmsanghwan/Hanmiil Shilmuhoeŭi," Segye Ilbo, 15 January 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

24 January 1995
The South Korean government officially inaugurates the Light Water Reactor Team to oversee the light water reactor project in North Korea. The team is composed of 43 bureaucrats and specialists who will be responsible for providing assistance in policymaking and technical support. The team will also seek international cooperation and financial support to build the reactors
—"'Kyŏngsuro Kihoektan' Kongshik Ch'ulbŏm/Chŏnmunga 43 Myŏng Kusŏng," Taehan Maeil, 24 January 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Wŏnjaryŏk Anjyŏnbaeksŏ, (Seoul: Ministry of Science and Technology, 2002) p. 127.

24 January 1995
The South Korean government officially announces that it supports the indefinite extension of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT).
—"NPT Mugian Yŏnjang Chishi/Hangukdae'p'yo Kongshik P'yomŏng," Taehan Maeil, 26 January 1995, p. 4, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; "Talbott Sees Key Role for Japan in NPT Review," Jiji Press, 25 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 January to 1 February 1995
Technical experts from the United States and North Korea meet in Berlin to work out details for the delivery of two light water nuclear reactors to North Korea. Pyongyang's insistence that the reactors come from a country other than South Korea reportedly threatens the success of the talks and the survival of the Agreed Framework between the United States and North Korea. However, after the meeting, the two sides release a joint statement in which they "agreed that some progress had been made," but details such as financing, the type of reactor and safety considerations have yet to be resolved. During the talks the United States strongly conveys to North Korea that there is no other option for North Korea than to accept South Korean model light water reactors.
—Steven Greenhouse, "North Balks, Threatening Korean Pact," New York Times, 9 February 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S., N. Korea, Open Talks on Nuclear-Reactor Deliveries," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 28 January 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Other Countries Agree to Participate in Korean Project," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 3 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Kyŏngsuro 'Hangukhyŏng' Pulga'p'i," Taehan Maeil, 30 January 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

1 February 1995
US Senator Richard Lugar announces in a press conference that South Korea will pay approximately three quarters of the cost for the two light water reactors scheduled to be built in North Korea under the Agreed Framework. The total cost of the reactor construction project is estimated to be $4.5 billion.
—"Seoul to Foot Three Quarters of Pyongyang Reactor Cost," Agence France Presse, 1 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

6 February 1995
Representatives from the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNN) meet in Seoul to discuss the possibility of South Korea building nuclear power plants in China.
—"South Korea and China to Discuss Building of Nuclear Power Stations," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 6 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http: www.kepco.co.kr kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/
f2_01_01_07_03.html>.

8 February 1995
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute's High Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO) research reactor goes critical. HANARO is a 30MW research reactor to be used for irradiating nuclear fuel, conducting neutron physics research, and producing radioisotopes. —Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, "History of KAERI," <http://www.kaeri.re.kr/1_7_1.htm>; "Late News in Brief," Nuclear News, March 1995, p. 51, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 February 1995
The Yomiuri Shimbun, quoting a diplomatic source in Seoul, reports that the United States and South Korea are making plans to conduct the annual Team Spirit military exercises from 28 March to 2 April. The military drill has reportedly been scaled down to one-fourth of the usual size, involving about 30,000 US and South Korean soldiers.
—Ichiro Ue, "Team Spirit Exercises Planned," The Daily Yomiuri, 12 February 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S Korean, US Plan Military Drills Despite Warning by North," Agence France Presse, 12 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kang Sŏk Chin, "Han Mi (Team) Hullyŏn Chaegaebangch'im/Ilyomiuri," Taehan Maeil, 13 February 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

25 February 1995
South Korean Defense Minister Lee Yang Ho announces that South Korea and the United States will not hold the annual Team Spirit joint military exercise in March as earlier planned. Another Defense Ministry official claims that the military exercise is not cancelled but merely postponed until Washington and Seoul decide whether or not to hold it later in the year.
—"S. Korea, U.S. Cancel "Team Spirit" Exercise This Year," Xinhua News Agency, 25 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Park Che Pŏm, "Team Hullyŏn 3 Wŏren Shilshianhk'iro/Pyŏngnyŏktongwŏn Shiganjŏk Yŏyuŏpsŏ Olhaenŭn Himdŭltŭt," Taehan Maeil, 26 February 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

27 February—March 1 1995
The US, South Korea, and Japan hold a working-level conference to discuss the details of a draft contract between the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and North Korea. During the meeting, the three countries decide to use a South Korean type of nuclear reactor for the KEDO to construct for North Korea. However, the US expresses pessimism in persuading North Korea to accept this reactor design.
—"Experts Choose S Korean Nuclear Reactors for N Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 1 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US, Japan, S. Korea Experts Start 2-Day KEDO Talks," Japan Economic Newswire, 28 February 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 March 1995
The South Korean Defense Ministry announces that South Korean and the United States will hold a six-day combined military exercise beginning 3 April. A Defense Ministry spokesman says that these maneuvers should not be mistaken as a resumption of the annual Team Spirit military exercise that was postponed in order to relieve tension on the peninsula and encourage North Korea to abide by the Agreed Framework. North Korea has threatened to revive its frozen nuclear program if Team Spirit exercises resume.
—"South Korea and U.S. Forces to Hold New War Games," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 7 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Yukhaegong Haptonghullyŏn/Kukkundandok Ch'ŏt Shilshi/4 Wŏl 8 Manmyŏng Ch'amga," Donga Ilbo, 8 March 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

7 March 1995
The Nuclear Assurance Corporation and Samsung Engineering & Construction Corporation sign an agreement to develop and manufacture spent fuel storage and transportation systems. Under the agreement both companies will build and license spent fuel management technology in the areas of storage and transportation casks, duel purpose casks for storing and transporting spent fuel and other nuclear wastes, and multi-purpose tasks.
—Richard R. Zuercher, "NAC, Samsung Sign Cooperative Pact to Develop Multipurpose Cask Systems," Nuclear Fuel, 13 March 1995, p. 15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8-9 March 1995
The United States, Japan and South Korea host a conference in New York for the establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). Twenty-three nations plus the European Union attend the conference. On 9 March, the United States, Japan and South Korea sign the Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, officially establishing KEDO. Of the other twenty-three nations, none sign on as members, but Australia, New Zealand, and Canada pledge funds amounting to approximately $7 million.
—"Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, 9 March 1995, <http://www.kedo.org>; Steven Greenhouse, "North Korea Threatens to Jettison Pact in Dispute over Reactors," New York Times, 9 March 1995, p. A6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Korean Energy Group Meets to Discuss Nuclear Reactor," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 8 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Japan, U.S., ROK Urge Participation in KEDO," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 9 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Be Unveiled Even as Framework Agreement Falters," Agence France Presse, 9 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Agreement Signed by US, Japan, South Korea," Agence France Presse, 10 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 March 1995
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and the Asea Brown Boveri-Combustion Engineering (ABB-CE) sign a ten-year Memorandum of Understanding to construct nuclear power plants in other countries, including North Korea, and to exchange information and cooperation on market development. The MOU does not clearly state the type of nuclear power plants to be provided for North Korea.
— Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/f2_01_01_07_03.html>; "KEPCO Teams up with US Reactor Maker," Agence France Presse, 9 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>;Yonhap News Agency, 24 July 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; Yonhap Reviews Controversy Between South's KEPCO, KAERI," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 March 1995
The president of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) discloses information regarding a Chinese proposal for coal to be substituted as payment for the construction of a nuclear power plant to be built in Shandong Province. The president announces that KEPCO is considering this proposal.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 20 March 1995, in "Foreign Investment; South Korea's KEPCO Considers Payment in Coal for Chinese Atomic Plant Construction," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 29 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Yŏng Su, "Taechung Wŏnjŏnsuch'ul Sŏkt'ansanghwan Kŏmt'o/Hanjŏn," Chosun Ilbo, 21 March 1995, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 March 1995
Seoul warns that the United States, Japan, and South Korea will impose "immediate sanctions" and seek UN Security Council intervention if Pyongyang does not accept a South Korean reactor model for the light water reactors to be supplied under the Agreed Framework. The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) says that North Korea has until 21 April to accept the South Korean design.
— Robert Coloma, "Seoul Warns of 'Immediate Sanctions' if Pyongyang Scraps Deal," Agence France Presse, 20 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; O Yŏng Hwan, "Kyŏngsurogyeyak Shihannae An'doemyŏn UN Sŏ Taebukchejae Non'ŭi/Sankeishinmun Podo," Joongang Ilbo, 20 March 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

29 March 1995
ABB-Combustion Engineering announces it has signed a $200 million contract with the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to provide engineering designs and parts for two 1000-MW(e) light water nuclear steam supply systems for Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. —"ABB to Equip South Korean Nuclear Power Plants," Agence France Presse, 29 March 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Wilson Dizard III, "KEPCO's Yonggwang-3 is Commercial as ABB-CE Gains $200-Million Pact," Nucleonics Week, 6 April 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 March 1995
Yŏnggwang-3 nuclear power reactor begins commercial operation.
—Wilson Dizard III, "KEPCO's Younggwang-3 is Commercial as ABB-CE Gains $200 Million Pact," Nucleonics Week, 6 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP), "Han'guk Suryŏg'wŏnjaryŏk (Chu) Yŏnggwang'wŏnjaryŏk Ponbu," <http://www.khnp.co.kr/youngkwg/company/company02.html>.

7 April 1995
An inauguration ceremony is held for the High Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO).
— Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, "The History of KAERI," <http://hanaro.kaeri.re.kr/korean/chron_kaeri.html>; Kim Sŏn Kyo, "(Hanaro) Wŏnjaro Chun'gongshik/Yugongja 36 Myŏng'e Hunp'ojang," Segye Ilbo, 7 April 1995, p. 21, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

8 April 1995
The South Korean Minister of National Unification announces that South Korea is ready to invite North Korean officials to visit Uljin-3, and -4 nuclear power reactors. According to the Minister, once North Korea sees the construction process of the nuclear reactors, they will realize the appropriateness of South Korea's position in recommending the Uljin reactors. North Korea recently refused to accept power reactors supplied by South Korea citing safety defects.
—Nikolai Geronin, "South Korea Ready to Show Uljin Nuclear Power Plant Units," ITAR-TASS, 8 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; An Chong Chu, "Uljin Wŏnjaro Puk Ch'amgwan Hŏyong," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 9 April 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

12 April 1995
South Korea officials offer 'maximum support' for Vietnamese development projects, including a plan to build their first nuclear power plant. Vietnamese officials ask South Korea for technology, personnel training and feasibility studies for the $2.7 billion nuclear power plant project.
—"S Korea Backs Vietnamese Nuclear Power Projects," Agence France Presse, 12 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Ki Hong, "Hanvietnam Kyŏnghyŏphwaktae Habŭi/Yangguk Chŏngsanghoedam," Segye Ilbo, 13 April 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

19 April 1995
At the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference, South Korean Ambassador to the UN Park Su Gil says that North Korea's noncompliance with its obligations under the NPT is a threat not only to the Korean Peninsula "but also to the whole world." Park also calls on North Korea to "faithfully implement" the Agreed Framework.
—"South Korea Backs Indefinite NPT Extension, Urges North's Cooperation," Agence France Presse, 19 April 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Han'guk, NPT Mugiyŏnjang Chiji/Haekpoyuguk Kunch'ukkidae/Puk Haeksŏngshilihaeng Ch'okku," Kukmin Ilbo, 20 April 1995, p. 6, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

2-6 May 1995
The 16th annual meeting of the US-ROK Joint Standing Committee on Nuclear Energy Cooperation (JSCNEC) is held in Washington. During the meeting, officials from the US and South Korea discuss nuclear safety, cooperation on nuclear energy development, and the reinforcement of nonproliferation regimes.
—"16 Ch'a Hanmiwŏnjaryŏk Kong'wi/Onŭlbu't'ŏ Wŏshingt'ŏnsŏ," Taehan Maeil, 2 May 1995, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

10 May 1995
South Korea's Secretary General of the Office of Planning for the Light Water Reactor Project Ch'oi Tong Chin, US Ambassador-at-Large Robert Gallucci, and Japanese Nuclear Ambassador Tetsuya Endo meet and issue a joint statement on the KEDO light water reactor project. The joint statement reconfirms the principle of South Korea's central role. During the joint press conference, Gallucci says that the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) will certainly be the main contractor for the provision of the light water reactors to North Korea. He also warns that the upcoming US-North Korea talks will hit a deadlock if Pyongyang refuses to accept South Korean-made light water reactors.
—"South Korea, U.S., Japan Reiterate Seoul's Central Role in Reactor Supply," Xinhua News Agency, 10 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S., S. Korea, Japan Stand Ground on Nuke Talks," Japan Economic Newswire, 10 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Wŏlnae Pon'gyŏkkadong/Han, Mi, Ilhoeŭi," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 11 May1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 May 1995
South Korea and China sign an agreement to establish the South Korea-China Nuclear Energy Joint Committee. This agreement is established to fulfill the contents of an agreement for cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, which was concluded by the two countries in October 1994.
—Kim Kyŏng Ho, "'Wŏnjaryŏk Kongdong'wi' Han, Chung Sŏlch'ihabŭi," Kukmin Ilbo, 11 May 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Hong Yun Ho, "Han, Chung 'Wŏnjaryŏkkongdong'wi' Habŭi/Wŏnjarogaebal, Haengmulchilt'ongjedŭng Maenyŏn Hyŏbŭi," Hankook Ilbo, 12 May 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

16 May 1995
During a summit meeting between South Korean President Kim Yong Sam and Kazakh President Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, the two presidents confirm that the countries' nuclear nonproliferation policies will enhance regional and global peace. Both presidents agreed to make joint efforts to fulfill the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.
—Lee Mok Hui, "Hanbando Pihaekhwa Shilhyŏn Kongjo/'Muyŏkkyojin' 10 Kaehang Palp'yo," Taehan Maeil, 17 May 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kim Ki Hong, "Hank'asahŭ Hyŏmnyŏkjŭngjin Habŭi/Yanggukjŏngsanghoedam/Hanbando Pihaekhwa Shilhyŏn Kongdongnoryŏk," Segye Ilbo, 17 May 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Kazakh President in Seoul, Meets President," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 17 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 May 1995
Samsung Engineering & Construction Corporation (SECC) officially announces that it will participate in bidding for the construction of the Yŏnggwang-5 and Yŏnggwang-6 nuclear power plants.
—Kim Hyŏn Tae, "'Wŏnjŏn 5, 6 Ki Ipch'al Ch'amyŏ'/Samsŏnggŏnsŏl," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 20 May 1995, p. 9, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 May 1995
South Korean President Kim Young Sam says, "South Korea has succeeded in constructing Korean standard nuclear power plants as a result of tireless efforts in developing indigenous nuclear energy technology. The economical efficiency and safety of these reactors have an international reputation." He also announces that all nuclear power plants will be built with domestic technology and personnel.
—Kim Sŏng Jin, "'Wŏnjŏn Kungnaegisulro Kŏnsŏl'/Kim Tae't'ongnyŏng/Kyŏngje, Anjyŏnsŏng Kukjejŏk P'yŏngka," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 20 May 1995, p. 9, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 May-13 June 1995
Officials from the United States and North Korea meet in Kuala Lumpur to resolve issues related to the Agreed Framework. The main topic of the negotiations is whether or not two light water reactors, promised to North Korea for giving up its graphite moderated nuclear program, will be provided by South Korea. North Korea, claiming that the South Korean reactor design is untested and unsafe, demands that the reactors come from another country, but the United States insists that since Seoul is financing more than three-quarters of the reactor project, South Korean reactors are the only option. On 13 June, after three weeks of talks, the two sides release a joint statement in which North Korea concedes that the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) retains the right to choose the provider of the reactors.
—"Joint U.S. - DPRK Press Statement," 13 June 1995, <http://www.kedo.org>; Andrew Pollack, "U.S. and North Korea Agree on Deal for Nuclear Reactors," New York Times, 13 June 1995, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Officials on Kuala Lumpur for Nuclear Talks with North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 May 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Vladmir Solntsev, "North Korea and USA Make Headway at Kuala Lumpur Talks," ITAR-TASS, 7 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Philip Shenon, "Breakthrough is Announced in U.S.-North Korea Nuclear Talks," New York Times, 8 June 1995, p. A7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 June 1995
The Korean Energy Development Organization (KEDO) unofficially names the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) as the lead company in providing light water reactors to North Korea. In addition, KEDO reaffirms that the reactors to be supplied will be the Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plants (KSNP).
— Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/f2_01_01_07_03.html>; Seoul Shinmun, 15 June 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; President of Responsible South Korean Firm Comments on Reactor Construction Plans," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 13 June 1995, in "The Nuclear Issue; Reactor Consortium Meeting Follows Nuclear Agreement," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 15 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 June 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) officially decides to provide North Korea with two South Korean-designed light water reactors. The KEDO executive board determines that the "reference plants" for the project will be South Korea's Uljin-3 and -4 reactors, currently under construction by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO).
—Andrew Pollack, "North Korea to Get Plants from Rival," New York Times, 14 June 1995, p. A5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "South Korea to Build Light water Reactors in North: Gallucci," Agence France Presse, 13 June 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 June 1995
A leak is detected in the Kori nuclear power station. According to the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology the leak is confined to the area around the waste storage site. The Ministry of Science and Technology does not disclose this information until late July due to negotiation problems with North Korea over the type of nuclear reactors to be supplied by South Korea to the North.
—Richard Walker, "Radiation Leak Embarrasses Seoul," Financial Times, 26 July 1995, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; An Chon Chu, "Koriwŏnjŏn Pangsanŭng Nuch'olsago," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 22 July 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

21 July 1995
South Korea's Ministry of Science and Technology announces that the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed between the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and Asea Brown Boveri-Combustion Engineering (ABB-CE) does not serve as an obstacle to providing North Korea with Korean Standard Nuclear Power plants (KSNP). The announcement comes after confusion over the wording of the MOU, which does not clearly state the specific type of reactors to be supplied to North Korea.
—Yonhap News Agency, 24 July 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; Yonhap Reviews Controversy Between South's KEPO, KAERI," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 24 July 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; Seoul Official Says MOU 'Improperly' Guarantees US Firm's Role in Nuclear Project," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 21 July 1995, in "Nuclear Issue; KEPCO, US Firm Agreement no Obstacle to Provision of Reactors," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 July 1995
A South Korean government official announces that three US firms, Combustion Engineering, General Electric, and Sergent and Lundy will participate in the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) light water reactor project. Sergent and Lundy will provide technical support to Korea Power Engineering Company in designing the reactors. Combustion Engineering will provide technical assistance to Korea Heavy Industries Company (KHI) and to Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) in manufacturing and designing the reactor facilities. General Electric will provide technical assistance to KHI in constructing the turbine generators. The government official stresses that overall project management and infrastructural construction will be conducted exclusively by Korea Electric Power Cooperation (KEPCO).
—Yonhap News Agency, 21 July 1995, in "Three US Firms 'Expected to Participate' in Reactor Project," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 July 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Ku Sŏng Chae, "'Kyŏngsuro' Misach'amyŏ Sangdangnyang Pojang/Han'gukhyŏng T'oesaek Uryŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 22 July 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Im Min Su, "Kyŏngsuro Misa Ch'amyŏ Pojang/Kungnae Hach'ŏng'ŏpch'e Chijŏnggwŏn Tŭng Puyŏ," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 22 July 1995, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

25 July 1995
President Kim Young Sam delivers a speech in San Francisco and unveils a government plan to develop nuclear fusion technology. According to the plan, the government will invest 120 billion won through 2001 to build research and development facilities, and to develop new technology.
—Han Dong Soo, "ROK to Develop Nuclear Fusion Technology," Korea Times, 25 July 1995, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Lee Mok Hŭi, "Haeg'yonghapkisul Kaebal Kot Ch'aksu/Kim Tae't'ongnyŏng," Taehan Maeil, 25 July 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

1 August 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) opens its first general assembly at the US Mission to the United Nations. During the meeting, member states agree to send a fact finding mission to North Korea to survey the construction site by the end of August or September. In addition, the members plan to begin negotiations for the provisions of light water reactors with North Korea in August.
—"KEDO Opens 1st General Assembly in New York," Japan Economic Newswire, 1 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Start Talks With N Korea This Month," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 2 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO to Select Site for Reactors in N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 August 1995
South Korea'sJoongang Ilbo, quoting North Korean defector Kang Myŏng Do, reports that North Korea has a secret underground nuclear facility in Kimdan-gol, Tonghŭng-ri, Tongshin-kun, Chagang Province. The defector, Kang Myŏng Do, son-in-law of North Korean Premier Kang Sŏng San, claims that he witnessed construction of the facility and was told by the project coordinator that it was a nuclear facility. [Note: In July 1994, Kang, who defected in May 1994, claimed that North Korea possessed five nuclear bombs.]
—Joongang Ilbo, 28 August 1995, in "Defector on Nuclear Facilities on Chagang Province, North Korea," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 30 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Has Secret Underground Nuclear Facility: Defector," Japan Economic Newswire, 27 August 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Choe Wŏn Ki, "Pukhan Kŭkpi Haekshisŏl Itta/Chagangdo Kimdangol Chiha," Joongang Ilbo, 28 August 1995, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

Mid-Late 1995
South Korea expresses interest in obtaining mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, a mixture of plutonium and uranium, for their nuclear power plants. South Korea's interest in this comes after Canada's plan to burn US and Russian weapon plutonium for Candu reactors.
—Mark Hibbs, "Candu MOX Fabrication Costs are Unfavorable, Germans Say," Nuclear Fuel, 11 September 1995, p. 8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 September 1995
Argentina's National Atomic Energy Commission announces that it has sold 30 tons of heavy water to the Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). This is the first time Argentina has exported heavy water to South Korea. [Note: According to the Kyunghyang Shinmun Argentina's National Atomic Energy Commission makes this announcement on 22 September.]
—Telam News Agency (Buenos Aires), 8 September 1995, in "Foreign Trade; Sales of Heavy Water to South Korea," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 September 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; No Ŭng Gŭn, "Argentinasan Chungsu Toip/K'oorongsangsa," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 23 September 1995, p. 9, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

18 September 1995
South Korean officials announce an agreement with China to provide the pressure vessel for a 300MW(e) power plant in Pakistan.
—Mark Hibbs, "South Korea Could Provide Vessel for Pakistan's PWR," Nucleonics Week, 21 September 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 September 1995
South Korean officials announce that South Korean companies will not supply the pressure vessel for a 300MW(e) nuclear power reactor that China is constructing in Pakistan. South Korea's decision comes after a government decree to seek admission to the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Under the NSG, member states are not permitted to transfer any nuclear equipment to states that have not put all nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards. South Korea plans to submit an application to join the Nuclear Suppliers Group in October.
—Mark Hibbs, "South Korea Seeks NSG Status, Won't Help China at Chashma," Nucleonics Week, 28 September 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 October 1995
South Korea becomes the 32nd member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). As a member of the NSG, South Korea will abide by its rules and regulations in implementing the 1994 Agreed Framework, and will gain access to advanced nuclear technology.
—"Korea Joins Nuclear Export Control System," Korea Times, 18 October 1995, p.2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

12 October 1995
A former employee at Canada's Communications Security Establishment (CSE) reveals that the Canadian government has spied on its allies and trading partners, such as South Korea, Mexico and Japan. According to the employee, the Canadian government eavesdropped on a secret discussion by South Korean officials on the three-billion-dollar purchase of Canadian nuclear reactors for the Wŏlsŏng-3 and Wŏlsŏng-4 nuclear plants.
—"Canada Spied on Korea to Gather Economic Info," Korea Times, 18 October 1995, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Ka Han'gukdaesa'gwan Toch'ŏng/91 Nyŏnbut'ŏ Wŏlsŏngwŏnjŏn Kyeyakkwallyŏn Chŏngbo Tŭng Sujip," Hankook Ilbo, 14 November 1995, p.2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "South Korea Probes Canada Spy Charges," Toronto Star, 15 November 1995, p. A23, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 November 1995
South Korea and China agree to cooperate in the construction of nuclear power plants, the joint development of mid-sized passenger planes, and the exploitation of natural gas in Siberia.
— "China, S Korea to Step up Nuclear, Aviation and Gas Development Links," Agence France Presse, 14 November 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Im T'ae Sun, "Hanjung Such'urip P'yochun'gyeyaksŏ Habŭi/T'ongsangjanggwan Hoedam," Taehan Maeil, 15 November 1995, p. 17, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

Late November 1995
A spokesman for the South Korean Foreign Ministry announces that South Korea is no longer obligated to gain approval prior to transferring enriched uranium under 20% or processed nuclear fuel obtained from Australia to third countries. The Australian government lifted this requirement during a recent nuclear energy conference.
—"Seoul to Transfer Canberra's Nuke Materials to 3rd Countries Freely," Korea Times, 23 November 1995, p.2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

30 November 1995
South Korea's Ministry of Environment cancels plans to build its first nuclear waste dump site on Kurŏp Island. This site was supposed to be constructed in seven years with a storage capacity of one million drums of nuclear waste. The Ministry of Environment decided to cancel the plans after finding two active fault lines about three kilometers off the island. In addition, North Korea has voiced opposition to the plan because the island is near its western sea border.
—"South Korea Scraps Plan to Build Nuclear Waste Plant," Associate Press, 30 November 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "South Korea: Enviro Ministry Scraps Nuke Waste Dump Plans," Greenwire, 5 December 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Ministry Scraps Plan to Set up Nuclear Waste Site on Kurop-Do," Korea Times, 1 December 1995, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

December 1995
China's official five-year plan outlines four new nuclear power projects. South Korea will be involved in the second stage of the plan by supplying reactor pressure vessels for the Qinshan-2 and -3 power reactors.
—"Four Projects in China's Five-Year Plan," Nuclear News, December 1995, p. 26, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early December 1995
Asea Brown Boveri, Ltd. (ABB) is awarded a contract by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to provide 10 steam turbines for South Korea's nuclear power plants.
—"ABB Wins 100 Mln Dlrs South Korea Steam Turbine Order," AFX News, 6 December 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 December 1995
The UN General Assembly adopts a resolution cosponsored by 40 countries including South Korea urging the Nuclear Weapons States to cease nuclear testing.
—"UN Adopts Antinuclear Test Resolution," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 13 December 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 December 1995
South Korea's Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI) announces that MOTI and the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) will build an additional 19 nuclear power plants by 2010.
—Kim Yŏng Su, "Palchŏnso 1 Paek 22 Ki Ch'ugagŏnsŏl Ch'ongjŏllyŏk 5 Ch'ŏn 7 Paekman kW Ro/2010 Nyŏnkkaji," Chosun Ilbo, 15 December 1995, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Palchŏnso Paek 22 Ki Kŏnsŏl/2010 Nyŏngkkaji...5 Ch'ŏn 7 Paekman kW Kyumo," Donga Ilbo, 15 December 1995, p. 9, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

15 December 1995
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) signs a contract with North Korea to supply two light water reactors. According to the contract, construction of the light water reactors will begin in early- to mid-1996. North Korea is expected to bear the cost of building its own power transmission grid and a plant to process fuel rods. KEDO will bear the costs of providing the reactors and a training simulator, as well as the costs for improving port facilities and roads.
—Kathleen Hart, "KEDO Signs Contract to Supply Two LWR's to North Korea," Nucleonics Week, 21 December 1995, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N Korea, KEDO Sign Agreement on Provisions of Reactors," Japan Economic Newswire, 15 December 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/f2_01_01_07_03.html>.

15 December 1995
The Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Corporation (Hanjung) announces it has developed a 700MW(e) pressurized heavy water reactor called Calandria. The only other company in the world to have developed this type of reactor is Atomic Energy Canada, Ltd. (AECL). Hanjung is the only company with the technology to develop both light and heavy water reactors. The Wŏlsŏng-4 nuclear power plant will be equipped with a Calandria reactor.
—"Hanjung Successfully Develops Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor," Korea Times, 17 December 1995, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kim Yŏng Su, "Hanjung 'Chungsurohyŏng Wŏnjaro' Kaebal Sŏnggong," Chosun Ilbo, 16 December 1995, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Han Tong-Chin, Wonjaryok Sanŏp, March 1996, p. 4-13, in "ROK Indigenization of Heavy-Water Reactors Detailed," FBIS Document ID: FTS19960301001507.

28 December 1995
The Ministry of Trade and Industry announces plans to liberalize the energy sector. Since 1990, a government regulation has restricted the construction of power generating facilities to Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Corporation (Hanjung). The government plans to deregulate the sector to increase competition. In addition, the guidelines of the World Trade Organization (WTO) require the energy sector to be open to foreign competition by 1997.
—"Control of Power Generation Facilities to be Mitigated," Korea Times, 29 December 1995, p.8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

29 December 1995
According to the Korea Electric Energy Corporation, it is considering Kŏje Island in South Kyŏngsang Province as a possible site to construct four 1MW(e) Kori-model light water reactors.
—"Kŏjedoe Wŏnjŏn'gŏnsŏl Kŏm't'o/Hanjŏn 4 Kaejiyŏktaesang Ipchijosa Mach'ŏ," Kukmin Ilbo, 29 December 1995, p. 23, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

	Updated September 2004