1988
Syria begins to negotiate with China on purchase of M-9 missile.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 69.

1988
Syria requests that the Soviet Union provide it with the solid-fueled, shorter-range, more accurate SS-23 "Spider" missile. The terms of the 1988 INF Treaty, however, proscribe that the Soviet Union not only destroy its SS-23 missile capability, but also agree not to transfer this more advanced missile to other countries.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>; Kenneth R. Timmerman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya," Special Report from Middle East Defense News, Simon Wiesenthal Center, August 1992.

January 1988
Israeli officials claim Syria has acquired in its arsenal, 36 Soviet-made SS-21 and Scud missiles.
–Marie Colvan and John Witherow, "Syrian nerve gas warheads alarm Israel," London Times, 10 January 1988.

March 1988
Syria may have given to Iran SS-21 missiles.
–Edited by Charles Fenyvesi, "Scary SS-21s," US News & World Report, 24 April 1988, p. 21.

29 April 1988
Syrian forces fire a surface-to-air missile at Israeli warplanes approaching the Syrian border.
–"Israeli Troops Raid South Lebanon," The Washington Post, 30 April 1988, p. A18.

5 May 1988
Syrians carry Soviet-made Grad anti-tank missiles in fight against Israel at Machgara, Syria.
–Andrew Whitley, "Fierce fighting as Israelis Approach Syrian Position," Financial Times, 5 May, 1988, p. 1.

May 18, 1989
Despite protests by the US, China formalizes an agreement with Syria to sell 140 M-9 missiles for $170 million. Deal was reported to be financed by Libya who wanted to keep 80 of the missiles for itself.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 70.

17 May 1988
Syria is reported to have access to anti-aircraft missiles during fight between Syrian-backed Shiite Amal, and the pro-Iranian Hezbollah over control of suburbs.
–Reuter, "New fighting in Beirut breaches ceasefire call," The Toronto Star, 17 May 1988, p. A14.

21 June 1988
China is reported to be possibly close to selling Syria a shorter-range, M-9 missile.
–Michael Gordon, "Syria is studying new missile deal," The New York Times, 21 June 1988, p.6.

July 1988
The Los Angeles Times first reports that Syria has negotiated a deal to purchase M-9 (Dong Feng-15) missiles from China. The M-9 is a solid-fueled missile capable of traveling 600km. The United States rebukes China over this alleged planned sale.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>; Kenneth R. Timmerman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya," Special Report from Middle East Defense News, Simon Wiesenthal Center, August 1992.

6 September 1988
U.S. Defense Secretary, Frank Carlucci begins talks to attempt to dissuade China from selling medium-range missiles to Syria.
–James Tyson, "Carlucci to urge Peking to curtail missile sales," Christian Science Monitor, 6 September, 1988, p.11.

October 1988
Soviet Union is alleged to be in talks with Syria over the sale of the "long-range, swing-wing Sukhoi 24 attack bomber." The Su24 is said to be comparable to the U.S. F111 fighter-bomber and can carry larger payloads than the Scud or SS21 missiles.
– David Ottaway, "Israel uneasy over word of Syria-Soviet arms deal," The Washington Post, 25 October 1988, p. A21.

1989
Israeli Deputy Chief of General Staff, Ehud Barak states Syria is building up its military capabilities including "strengthening of their strategic SA-5 anti-aircraft missile defences," and may soon acquire the Sukhoi-24 strategic bomber.
–Kenneth Kaplan, "Diplomatic Process could push Syria to war – Barak," The Jerusalem Post, 3 April 1989.

18 May 1989
Despite strong objections from the United States, China reportedly finalizes a deal to sell Syria 140 M-9 missiles. The $170 million deal is financed by Libyan leader Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhafi, who will keep 80 of the missiles for Libya.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

25 July 1989
According to Lebanese security sources, Syria fires five surface-to-air missiles at two Israeli fighter-jets flying low over eastern Lebanon. Reuters claims the jets were fired at from 10 kilometers from the Syrian border in what's apparently "the first time in over a year" that Syria has fired missiles at Israeli aircraft.
–"Did the Syrians Shoot?" The Jerusalem Post, 26 July 1989.

July 1989
A Soviet-made grad missile is shot by Syrian soldiers in Beirut as fighting breaks out against the Christian army and militia forces.
–"In Beirut, Death Before Dawn; Hospital Gets in Way of Lebanon's War," The Washington Post, 28 July, 1989.

31 September 1989
UAE newspaper, Al-Itihad reports China will sell Syria an unlimited amount of long-range missiles as per an agreement signed between the two countries on May 18 which also enabled Syria to receive Chinese-made M-9 surface-to-air missiles. American officials state to the newspaper that the deal provides Syria with "significant strategic deterrent power and destructive potential." The officials further state Syria has turned to China as a result of a failure to acquire Soviet-made SS-23 missiles due to the Washington-Moscow pact on limiting medium-range nuclear missiles.
–"China to sell Syria missiles," The Independent, 1 April 1989, p.8.

1989
According to a Paris-based Middle East Defence News, the Soviet-Union has supplied to Syria, surface-to-surface missiles and Sukhov-24 aircraft. The first shipment is said to have arrived one month prior during a visit by the Soviet commander of missiles and artillery to Damascus.
–"Soviet missiles to Syria," The Jerusalem Post, 17 October 1989.

23 November 1989
According to The Jerusalem Post, Syrian forces in the Bekaa Valley containing "batteries of surface-to-air missiles," hold back on firing on Israel Air Force jets that attacked terrorist bases in Lebanon.
–Kenneth Kaplan, "IAF hits two Jibril bases in Lebanon," The Jerusalem Post, 24 November 1989.

29 December 1989
Israeli military sources say that Syria is approaching North Korea for assistance in the development of surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) after China, under US pressure, withdrew from a similar deal. The sources also indicate that Egypt and North Korea are engaged in a project to develop a missile based on the Soviet Scud missile; part of this project is being developed in Egypt. Retired Israeli Brigadier General Aharon Levran says that published reports indicate that North Korea is assisting Iran in the development of an indigenous SSM.
–Associated Press, "Syrian Bid for N. Korea Arms Aid Reported," Los Angeles Times, 30 December 1989, p. A8; "Syria Is Reported to Seek Help from N. Korea to Get Missiles," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 December 1989; Korea Times, 30 December 1989, p. 4, in "Missile Cooperation With North Korea Alleged," JPRS-TND-90-002, 17 January 1990, p. 12.

1989
According to The Jerusalem Post, Syria and China sign a deal whereby China will sell to Syria 140 M-9 missiles for $170 million. The missiles are said to have a range of 600 km and may be able to reach Israel. French journal Le Point also claims that the Syria obtained the funds for the deal from Libya which will be retaining 60 of the missiles and leaving 80 for Syria.
–Kenneth Kaplan, "Syria, China sign missile deal," The Jerusalem Post, 12 December 1989.

1989
U.S. President George Bush makes strong remarks of agreement toward China's statement by the Foreign Ministry to "not sell missiles to any Middle East countries." The statement comes after a visit by U.S. officials to Peking by Brent Scowcroft, the U.S. President's National Security Adviser and Deputy Secretary of State, Lawrence Eagleburger, to ensure the Chinese that they "will not be isolated." Bush states he will, "keep looking for ways to find common ground" with Chinese leaders.
–"Bush welcomes China's promise on missile exports," The Financial Times (London), 12 December 1989, p. 3.

Late 1989
After their request to be supplied with the more advanced SS-23 missile was denied by the Soviets in 1988, the Syrians and the North Koreans begin negotiations for a missile purchase. The deal is reportedly held up due to the Syrians' shortage of hard currency.
—Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

9-10 December 1989
National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft and Undersecretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger make a "secret" trip to China. The Chinese reportedly move away from their plans to sell Syria M-9 missiles, and they distance themselves from any future plans to sell "medium range missiles" to the Middle East.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

Early January 1990
U.S. Whitehouse spokesman, Roman Popadiuk states China had "announced that they would not be selling medium-range missiles to the Middle East." However, according to a London-based Arabic-language newspaper, the Chinese government has officially given to Syria its commitment to continue its military support and rejected American pressures to stop selling weapons to Syria.
–Robert Pear, "U.S. easing curbs as China declares martial law over," The New York Times, 11 January 1990, p. A1.

1990s
Syria owes Russia $7-$11 billion for past arms purchases, and a total of $20 billion for both its military and civil debt.
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

February 1990
Israeli Brigadier General, Aharon Levran states that Syria "has equipped several of its Scud missiles with chemical warheads," and may use it as a final resort to deter Israel from its use of non-conventional arms.
–"Syria equips scuds with chemical warheads," The Jerusalem Post, 22 February 1990.

20 March 1990
North Korean President Yi Chong-Ok travels to Damascus to sign a scientific and technical cooperation agreement with Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 72.

29 March 1990
North Korean Vice President Yi Chong-Ok travels to Damascus. He signs a scientific and technical cooperation pact with Syria during the visit.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

Late March 1990
According to Western military experts, a large shipment of Chinese ballistic missiles has been transported to Tianjin port, and may be intended to be shipped to the Middle East. China is discussing the sale of the M-9 to Syria.
–Andrew Higgins, "Chinese poised to resume missile exports," The Independent (London), 29 March 1990, p. 11.

Late 1990
Intelligence reports indicate that missile launchers have been spotted in Syria, but it is not clear whether they are for the Chinese M-9 or the North Korean Scud-C.
–Elaine Sciolino and Eric Schmitt, "Algerian Reactor Came from China," New York Times, 15 November 1991.

11 December 1990
The Chinese Foreign Ministry issues a statement rejecting a foreign press report about China's plans to sell to Syria, medium-range ballistic missiles the day after a visit by US National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft to China regarding concern over the sale of weapons to the Middle East.
–Daniel Southerland, "China said to sell missiles; Shipment reported bound for Middle East," The Washington Post, 29 March 1990, P. A1.

December 1990
An Israeli official comments that Syria, using the $2 billion that it received for participation in the 1990-91 Gulf War, has purchased extended-range Scud-C missiles from North Korea as part of a program to acquire advanced weapons systems. According to Flight International, Israel claims the two-sides are "about to sign a contract" for the missiles.
–John Fricker, publisher, Milavnews, vol. 30, no. 351, January 1991, pp. 22-23; "Syria 'Signed for N Korean Scuds'," Flight International, 13 March 1991; Full-scale production of the North Korean Scud-C at four to eight units per month is reached. Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "Ballistic Ambitions Ascendant," Jane's Defence Weekly, 10 April 1993, pp. 20, 22; Chang Chun Ik, Pukhan Haek-Missile Ch~讪aeng (Seoul: S~譵ndang, May 1999), p. 277.

March 1990
U.S. has sought but has not obtained "assurances from China" that they will not sell medium-range missiles to the Middle East. This is in part due to the ambiguity in the definition of "medium-range" between the two countries. U.S. adheres to the internationally defined "missiles that are able to hold 1,000 payload more than 160 miles," but has not been able to have China state an agreement to it. U.S. has received unconfirmed reports that China may be planning to sell M-9 missiles to Syria through South America.
–Michael Gordon, "Beijing avoids new missile sales assurances," The New York Times, 30 March 1990, p. A7.

10 August 1990
According to the Herald, Israel tests a U.S.-financed surface-to-air Arrow missile, with which it intends to "knock Syrian and Iraqi missiles out of the sky" in order to test launch and propulsion systems.
–"Israel shows off missile," Herald, 10 August 1990.

1991
Syria contracts with North Korea to purchase more than 150 Scud-C missiles. The money to purchase these missiles comes from the approximately $1 billion that Syria receives as an aid package from Saudi Arabia and other wealthy gulf states in return for its support of the coalition effort to drive Iraq from Kuwait. North Korea ships 24 Scud missiles and 20 mobile launchers to Syria.
—Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/.

1991
Syria receives Scud-C missiles and missile-production equipment worth an estimated $250 million from North Korea. Iran has agreed to transship about $100 million worth of the missiles to Syria.
–Bill Gertz, "Iranian-Syria Deal Revealed as Scuds Near Gulf Ports," Washington Times 10 March 1992, p. A3.

January 1991
Libya is allegedly financing a Syrian purchase of several dozen Scud-C missiles from North Korea.
–John Fricker, publisher, Milavnews, vol. 30, no. 353, March 1991, p. 23; Michael Evans, "Scud Deal Caution," The Times, 7 February 1991; Charles Fenyvesi, "Washington Whispers," U.S. News & World Report, vol. 110, no. 2, 21 January 1991, p. 16.

January 1991
The ship Al-Yarmouk, co-owned by Jordan and Syria, departs North Korea bound for Syria carrying 24 Scud-C missiles and 20 mobile launchers. The ship sails around the Cape of Good Hope, bypassing the Suez Canal, in order to avoid inspection by Coalition Forces. The ship declares to Lloyds of London that its destination is Cyprus.
–Gary Milhollin and Gerard White, "Bombs from Beijing," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, May 1991, p. 12; John Fricker, publisher, Milavnews, vol. 30, no. 355, May 1991, p. 23; Steven Emerson, "The Postwar Scud Boom," Wall Street Journal, 10 July 1991, p. A12; "Pukhan, Chungdong'e Scud Taeryangsuch'ul⾢Syria Wa 5 Ok Dollar Kyeyak," Joongang Ilbo, 12 July 1991, http://www.joins.com.

Late February 1991
Syrian Defense Minister visits Moscow on talks to purchase an SS-21.
–William Saffire, "Riyadh to Jerusalem," The New York Times, 4 March 1991, p. A17.

March 1991
According to The Independent¸ Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad is "buying improved Scud missiles from North Korea." Meanwhile, Israel becomes doubtful of any possibilities for peace talks between it and Syria.
–David Horovitz, "Crisis in the Gulf: Israel considers plan for a regional peace conference," The Independent (London), 9 March 1991, p.9.

March 1991
Syria pays North Korea approximately $250 million for 24 Scud-Cs and 20 transport-erector-launchers (TELs). Libya reportedly helps finance the deal.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

March 1991
North Korea provides Syria with 24 Scud-Cs in transaction worth $250 million with reported help from Libya.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

March 1991
First shipment of North Korean Scud-Cs arrives in kit form in the Syrian port of Latakia.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 72.

March 1991
Syria contracts for the delivery of more than 150 Scud-C missiles from North Korea worth an estimated $500 million. According to Western intelligence officials, "Saudi Arabia gave Syria prior approval" for the missile purchase. The sale was supported by $2 billion that Saudi Arabia gave Syria for contributing coalition forces in the Gulf War.
–Steven Emerson, "The Postwar Scud Boom," Wall Street Journal, 10 July 1991, p. A12; Lee Ki Dong, "'Chungdong Sae Pulssi' Pukhan Scud Missile/Miji'ga Palk'hin Ch'unggyžk'ŭi Such'ulshilt'ae," Taehan Maeil (Seoul Shinmun), 12 July 1991, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Chae Hak, "Kkorimunŭn Pukhan Scud Such'ul/Shimsangch'anh'ŭn Taechungdong P'anmaesžl," Joongang Ilbo, 13 July 1991, p. 2, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr.

March 1991
North Korea delivers more than two dozen Scud-Cs to Syria.
–Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Secretly Deliver Missiles to Mideast via Cyprus," Washington Times, 2 July 1991, p. A4.

13 March 1991The Al-Yarmouk docks in Latakia, Syria, laden with 24 North Korean Scud-C missiles and 20 launchers. The ship arrives the same day US Secretary of State James Baker arrives in Damascus to meet with Syrian President Haffez al-Assad for the first time. Syria has reportedly "contracted for the delivery of more than 150 North Korean Scud-C missiles at an estimated cost of $500 million. The money reportedly comes from $2 billion that Saudi Arabia had given Syria for supplying combat troops during the Gulf War. The missiles are capable of carrying chemical warheads. [Note: the Wall Street Journal report says there are 24 missiles, but is not clear about the number of launchers.]
–Bill Gertz, "Libya May Buy N. Korean Missiles," Washington Times, 4 June 1991, p. 4; Steven Emerson, "The Postwar Scud Boom," Wall Street Journal, 10 July 1991, p. A12; Adel Darwish, "N. Korea 'Selling Scuds'," The Independent, 6 April 1991; "Syria 'Signed for N Korean Scuds'," Flight International, 13 March 1991.

Early March 1991
Syrian Foreign Minister, Farouk Shaara confirms shipment of Scud missiles to Syria in the last few days. Shaara states to journalists, "We are still in a state of war with the state of Israel, and Israel has so many missiles and so many types of mass destruction weapons."
–Johanna Neuman, "Don't expect an 'instant peace,' Baker warns," USA Today, 15 March 1991, p. 4A.

Early-mid 1991
North Korea ships dozens of Scud-C missiles, a modified version of the Scud-B which is capable to carrying chemical and conventional warheads, to Syria this year.
–Adel Darwish, "N Korea 'selling Scuds'," The Independent (London), 6 April 1991, p. 10.

April 1991
President Bush expresses anger over reports that China is selling missiles to Syria.
–Tom Brown, "Bush meets exile, defies China," The Seattle Times, 17 April 1991, p. F1.

April 1991
U.S intelligence issues reports over China selling ballistic missiles to Syria. This has angered Washington and may lead to trade restrictions on China as a threatening measure.
–R. Jeffrey Smith, "China aid on Algerian reactor may violate pledges," The Washington Post, 20 April 1991, p. A17.

April 1991
Syria receives 60 Scud-Cs and 12 TELs from North Korea. This is the first delivery after North Korea and Syria reach an agreement on the sale of 150 Scud-Cs for an estimated $500 million. As part of this $500 million deal, the North Koreans reportedly agree to build two missile assembly and electronics facilities in Syria—one in Aleppo and one in Hama.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>; Kenneth R. Timmerman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya," Special Report from Middle East Defense News, Simon Wiesenthal Center, August 1992.

April 1991
60 Scud-Cs and 12 TELs arrive in Syria from North Korea in a first shipment of 150 Scud-Cs for an estimated $500 million.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/.

April 1991
North Korea begins deliveries of an estimated 60 Hwasžng-6 (Scud-C) missiles and 12 transporter erector launchers (TELs) to Syria via Iran. North Korea and Syria conclude an agreement for long-term deliveries that continue until at least 1995. There is also a report that North Korea has agreed to build new facilities in Iran to produce three types of Scuds.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 18; Chang Chun Ik, Pukhan Haek-Missile Chžnjaeng (Seoul: Sžmundang, May 1999), p. 277; "Ballistic Missile Threat Evolves," International Defense Review, vol. 33, no. 10, 1 October 2000; Adel Darwish, "N. Korea 'Selling Scuds'," The Independent, 6 April 1991.

May 1991
North Korea transports 36 Scud-Cs through Yugoslavia to Syria.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/.

May 1991
According to Israeli Ministry of Defense Director-General David Ivry, Syria takes delivery of a shipment of Scud-C missiles from North Korea. The missiles were carried aboard a Yugoslavian freighter. The Jerusalem Report claims the number of Scud missiles is 36.
–Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Secretly Deliver Missiles to Mideast via Cyprus," Washington Times, 2 July 1991, p. A4; Leslie Susser, "How to Control the Arms Race and Stay on Top," The Jerusalem Report, 13 June 1991, p. 27.

May 1991
Syria receives 36 Scud-Cs from North Korea. The missiles are transported to Syria aboard a Yugoslavian freighter.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

7 May 1991
Israeli Defence minister Moshe Arens says North Korea is the source of Syria's Scud C missiles, rather than the Soviet Union. Furthermore, Arens states he "has heard that the Czech-Syrian arms deal has not been closed."
–Bradley Burston, "Weapons sales to be discussed," The Jerusalem Post, 8 May 1991.

May 1991
"Informed sources" state in a recent issue of the Israeli army's newsletter that Syria was seeking more Scud missiles from North Korea and a new Chinese surface-to-surface M-9 missile.
–Michael Sheridan, "Hopes fading for US peace mission," The Independent (London), 14 May 1991, p. 10.

End of May 1991
Commenting on the recent signing of the "Brotherhood" treaty between Syria and Lebanon, Israeli Government Press Office director, Dr. Yossi Olmert states to The Jerusalem Post, that "Syrians are negotiating with the People's Republic of China over the purchase of M9 surface-to-surface missiles with an effective range of 800 kilometers, as well with Czechoslovakia for the purchase of 300 T-72 tanks and with the Soviet Union to buy more Sukhoi long-range bombers, MiG 29 fighters and sophisticated tanks and air defense systems." The newspaper further states that Syria has received Scud C missiles from North Korea and is now awaiting delivery of launchers.
–David Rudge, "Rising tension on eve of Lebanon-Syria 'Brotherhood' Pact," The Jerusalem Post, 22 May 1991.

End of May 1991
According to The Washington Post, a senior Israeli military official states to reporters that, "Syria is spending an estimated $200 million to $400 million" to obtain North Korean Scud C ballistic missile launchers and Chinese M9 missiles by next year. The official further states that Syria has already obtained the Soviet Scud B and SS-21 missiles and is now trying to acquire equipment for indigenous missile production.
–R. Jeffrey Smith, "Israel to get F-15s, aid for missile program," The Washington Post, 31 May, 1991, p. A21.

End of May 1991
U.S. has opened discussions on renewing China's Most-Favored Nation (MFN) status in trade relations. One of the items in the debate over whether to approve MFN to China will be based on China having reportedly sent to Pakistan mobile missile launchers for future sale to Syria.
–Marilyn Greene, "Lawmakers open debate on renewing trade benefits," USA Today, 30 May 1991, p. 6A.

31 May 1991
Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens tells visiting Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Nakayama that Israel is concerned about North Korean missile sales to Syria and other countries. Nakayama says that Japan will ask North Korea to cease exporting Scud missiles to these countries.
–Kyodo (Tokyo), 31 May 1991, in "Japanese Foreign Minister Concludes Visit: Reviews DPRK Missile Sales," FBIS-NES-91-106, 3 June 1991, p. 31; "'Pukhan Mugisuch'ul Uryž'/Israel Kukpangjanggwan," Joongang Ilbo, 2 June 1991, p. 1, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

31 May 1991
A senior Israeli military official tells reporters that Syria is spending between $200 and $400 million to acquire a brigade of Scud-C missile launchers from North Korea by 1992, and is also interested in procuring "an indigenous missile production capability." [Note: This is probably just a confirmation of the March 1991 deal. Also, while the source only indicates launchers as part of the sale, given the amount of money involved, it is likely that missiles are included as well. A Soviet-style brigade would consist of 12 to 18 launchers.]
–R. Jeffrey Smith, "Israel to Get F-15s, Aid for Missile Program," Washington Post, 31 May 1991, pp. A12, A26.

June 1991
A second shipment of 30 North Korean Scud-C missiles arrives in Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 72.

June 1991
According to Bush administration officials, a large shipment of North Korean Scud-C missiles arrives in Cyprus and is transferred to smaller vessels for transshipment to Syria.
–Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Secretly Deliver Missiles to Mideast Via Cyprus," Washington Times, 2 July 1991, p. A4.

June 1991
US intelligence agencies monitor up to 10 Soviet-made Scud-C missiles being delivered to North Korea by rail. US officials believe this may be an attempt to replenish stocks depleted by sales to Syria.–Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Secretly Deliver Missiles to Mideast Via Cyprus," Washington Times, 2 July 1991, p. A4.

June 1991
According to a Kyodo report, Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens says during a trip to the United States that North Korea has begun to ship Scud missiles, launchers, and production technology to Syria. On 26 June, Arens says that the shipment began 2-3 weeks before and that another shipment will soon follow.
–"Pukhan, Syria E Scud Missile Kot 2 Ch'agonggŭp," Joongang Ilbo, 27 June 1991 .

Summer 1991
The North Korean ship Mupo departs Namp'o bound for Syria allegedly carrying eight launchers and an additional missile shipment as part of the Syrian order for 150 Scud-C missiles; the first 24 were delivered in March 1991.
–Bill Gertz, "Ship with Scud Cargo for Syria Alters Course," Washington Times, 9 November 1991, p. A6; Bill Gertz, "N. Korean Missiles Likely on 2nd Ship," Washington Times, 10 December 1991, p. A6; Bill Gertz, "Iran-Syria Deal Revealed as Scuds Near Gulf Ports," Washington Times, 10 March 1992, p. A3.

Summer 1991
An unknown number of Scud-Cs are delivered to Syria from North Korea. The missiles are transported aboard a North Korean ship named Mupo then transferred in Cyprus.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

Mid-June 1991
According to senior U.S. officials, the Bush administration plans next week to put pressure on China to abide by international export control agreements, in response to intelligence reports regarding Chinese plans of selling M-9 and M-11missiles to Pakistan and Syria.
–R. Jeffrey Smith, "U.S. to press China to halt missile sales," The Washington Post, 11 June 1991, p. A14.

16 June 1991
US Under-Secrety of State for international security affairs, Reginald Bartholomew, arrives in Peking to warn Chinese against the sale of ballistic missiles to Pakistan or Syria. He warns that if the deal goes through, it will greatly harm US-Sino trade relations, and may end China's preferential trading status.
–"Arms sale warning to Peking," The Times, 17 June 1991.

25 June 1991
U.S. Senate Majority Leader, George J. Mitchell (D-Maine), announces a consensus amongst a Democratic proposal to renew China's MFN trade status, based on a condition that it improves human rights and trade practices, and immediately terminates any agreements to export ballistic missiles to Syria, Iran or Pakistan. Furthermore, the bill requires the president to "certify within 15 days of enactment" that China has not exported any such missiles or launchers to the three countries and if the sale does occur in the coming year, the agreement would be immediately terminated.
–Guy Gugliotta, "Mitchell ties China trade to conditions," The Washington Post, 26 June 1991, p. A9.

June 1991
Israeli Foreign Minister, David Levy states in The Jerusalem Post, Israel is continuing to monitor Syria's WMD capabilities, including "the improved Scud missiles delivered by North Korea."
–Michel Zlotowski, "Levy: When Syria okays Bush plan, talks can start," The Jerusalem Post, 26 June 1991.

June 1991
A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson denies that China has shipped any M-9 missiles to Syria, although he will not comment on the potential for future sales to Syria.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

12-20 June 1991
Secretary of State James Baker tells a Senate gathering that the United States has no evidence that China has sold M-9 or other missiles to Syria. One week later, however, Undersecretary of State Reginald Bartholomew says that China is about to sell M-9 missiles to Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

July 1991
The Chinese premier Li Peng says at a press conference that "China had not sold any [ballistic] missiles to Syria."
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/.

July 1991
According to a report from Japan's Sankei Shimbun, Israel's ambassador to Japan, Nahum Eshkol, says that the North Korean missiles recently sold to Syria have a range of 900km. According to Eshkol, the North Koreans have not reduced the size of the warhead of a Scud to extend the range as Iraq did, but instead have maintained the size of the warhead. [Note: This is most likely a reference to the Nodong.]
–"Pukhan, Sajžng 9 Baek KM Missile Kaebalsžl⾢Ilbon Kkaji Sajžnggwžnnae," Joongang Ilbo, 3 July 1991, http://www.joins.com.

13 July 1991
The Joongang Ilbo reports that the Scud-C missiles sold by North Korea to Syria earlier this year are "different from other Scud-C missiles." The report says the Scud-C missiles sold to Syria have a length of 15.1m, a diameter of 1.3m, a weight of 10 tons, and a range of 600km. [Note: The length and diameter dimensions are similar to those of the Nodong.]
–Lee Chae Hak, "Kkorimunŭn Pukhan Scud Such'ul/Shimsangch'anh'ŭn Taechungdong P'anmaesžl," Joongang Ilbo, 13 July 1991, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

25 July 1991
US Undersecretary of State Reginald Bartholomew declares in testimony before the US House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Arms Control and the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East that "North Korea has sold Scud missiles to Syria this year" and that "North Korea is emerging more and more as a major supplier of missiles of this type around the world."
–Federation of American Scientists, Arms Sales Monitor, July 1991, p. 2, http://www.fas.org.

Late July 1991
Syria conducts flight tests of two Hwasžng-6 missiles.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 18.

September 1991
A third shipment of North Korean Scud-Cs including launchers heads for Syria but tips warning them of Israeli Navy tracking it causes delays in its shipment. [Cargo is later delivered in March 1992 to Iran and in May, Iran airlifts missile parts to Syria].
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 72.

September 1991
Reports surface that two dozen M-9 transporter-erector-launchers are seen by Western intelligence personnel in Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

October 1991
A North Korean ship, Mupo, is said to be delivering Scud C missiles and equipment to Syria, expected to arrive at the Port of Tartus by the end of the month. Israeli Defense Ministry states they are not monitoring the ship, after being allegations of preparing an attack on the ship to prevent it from unloading in Syria. The deal is alleged to be financed by Iran, "in a tri-party deal that would establish production facilities in Syria."
–Alon Pinkas, "Defense Minister: Israel not monitoring N. Korean ship," The Jerusalem Post, 15 October 1991.

23 October 1991
After signing the Cambodian peace accords today, US Secretary of State, James Baker, alludes to wanting to pursue better relations with China, but will be pending "whether Beijing responds to requests not to ship new missiles to Syria." US officials state that the halting of a reported shipment of missiles to Syria is still under talks with China.
–William Drozdiak, "U.S. moves toward ties with Hanoi; Baker meets envoys of Vietnam, China," The Washington Post, 24 October 1991, p. A42.

End of October 1991
Chinese officials show positive signs of cooperating with U.S. concerns over arms deals by indicating a possible preparedness to sign onto several arms control agreements. U.S. officials are, however, still concerned whether China will respond to their requests to not deliver M-9 missiles to Syria. [M9 missiles have a probable range of 375 miles].
–Lena Sun, David Ignatius, "Chinese officials show eagerness for visit by Baker in November," The Washington Post, 26 October 1991, p. A15.

Early November 1991
A North Korean freighter ship, Mupo, is said to arrive in the Gulf en route to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas, to unload a dozen Scud-C missiles and mobile launchers that are said to belong to Syria. Israelis voice concerns over the missiles which are said to have a range of 560 miles, potentially covering all of Israel.
–Adel Darwish, "Missiles head for Iran," The Independent (London), 9 November 1991, p. 15.

12 November 1991
According to The Jerusalem Post, the Scud-carrying North Korean ship, Mupo, is altering its course and "will circle Africa rather than cross Suez Canal."
–Alon Pinkas, "Ship carrying Scuds changes its course," The Jerusalem Post, 12 November 1991.

15-18 November 1991
US Secretary of State James Baker makes a 3-day visit to China, marking the first visit by a US official to China since Tiananmen Square in 1989. Baker aims to engage in China in talks over a variety of pressing issues, including their weapons sales to countries such as Syria. After serious discussions with Chinese President Yang Shangkun, Prime Minister Li Peng, and Communist Party chief, Jiang Zemin, Baker is cited as having made "clear gains on the issues of missile proliferation and trade," but received only minimum concessions from China, to avoid harsh penalties by US. This included a commitment by China to adhere to the MTCR and to not sell M-9 missiles to Syria and M-11 short-range missiles to Pakistan on the condition that US lifts its sanctions on two Chinese technology companies that owned the licensing of high-speed computers and satellites.
–Thomas Friedman, "Baker's China trip fails to produce pledge on rights," The New York Times, 18 November 1991, p. A1.

Mid-November 1991
According to The New York Times, the Chinese are stated to not yet have delivered missiles to Syria, so far cooperating with US concerns.
–Thomas Friedman, "Arriving in Tokyo, Baker starts 3-nation Asia tour," The New York Times, 11 November 1991, p. A7.

15 November 1991
Secretary of State James Baker travels to Beijing to discuss Chinese missile and nuclear sales to Middle East customers. During this visit, Baker reportedly secures China's understanding not to sell the M-9 missile to Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

End of November 1991
According to New York Times columnist William Safire, the Chinese agree to assist the Syrians in constructing their own M-9 missiles, rather than violating the Chinese agreement with the United States by selling M-9s to the Syrians outright.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

20 November 1991
According to the Hobart Mercury, US and China are said to have differing views on the results of talks following Baker's visit to China. Baker understood that China's agreement to adhere to the MTCR would apply to sales of M-9 missiles to Syria and M-11 missiles to Pakistan, but a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman's pledge was subsequently "less certain" as they had made "no reference to the lucrative sales of missiles" to Syria.
–AAP, "Same talks: different stories, James Baker: wait to see what happens to dissidents," Hobart Mercury, 20 November 1991.

21 November 1991
A Chinese delegation is arriving in Washington to give more details on some of the agreements that were made during the latest trip by Secretary of State James Baker to Beijing. Meanwhile, concern is growing in Congress that the Bush administration will "back down" on numerous trade issues involving China. US Senator Max Baucus, an influential Democrat on trade issues, states that he wants China to "go further" and actually sign onto the NPT and the MTCR.
–Lionel Barber and Nancy Dunne, "Fears grow that Bush will back down on China," The Financial Times (London), 21 November 1991, p. 9.

1992
North Korea sends 24 Scud-Cs, missile production and assembly equipment to Syria.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

1992
North Korea delivers about 50 Scud C's to Syria.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

1992
US DOD document claims Syria purchases 150 Scud C missiles (source unknown) according to Jane's.
–Anthony Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East" 15 April, 2003 <http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_wmd_regionaltrends.pdf/>.

1992
Syria enters major arms deal with Russia to provide them with 24 MiG-29s, 12 Su-27s, 3 T-72s, and T-74s and an unknown number of S-300 and SA-16 missiles. [Syria's lack of finances causes Russia to fail to carry out the deal].
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

1992
Reports indicate that the Syrians have two missile production plants under construction, one in Hama and one in Aleppo. Another report alleges that one of the plants is slated to manufacture liquid fuel for missiles, while the other will produce solid fuel.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

January 1992
US officials say that Chinese companies have shipped ingredients for producing solid-fuel missiles to Syria. Reports indicate that 30 tons of the chemical ammonium perchlorate had already been shipped, while another 60 tons were still destined to be delivered.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

8 January 1992
Israel is said to have ties to China's weapons program, and now has fears that the M-9 surface-to-surface missile that it assisted China with, may be transferred to Syria.
–Clyde Haberman, "Israeli aide's trip linked to China ties," The New York Times, 9 January 1992, p.A3.

12 January 1992
Lebanese newspaper, Al-Hayat, reports that Syria is negotiating an arms deal with Russia worth $2 billion. The unconfirmed deal is to include long-range surface-to-air, SAM-10 and SAM-11 missiles. Russian President Boris Yeltsin is cited as demanding cash for the transaction to occur.
–"Syrian warplane deal with Russia reported," The New York Times, 12 January 1992, p.11; "Revolution urged to rescue environment," The Toronto Star, 12 January 1992, p. A13

15 January 1992
In testimony before the US Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, CIA Director Robert Gates states that, "North Korea's [nuclear and ballistic missile] programs are our most urgent national security threat in East Asia. North Korea has invested heavily in the military and depends on arms sales for much of its hard currency earnings." North Korea has sold indigenously produced Scud-Cs to Iran and Syria, and is not far from having a more advanced missile with a range of at least 1,000km (Nodong-1).
–Legislative Report for the 102nd Congress (unofficial), testimony of CIA Director Robert Gates before the Senate Government Affairs Committee, 15 January 1992; Bill Gertz, "Threat Forces N. Korea Ship to return Home with Scuds," Washington Times, 24 January 1992, p. A3.

25 January 1992
According to The Jerusalem Post, the North Korean ship, Mupo, returns home and does not carry out its intended shipment of 8 Scud missile systems to Syria, after much publicity surrounding it, and a threat of an attack by Israel.
–Allison Kaplan, "Korean ship fails to deliver Scuds to Syria," The Jerusalem Post, 26 January 1992.

31 January 1992
American intelligence reports claim China is still selling missile technology to Syria, despite statements made by Chinese officials that they would adhere to stricter guidelines on their missile exports. US officials claim that China has recently sent about 30 tons of chemicals needed to make a solid-fuel missile, and plans further to send an additional 60 tons sometime in March or April, enough to make a good number of intermediate-range missiles.
–Elaine Sciolino and Eric Schmitt, "China said to sell parts for missiles," The New York Times, 31 January 1992, p. A1.

February 1992
Syria signs a nuclear safeguards agreement with the IAEA, allowing it to purchase two 24-megawatt research reactors from China. The package includes the training of Syrian scientists, engineers, and technicians on Chinese reactors. [deal is subsequently postponed].
–William E. Burrows and Robert Windrem, Critical Mass: The Dangerous Race for Superweapons in a Fragmenting World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 336.

Early February 1992
According to US administration officials, the North Korean ship Tae Hŭng Ho departs North Korea bound for Syria with an unknown number of Scud-C missiles and associated production or assembly equipment, such as machine tool "parts." The shipment is worth a reported $100 million and is part of an overall missile sale worth $250 million.
–Elaine Sciolino, "U.S. Tracks a Korean Ship Taking Missile to Syria," New York Times, 21 February 1992, p. A9; Bill Gertz, "Iran-Syria Deal Revealed as Scuds Near Gulf Ports," Washington Times, 10 March 1992, p. A3; "Pukhan, Scud Missile Syria Ro Susongjung⾢New York Times Podo," Joongang Ilbo, 22 February 1992, <http://www.joins.com>.

Early February 1992
A Czechoslovakian freighter headed for Syria carrying 16 T-72 tanks is intercepted as spotted by the German navy. The delivery was part of a government-approved deal signed in 1991.
–Mary Battiata, "Tank seizure by Germany spotlights arms trade by Czechoslovakia," The Washington Post, 2 February 1992, p. A24.

20 February 1992
The North Korean government-owned ship, the Dae Hung Ho, is headed to Syria for a delivery of advanced missiles and missile manufacturing equipment that is possibly part of larger deal involving missiles, launchers, and technology to build a factory in Syria. U.S. officials believe the shipment, worth $100 million is a transfer of the missiles and equipment on the ship, Mupo, which stopped its delivery earlier this year after being identified in the press.
–Elaine Sciolino, "U.S. tracks a Korean ship taking missiles to Syria," The New York Times, 21 February 1992, p. A9.

21 February 1992
The U.S. State Department orders North Korea to stop a possible second-attempt to ship Scud-C missile-related equipment to Syria.
–Jeffrey Smith, "U.S. orders North Korea to stop scud shipment," The Washington Post, 22 February 1992, p. A15.

22 February 1992
U.S. lifts trade sanctions on two Chinese companies that were believed to be selling ballistic missiles and launchers to countries of threat following a notice by Beijing to restrain further sales. Meanwhile, intelligence reports show China "has contracts to sell missile and nuclear-related technology" to Iran, Syria, Pakistan and other countries in the Middle East, in deals worth over a billion dollars.
–Jeffrey Smith, "U.S. lifts sanctions against Chinese firms; Biden seeks session on reported violations,"
The Washington Post, 21 February 1992, p. A15.

23 February 1992
The Chinese reportedly deliver a written pledge to the US State Department, confirming their commitment to their verbal agreement not to sell Syria M-9 missiles made during Secretary of State Baker's visit to China in November 1991.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), pp. 58-73.

Late February 1992
CIA officials state to the US Senate that China has sold $250 million in weapons and nuclear and missile technology to several militant Arab states, including Syria and Iran over the past year, and has planned future sales worth $1 billion.
–George D. Moffett III, "Bush, Congress clash on China," Christian Science Monitor, 27 February 1992, p. 1.

Late February 1992
CIA officials state to the US Senate that China has sold $250 million in weapons and nuclear and missile technology to several militant Arab states, including Syria and Iran over the past year, and has planned future sales worth $1 billion.
–George D. Moffett III, "Bush, Congress clash on China," Christian Science Monitor, 27 February 1992, p. 1.

March 1992
The North Korean freighter Tae Hung Ho delivers 24 Scud-Cs, and missile-production and assembly equipment, to Syria from North Korea. Part of the shipment is airlifted to Syria from the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas, and the remaining cargo is transported directly to the Tartus. The manufacturing equipment is reportedly destined for suspected missile factories in Hama and Aleppo.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

March 1992
North Korea ships Scuds, including Scud-Cs, through Iran to Syria.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

10 March 1992
U.S. is still looking out for two North Korean freighters allegedly planning to carry medium-range Scud missiles to Syria. The Pentagon claims a North Korean ship may have gotten into an Iranian port.
–"Scud ships," USA Today, 10 March 1992, p.6A; The Herald (Glasgow), 10 March 1992, p.7; Reuter, "Ship eludes U.S. search for Scuds," The Toronto Star, 11 March 1992, p. A12.

11 March 1992
The Tae Hŭng Ho departs Bandar Abbas and travels through the Suez Canal to Tartus, Syria, where it reportedly delivers manufacturing equipment for underground Scud missile factories that the United States says Syria is building in Hama and Aleppo. There are two fuel plants at Hama: one liquid-fuel plant for Scud-type missiles and one solid-fuel plant for M-9 type missiles. Other reports indicate that there is a plant near Hama dedicated to guidance systems. The Tae Hŭng Ho cargo off-loaded at Bandar Abbas in Iran is reportedly destined for the Syrian liquid-fuel plant.
–George Lardner Jr., "Probe Ordered in Failure to Track N. Korean Ship," Washington Post, 14 March 1992, p. A17; Douglas Waller, et al., "Sneaking in the Scuds," Newsweek, 22 June 1992, pp. 42-46; Bill Gertz, "Iran-Bound Mystery Freighter Carried Parts for Missiles," Washington Times, 16 July 1992, p. A3; Neal Sandler, "Israeli Concern over Syrian 'Scud' Tests," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 1992, p. 1; "Increase in Egypt's 'Scuds' Leads to BAe Pull-Out," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 September 1992, p. 31.

11 March 1992
The Donga Ilbo reports that the United States is really not sure about the contents of the Tae Hŭng Ho's cargo. According to the South Korean daily, some sources are saying that there have been secret contacts between the United States, North Korea, Iran, and Syria, and that the parties have assured the United States that the ship's cargo does not contain missiles. The report says that Israeli officials told the United States that the ship is transporting missiles, and that US Defense Department officials are intentionally spreading the rumor.
–Nam Ch'an Sun, "Pukhan Hwamulsžn/Mi Kžmsaek'anhaettna Mothaettna," Donga Ilbo, 11 March 1992, p. 6, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

13 March 1992
The Iran Salam, which US officials believe is carrying Scud missiles from North Korea, docks and unloads its cargo at the Iranian port of Char Bahar.
–"Syria Blasts U.S. Over Missile Affair," Facts on File World News Digest, 2 April 1992; Eric Schmitt, "North Korea Ship Delivers to Iran," New York Times, 18 March 1992, p. A12.

13 March 1992
According to a CNN broadcast, North Korea is assisting in the construction of Scud missile production facilities in Egypt, Iran, Libya, and Syria. North Korea is said to be supporting the construction of a "Scud-D" production facility in Libya.
–"Pukhan, Arab Kukdŭl'e Scud Kongjang Kžnsžlchiwžn," Joongang Ilbo, 14 March 1992, http://www.joins.com.

13 March 1992
Syrian President Hafez Assad claims there were no weapons aboard the intercepted ship and blames Israel for instigating U.S. intervention. Assad further denies hat the ship was even destined for Syria while stating, "we have missiles, and we will continue to purchase the missiles we need."
–Jonathan C. Randal, "Assad criticizes Israel, U.S. in N. Korean freighter affair," The Washington Post, 13 March 1992, p. A18; Associated Press, "Syrian accuses the U.S. of trying to strip Arabs of military power," The New York Times, 13 March 1992, p. A10.

15 March 1992
U.S. intelligence reports two more North Korean ships are headed for Syria through an Iranian port and are hiding in the Bay of Bombay from the US navy.
– Citizen News Services, "Around the World," The Ottawa Citizen, 15 March 1992, p. B7.

May 1992
Iran airlifts North Korean Scud-C missiles to Syria.
–Kenneth Timmerman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Cases of Iran, Syria, and Libya (Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992), p. 73.

July 1992
The United States imposes two-year sanctions on Syria's Ministry of Defense and Scientific Research Center (CERS) for allegedly undertaking "missile proliferation activities."
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/.

July 1992
The CIA Nonproliferation Center provides information to US policymakers confirming that the cargo delivered by the North Korean ship Tae Hung Ho consisted of "missile manufacturing components" that were subsequently transferred to Syria from Tehran by Syrian aircraft. The shipment is allegedly valued at $100 million. Other information indicates that in exchange for allowing the transshipment, Iran is to be permitted to supply weapons to Hezbollah militia in Lebanon. The deal is enabling Syria to build two missile-propellant production facilities at Hamah; one plant will produce liquid fuel, and the other will produce solid fuel.
–Bill Gertz, "Iran-Bound Mystery Freighter Carried Parts for Missiles," Washington Times, 16 July 1992, p. A3; Terrence Kiernan, "N. Korea Considers Scud Export Boost," Defense News, 26 April-2 May 1993, p. 3.

July-August 1992
North Korean Deputy Premier Foreign Minister Kim Yong Nam visits Syria (27-30 July), Iran (30 July-3 August), and Pakistan (4-7 August). Missile cooperation and North Korean sales of the Hwasžng-6 and possibly Nodong missiles are on the agenda.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 23.

Late July-early August 1992
Syria conducts two tests of Scud-C missiles acquired from North Korea via Iran. North Korean military personnel are present in Syria for the tests. Israel claims that these tests are the last tests before the missile becomes operational.
–Bill Gertz, "Israelis Say Syrians Test-Fired New Scud," Washington Times, 14 August 1992, p. A25; Neal Sandler, "Israeli Concern over Syrian 'Scud' Tests," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 August 1992, p. 11; "Increase in Egypt's 'Scuds' Leads to Bar Pull-Out," Jane's Defence Weekly, 5 September 1992, p. 31; Allison Kaplan and David Makovsky, "Rabin Blasts Proposed US Arms Sales to Saudis: PM Rejected US Deal," Jerusalem Post, 13 August 1992; "Syria, Ch'oech'žmdan Missile Saengsandan'gye/Israel Chžn'yžk Sajžng'gwžn'e," Chosun Ilbo, 14 August 1992, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; "Pukhanje Scud Missile/Syria, Shilhžmbalsa Sžnggong," Donga Ilbo, 14 August 1992, p. 5, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

August 1992
Israeli intelligence alleges that Syria conducted tests of two missiles, most likely Scud-Cs imported from North Korea.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

15 August 1992
According to Israeli officials, Syria is testing an advanced Scud missile.
–"News Summary," The New York Times, 15 August 1992, p. 2.

15 August 1992
North Korean engineers are said to be assisting Syria with the construction of two Scud-C production plants. Reports say one plant will produce missiles and the other will produce guidance equipment.
–"'Pukhan'gisulchadŭl Chiwžn Syria, Missile Saengsan'/Pul Pigaroji Podo," Segye Ilbo, 16 August 1992, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; "Scud Saengsan'gongjang Kžnsžl/Syria, Pukhan Toumbada," Hankook Ilbo, 16 August 1992, p. 4, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

27 August 1992
The US Commerce Department's Bureau of Export Administration and the US State Department's Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs announce the resolution of a controversy between the two offices over export licensing requirements to overseas entities under which the State Department has imposed sanctions for missile proliferation. The State Department is given the authority to impose sanctions on missile proliferations under the National Defense Authorization Act of 1990 against non-Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) countries that export goods and technology. The US State Department exercises this authority to level sanctions on five separate occasions against 11 entities in South Africa, as well as China, India, Iran, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, and India.
–"BXA Negotiates Missile Controls With State," Export Control News, 27 August 1992, pp. 17-18.

17 September 1992
Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen states to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin that he will not sell weapons to any country in the Middle East. Israeli officials claim that China had sold equipment to Syria for the manufacturing of M-9 ballistic missiles.
–Dan Izenberg, "Chinese FM promises 'No arms sales to Mideast'," 18 September 1992, The Jerusalem Post.

October 1992
Iran transfers half of the Scud-C shipment to Syria.
–CNS, "Iran Missile Exports," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

October 1992
A North Korean ship carrying 100 Scud-Cs departs for the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. Half of the delivery is transported overland to Syria.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/.

Late October 1992
A North Korean ship laden with up to 100 Scud-C missiles departs North Korea, likely bound for the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas; half of the delivery is to be transported overland to Syria, the other half is to go to Iran.
–Charles Fenyvesi, ed., "Washington Whispers: North Korea Sends Another Scud Cargo to Iran, Syria," US News & World Report, 9 November 1992, p. 30.

Early November 1992
Israeli Foreign Ministry Deputy Director-General Eitan Bentsur reportedly meets in secret with North Korean officials in Pyongyang to protest North Korea's Scud-C missile sales to Syria.
--David Makovsky, "Top Diplomat Secretly Visits North Korea," The Jerusalem Post, 5 November 1992; Leslie Susser, "Peres: Korea-Bound?" The Jerusalem Post, 15 July 1993; "Israel-Pukhan Su'gyo Pimilchžpch'ok," Hankook Ilbo, 5 November 1992, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/ >; "Puk Israel Pimilhoedam/Su'gyonon'ŭi Kanŭngsžng," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 5 November 1992, p. 2, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/ .

2 November 1992
U.S. intelligence reports there is a North Korean ship heading for the Middle East. The ship may contain up to 100 advanced Scud missiles and half of them are intended to be shipped to Syria while the remainder will go to Iran.
–"North Korea Scud claim," South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 2 November 1992, p. 12.

Early November 1992
Israeli Foreign Ministry deputy director-general, Eitan Bentsur makes a secret visit to North Korea as an alleged attempt to deter the North Koreans from selling Scud C missiles to Syria and Iran.
–David Makovsky, "Top diplomat secretly visits North Korea," 5 November 1992.

Late 1992
According to the German news agency ADN, the freighter MS Waalhaven is seized on its way to Syria from Hamburg. In Sicily, German experts board the ship and discover 27 crates of German "machine parts" that were to be delivered to a North Korean firm involved in the export of North Korean Scud-C missiles. The shipment is said to include at least one flow forming machine without special mandrels, a revetting machine, and equipment for salt bath hardening. All of the equipment is dual use, but together it appears to be applicable for ballistic missile production. There are reportedly four German firms involved with the shipment, and two are requested "to distance themselves from further deliveries."
--PRAP confidential interview data, ADN News Agency, 16 January 1993, in "North Korea: German Firms Allegedly Involved in Syrian-North Korean Weapon Production," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 January 1993; Germany's Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Agency) reports that North Korea commissioned three international shipping companies to transport "special metals" acquired on Berlin's gray market for the production of missile "launch pads," and that the materials have been shipped; Focus (Munich), 22 March 1993, p. 15, in FBIS-WEU-93-053, "BND Reports DPRK Purchases Missile Materials," 22 March 1993, p. 6.

1993
Syria begins to manufacture North Korean Scud-C [Hwasong-6] missiles.
–Al-Wasat (London), 30 August 1999, in "Mideast Missile Race Detailed," FBIS Document ID FTS19990903000290.

1993
Technical assistance is provided by Chinese in order to upgrade Scud B missiles.
–Anthony Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East" 15 April, 2003 <http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_wmd_regionaltrends.pdf/>.

1993
North Korea assists Syria in obtaining seven MAZ 543 chassis and unknown number of Scud-C's.
–-CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

24 February 1993
Israeli Major General, Yitzhak Mordechai shows US Secretary of State Warren Christopher maps and firepower charts showing Syria has 4,000 tanks, 600 warplanes, 2,000 artillery pieces and more than 600 missiles.
–"A geography lesson for the secretary," The Jerusalem Post, 25 February 1993.

April 1993
Jane's Intelligence Review issues a report that estimates Syria's missile capability to include approximately 250 Scud-Bs and Scud-Cs, and roughly 24-36 transporter-erector-launchers (TELs). The report also alleges North Korea, Iran and China have each assisted in constructing underground facilities in Syria to produce Scud-C and M-9 missiles. Syria is believed to be 12-18 months away from being able to produce Scud-Cs and 24-36 months away from producing M-9s.
—Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>; Anthony H. Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East," Center for Strategic and International Studies, 15 April 2003.

April 1993
Jane's Intelligence Review cites North Korea and Iran (with help from China) helps in construction of underground production facilities for the Scud C and M-9 missiles.
–Anthony Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East" 15 April, 2003 http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_wmd_regionaltrends.pdf/.

Late April 1993
According to anonymous analysts, Syrian production of North Korean Scud-C missiles at Aleppo and Hama begins. Some analysts believe that China also may have helped with the project.
–Robert S. Greenberger, "Washington Insight: North Korea's Missile Sales in Mideast, Along With Nuclear Issue, Raise Concern," Wall Street Journal, 19 July 1993, p. A10; "Pukhan, Syria Dŭng Chungdonggukka'e Missile Such'ul⾢WSJ Podo," Joongang Ilbo, 20 July 1993, http://www.joins.com/.

7 May 1993
Reports regarding Syria and China's cooperation on developing missiles arises from an official Israeli document that was "reportedly written last year," in a London-based newspaper. The report alleges that Syria had agreed to purchase M-9 missiles from China and that deliveries have already begun. Syria has also reportedly discussed the possibility of purchasing the CSS-1 missile [with a 1,000 kilometer range] and has concluded a $2 billion deal with North Korea over Scud B missiles.
–Douglas Davis, "Syria, China cooperating on missile development," The Jerusalem Post, 7 May 1993.

Late May 1993
China makes a promise to Israel to "show extreme restraint" on selling weapons to countries in the Middle East. Chinese Foreign Minister, Qian, states to Shimon Peres that China will not sell missiles to Syria in the future.
–"China to show 'restraint' in arms sales to Middle East," The Jerusalem Post," 23 May 1993.

19 July 1993
The Wall Street Journal reports that North Korea is assisting Libya to establish a Scud production facility near Tripoli known as the "Central Repair Workshop." The report also says that North Korea is selling Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to Iran, Libya, and Syria.
–Robert S. Greenberger, "Washington Insight: North Korea's Missile Sales in Mideast, Along With Nuclear Issue, Raise Concern," Wall Street Journal, 19 July 1993, p. A6.

August 1993
Two Russian Condor aircraft transport an unknown number of North Korean Scud-Cs and seven MAZ 543 chassis from Sunan International Airport to Damascus. According to Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, North Korea offers to stop the delivery if Israel pays $500 million.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/.

4 August 1993
Two Russian civilian Condor transport aircraft and crews, leased by Syrians, depart with seven MAZ 543 "chassis" from Sunan airfield in North Korea, landing in Damascus, Syria on 5 August 1993. According to US intelligence sources, the MAZ 543s are probably taken from Damascus to a missile plant in Nasariya for use as mobile missile launchers. North Korea reportedly has several types of missile launchers for its Scuds. The MAZ 543 chassis is manufactured in Minsk, Belarus, and is used for Scud transporter erector launchers (TELs) and heavy trucks for both military and civilian use. According to US intelligence reports, North Korea has imported vehicles from the German MAN truck company, and used them to make TELs. [Note: There are unconfirmed reports that the two aircraft carried spare parts for Scud missiles. The MAZ 543s were not complete mobile missile launchers, and may have been delivered to Nasariya for the attachment of the erector unit.]
–Jack Katzenell, Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 20 September 1993, in "Russia Did Not Transport Missiles From DPRK to Iran," JPRS-TND-93-032, 12 October 1993, p. 34; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Says Russians Helped Damascus in a Missile Plan," New York Times, 12 December 1993, pp. 1, 20; David E. Sanger, "North Korea Buying Old Russian Subs," New York Times, 20 January 1994, p. A6.

8 August 1993
According to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Syria receives Scud-C missiles from North Korea via Russian aircraft, and Iran may also have received Scud-Cs in this fashion. [Note: Rabin says the shipment was on 8 August, but it is not clear if this could be the 5 August 1993 delivery of MAZ 543 transporter erector launchers (TELs) to Syria or if this is a second delivery.]
–KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 15 August 1993, in "DPRK Shipped Scuds to Syria on Russian Airplanes," JPRS-TND-93-027, 26 August 1993, p. 9; "'Pukhan, Nodong 1 Ho Syria'e Such'ul'⾢Rabin Israel Ch'ongni P'ongno," Joongang Ilbo, 16 August 1993, <http://www.joins.com/>; "Iran Will Soon Have Korean Missiles Able to Hit Israel: Report," Agence France Presse, 20 December 1993.

16 August 1993
Due to reports that North Korea is supplying weapons to Iran and Syria, Israel announces that it will suspend contacts with North Korea. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin states Russian planes recently carried North Korean Scuds to Syria from North Korea.
–Reuters, "Israel assailing trade in arms by North Korea," The New York Times, 17 August 1993, p. A10.

Early November 1993
Syria is reported to be cooperating with Iran on developing a low-flying cruise missile with the assistance of technology from Europe and Japan.
–Michael Evans, "Iran and Syria 'plan missile'," The Times, 12 November 1993.

13 November 1993
Iran denies claims made in The Times of London on 12 November 1993 that it is financing the North Korean production of the Nodong-1. Iran also denies allegations that it is jointly producing an advanced cruise missile with Syria.
–"Iran Denies Report on Missile Production," Moneyclips, 15 November 1993; "Iran Denies Missile Production," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 13 November 1993; Islamic Republic News Agency (Tehran), 13 November 1993, in "Report on Missile Production Denied," FBIS-NES-93-21815, November 1993, p. 75.

12 December 1993
According to U.S. officials, Russian cargo planes flew equipment used for mobile missile launchers from North Korea to Syria last summer for use in Syria's Scud missile program.
–Michael Gordon, "U.S. says Russians helped Damascus in a missile plan," The New York Times, 12 December 1993, p. 1.

1994
Syria receives an unknown number of Scud-Cs and TELs from North Korea. Syria also receives an unknown number of Scud-C cluster warheads from North Korea.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

Mid-1994
Syria tests missiles believed to be Scud-Cs imported from North Korea.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

April 1994
Russia and Syria sign a cooperation agreement for "defensive weapons and spare parts."
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

1994
North Korea obtains information from Syria on missiles, missile technology and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Syria provides "access" to the 9K79 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab) SRBM, P-35 Redut (SSC-1b Sepal) cruise missile, P-20 Rubezh-A (SS-C-3 Styx) anti-ship missile, solid-fuel motor technology, and the DR-3 Reys UAV.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 32.

1994
Russia negotiates with Syria to provide 30 Su-24s, 50 MiG-29s, 14 Su-17s, 300 T-72s and T-74s, S-300 multiple rocket launchers and S-300 missiles.
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

1994
Unknown number of Scud-C's is delivered by North Korea to Syria.
–-CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

1994
Unknown number of Scud-C cluster warheards arrives in Syria from North Korea.
–-CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/.

1994
North Korea begins mass production of the Nodong missile, with a capacity of 30-50 missiles a year. It appears that North Korea will be looking to test the missile in Iran, Libya or Syria.
–Kim Yong Il, "Puk Nodong 1 Ho Missile Yangsan Chaknyžnputo 30-50 Ki Saengsan," Joongang Ilbo, 17 May 1995, http://www.joins.com.

28 April 1994
Russia signs a military cooperation agreement with Syria, resuming arms supplies to Damascus, following a visit by Russian Deputy Prime Minister, Oleg Soskovets.
–Reuter, "Russia paves the way for arms supplies to Syria," The Jerusalem Post, 29 April 1994, p. 2A.

3 May 1994
U.S. Defense Secretary in a National Press Club meeting raises serious concern over possible consequences of North Korea's continuing to develop nuclear weapons. He further mentions that North Korea's Pyongyang is developing ballistic missiles for sale to countries including Iran and Syria.
–Thomas Lippman, "Perry offers dire picture of failure to block North Korean nuclear weapons," The Washington Post, 4 May 1994, p. A29.

27 April 1994
The Israeli Home Front Commander Major General Ze'ev Livne states that Syria is continuing to acquire Scud missiles and launchers from North Korea. He further notes that missiles launched from Iran would pose a more difficult operational dilemma for the Home Front Command.
–Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 27 April 1994, in "General: Syria Buying Scud Missiles in North Korea," FBIS-NES-94-082, 28 April 1994, p. 41.

Mid-1994
Syria conducts a second flight test of the Hwasžng-6 (Scud-C).
--Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, pp. 18-19.

14 June 1994
Assistant Secretary of State Robert Pelletreau tells the US House Foreign Affairs Committee, "North Korea has in the past delivered Scud-Bs and Scud-Cs, primarily to Iran and Syria. We're concerned about press reports and other intelligence that they might, at some point, sell the Nodong missile with a much longer range than the Scud-B and -C."
–Martin Sieff, "N. Korean Missiles May Be Tested in Iran This Year; Pyongyang Seeks to Avoid Increasing International Criticism," Washington Times, 16 June 1994, p. A13

22 June 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin states that North Korea has delivered Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to Syria, as well as the means to produce them. According to Rabin, the Syrian missile arsenal poses a much greater threat to Israel than the Iraqi missile attacks during the 1990-1991 Gulf War, and could potentially make Israel's Gulf War experience seem like "a children's game."
–Moshe Zak, "Just a Slip of the Tongue," Jerusalem Post, 27 June 1994, p. 6; Clyde Haberman, "Peace Pact With Syria Needed to Prevent War, Says Rabin," New York Times, 25 June 1994, p. 4; "'Interesting Proposal' Made to Syria, Peres," Mideast Mirror, vol. 8, no. 119, 23 June 1994; Karin Laub, "Rabin: Arab World Still Poses a Military Threat to Israel," Associated Press; "'Pukhan Scud Kisulto Syria'e Such'ul'/Rabin Israel Ch'ongni," Chosun Ilbo, 24 June 1994, http://www.chosun.com.

12 June 1994
According to The Jerusalem Post, Russia has entered into an agreement with Syria to provide it with $500 million worth of anti-tank weapons and radar, with a possibility of fighter planes and missiles.
–"Likud calls for reappraisal of Syria after new arms deal," The Jerusalem Post, 12 June 1994, p. 3.

4 October 1994
In testimony before the US Senate, Assistant Secretary of State Robert Pelletreau says that in recent high-level talks with North Korea, the United States has requested that North Korea stop its missile exports. Pelletreau also says that North Korea has been providing technology and exporting Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to Iran and Syria. [Note: High-level bilateral talks between the United States and North Korea to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue began on 8 July 1994, but the talks were postponed only hours later after the delegations received the news of Kim Il Sung's death. The talks resumed on 5 August 1994.]
–Chin Ch'ang Uk, "Missile Tae'oepanmae/Mi, Puk'e Chungjich'okku/Kowigŭp Hoedamsž," Joongang Ilbo, 5 October 1994, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Kyžng Hyžng, "Pukhanje Scud Chungdongsuch'ul Chedong/Mijung Missile Kŭmsuhyžpchžng'ŭi Taebuk Yžnghyang," Taehan Maeil, 6 October 1994, p. 3, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr.

November 1994
North Korea delivers Hwasžng-6 (Scud-C) cluster warheads to Syria. Syria conducts another test firing of the Hwasžng-6, but with a conventional warhead.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 19.

5 March 1995
An annual Israeli intelligence report states Syria has not rebuilt its airforce to deal with Israeli threats but "has reinforced their ground-to-air missiles," and are interested in purchasing the Russian SA-10 which Russia is not willing to provide until its debt is repaid.
–Patrick Cockburn, "Israel sets aside accord with Syria," The Independent (London), 7 March 1995, p. 12.

12 September 1995
According to The Jerusalem Post, aside from having enough launchers to fire large quantities of surface-to-surface missiles, Syria has 50 Scud C missiles, 100 Scud B missiles and between 24 and 36 Soviet-made short range SS-21 missiles.
–Alon Pinkas, "Israel, Iran have medium-range missiles," 13 September 1995, p. 1.

12 January 1996
The Jerusalem Post reports that North Korea is assisting Syria construct a missile factory. According to the report, "intelligence sources" believe the factory could be operational by 1998. The report also says that Iran and Syria are cooperating in the production of Scud-C missiles.
–Steve Rodan, "Eye in the Sky," Jerusalem Post, 12 January 1996, p. 14.

17 January 1996
The Israeli Home Front Command reports that by the year 2000, Syria will have over 80 launchers of surface-to-surface missiles, and over 1,000 Scud B, Scud C, FROG-7 and Tochka Russian missiles.
–Yedi'ot Aharanot, 17 January 1996, in "IDF predicts growth of Iraqi, Syrian missile arsenals," FBIS-FTS19960117000673, 17 January 1996.

22 February 1996
CIA Director John Deutch tells a US Senate Select Committee that North Korea is developing long-range missiles. The United States should focus on stopping North Korea from acquiring guidance-and-control technology that could make its long-range missiles more accurate and lethal. Deutch says that North Korea has sold Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to Libya, Syria, and other countries. He also says that North Korea is developing a 1,000km Nodong missile that could be deployed in the near future, and that development continues on the Taepondong, which could reach Alaska and be operational after the turn of the century.
–John M. Deutch, "Worldwide Threat Assessment Brief to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence by the Director of Central Intelligence, John M. Deutch," 22 February 1996, http://www.odci.gov/cia/.

1996
Syrian missile technicians spend two weeks training in North Korea.
–Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Eye on Proliferation: WMD Country Profiles: North Korea: Missile: Import/Export," <http://www.cnsinfo.miis.edu/>.

21 April 1996
US holds two-day talks with North Korea about its ballistic missile program and raises concerns over their export of long-range missiles to states including Iran and Syria.
– "North Korea talks," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania), 21 April 1996, p. A4; Reuters, "U.S. hails missile talks with the North Koreans," 21 April 1996, p. A4.

22 May 1996
Syria offers North Korea 100,000 tons of food in exchange for weapons such as missiles.
–Michael Sheridan, "Koreans Barter Missiles for Food to Beat Famine," Sunday Times, 16 June 1996; Michael Sheridan, "N. Korea May Trade Missiles for Arab Grain," The Australian, 17 June 1996; "Syria, China to Offer Additional Food Aid to North Korea," Agence France Presse, 24 May 1996; Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 17 June 1996, in "ROK: DPRK Said Negotiating With Syria To Exchange Missiles for Food," FBIS-EAS-96-117, 17 June 1996, p. 52.

Mid June 1996
North Koreans seek trade of missiles for food with Syria due to large famine. Syria has responded with an offer of 100,000 tons of grain for weapons.
–Michael Sheridan, "Koreans barter missiles for food to beat famine," Sunday Times, 16 June 1996.

Summer 1996
Syria tests missiles believed to be North Korean-manufactured Scud-Cs.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

July 1996
Reports circulate about deliveries of missile components to Syria from the China Precision Machinery Company, the company that manufactures the M-11 missile. Among the alleged shipments may have been "sensitive guidance equipment."
–Anthony H. Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East," Center for Strategic and International Studies, 15 April 2003.

24 July 1996
According to The South China Morning Post, Syria is buying missile technology from the Chinese state-owned, China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation, the country's main outlet for exporting missiles. The materials were stated to be transferred to a Syrian organization in June called the Scientific Studies and Research Centre where research is conducted on ballistic missiles. China's Foreign Ministry later denies claims as "unfounded and irresponsible."
–Simon Beck, "Missile elements 'sold to Syrians'," South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 24 July 1996, p. 10; Agence France Presse, 25 July 1996, in "Spokesman denies reported missile technology sales to Syria," FBIS-FTS19960725000055, 25 July 1996.

Mid-1996
Syrian missile technicians spend two weeks training in North Korea. The visit was likely mostly concerned with the Hwasžng-6 (Scud-C) program, but the Syrians may have also been interested in the Nodong. The Syrian technicians reportedly provide information on the 9K79 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab) missile to North Korea.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper no. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, pp. 19, 26, 32.

1996
North Korea provides Syria with missile expertise.
–CNS, "North Korea Missile Exports Table," Nuclear Threat Initiative, <http://www.nti.org/>.

July 1996
Unconfirmed reports claim China delivers missiles components via China Precision Machinery Company, which manufactures M-11s to Syria. [M-11 is stated to have a 186-mile (280 kilometer) range with a warhead of 1,100 pounds.]. Transaction may have also included "sensitive guidance equipment".
–Anthony Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East" 15 April, 2003 http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_wmd_regionaltrends.pdf/.

11 July 1996
According to a military source, North Korea has exported 370 missiles since July 1987. Between July 19897 and February 1988, North Korea exported about 100 Scud-B missiles for the first time. Beginning in 1991, North Korea exported about 100 Scud-C missiles to Iran. Missiles exports to Iran, Syria, and Libya have totaled 370. North Korea is also supporting the construction of missile assembly plants in Libya, Iran, and Syria. According to the military source, North Korea is also planning to export the Nodong-1 to countries in the Middle East.
–"Pukhanjae Scud Missile 3 Paek 70 Ki Arab Such'ul," Taehan Maeil, 12 July 1996, <http://www.kdaily.com/>; "Scud Missile 370 Yždae Pukhan, Chungdongjiyžge Such'ul," Joongang Ilbo, 12 July 1996, http://www.joins.com.

August 1996
Syria ships Soviet-built, 70km-range SS-21 Scarab missiles to North Korea. If North Korea is able to reverse-engineer the SS-21's sophisticated guidance package, it could use the technology to improve the accuracy of its Scud missiles. [Note: Reverse-engineering and adapting the SS-21's guidance system would be an exceedingly difficult proposition. Also, there is speculation that North Korea might have modified a Scarab to use as the third stage for its attempted satellite launch on 31 August 1998.]
–Wyn Bowen, Tim McCarthy, and Holly Porteous, "Ballistic Missile Shadow Lengthens," Jane's IDR Extra, vol. 2, no. 2, February 1997, pp. 1-3; Ch'oe Hong Sžp, "'[Israel] Pukhan-Chungdong Missile Connection Magara'," Chugan Chosun, 12 April 2001, http://www.weekly.chosun.com.

29 August 1996
Israeli intelligence claims Cyprus serves as a transit point for Syrian efforts to produce missiles armed with chemical warheads. Reports claim Syria has received "at least two shipments" of material from the Greek Cypriot port of Limassol. Cyprus has denied allegations.
–Steve Rodan, "Cyprus used as transit point for Syrian chemical," The Jerusalem Post, 30 August 1996, p. 22.

15-21 September 1996
Hong Kong Customs officers and police discover a shipment of 18 North Korean containers of heavy weapons destined for Syria. Two of the 12-metre containers which did not have import licenses have two unassembled howitzer guns. Later two men are arrested over the artillery parts.
–Ng Kang-Chung and John Flint, "Hunt on for arms haul mastermind; HK customs officers discover containers of heavy weapons bound for the Middle East," South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 15 September 1996, p. 1.

16 September 1996
Israeli intelligence claims the Syrian army has SAM-7 anti-aircraft missiles installed in mountain ranges on the Syrian-Lebanon border.
–Arieh O'Sullivan, "Army continues to monitor Syrian troop movements," The Jerusalem Post, 16 September 1996, p. 2.

25 September 1996
South Korea's Ministry of National Unification submits a report to the National Assembly saying that North Korea can produce approximately 100 Scud-B and Scud-C missiles annually, and has exported approximately 400 missiles to Iran and Syria. The report also says that North Korea has also been transferring missile production plants and missile technology to Iran and Syria. Between 1980 and 1993, arms exports accounted for approximately 30 percent of all North Korean exports. North Korea's missile exports are valued at about $500 million annually.
--Yonhap News Agency, 25 September 1996, in "Scud Missiles Reportedly Being Exported to Iran and Syria," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 26 September 1996; Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea Said Capable of Making 100 Missiles a Year," Japan Economic Newswire, 25 September 1996; Kim Yžn Kwang, "Puk, Yžn'gan Scud Paekki Saengsan/Kukkam Charyo," Chosun Ilbo, 26 September 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Kang Yžng Chin, "Puk Missile Nyžn 100 Yžgi Saengsan Nŭngnyžk," Joongang Ilbo, 26 September 1996, p. 15, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; O Il Man, "Puk, 'Scud' Yžn 1 Paekki Saengsan/T'ongilwžn Kukkamjaryo," Taehan Maeil, 26 September 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Dae Kun, "Puk Scud Missile Yžn 1 Paeg'yžgi Saengsannŭngnyžk/Iran Tŭng'e 4 Paekki Such'ul," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 26 September 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Cho Min Ho, "Puk, Missile Yžn 100 Ki Saengsannŭngnyžk/Arapchiyžk 4 Paekki Such'ul/T'ongilwžn Charyo," Segye Ilbo, 26 September 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Hŭng U, "Scud B-C Hyžng Missile Puk Yžn 1 Paekki Saengsan'ganŭng/T'ongilwžn," Kukmin Ilbo, 25 September 1996, p. 2., in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

16 October 1996
Jiji Press and NHK Television in Japan report that North Korea is planning to test-launch a 1,000km-range missile in the Sea of Japan. According to Jiji Press, military representatives from Iran are present at the launch site to observe the missile's performance prior to purchase. The Sankei Shimbum later reports that Syrian officials are also present for a planned test. According to military sources, North Korea has sent a frigate to the Sea of Japan for the test. Furthermore, A US satellite imagery reportedly reveals a fuel truck loading fuel into the missile. This imagery is later used to estimate the Nodong's range, which is revised upward to 1,300km from 1,000km. The United States responds by sending an RC-135 reconnaissance aircraft to monitor the test, and Japan sends an escort ship to monitor the missile in its terminal phase. However, the flight test is cancelled.
–"North Korea Preparing Test-Fire Missile: Sources," Agence France Presse, 16 October 1996; "North Korea Preparing Test-Launch of Missile over Sea of Japan: NHK," Agence France Presse, 16 October 1996; "N. Korea Plans Missile Test Near Japan," Jiji Press Ticket Service, 16 October 1996; Sankei Shimbum, 11 April 1997, in "Japanese Source Says Missiles Deployed Along Sea of Japan Coast," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 April 1997; "Chžn Hyžn Il, "Puk Missile Kaebal Wihžmsuwi/Miil Kunsadangguk Kyžnggyue Kanghwa," Segye Ilbo, 14 May 1997, p. 7, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; "[Puk Rodong 1 Ho] Il, Howiham 1 Ch'žk P'a'gyžn," Chosun Ilbo, 20 October 1996, ; "'Puk Nodong 1 Ho Palsashilhžm Chunbi' Mi-Il Soshikt'ong," Taehan Maeil, 17 October 1996, <http://www.kdaily.com/>; Joseph S. Bermudez, "N Korea Set for More Ballistic Missile Tests," Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 October 1996, p. 5.

17 October 1996
According to a report in Hong Kong's Ming Bao newspaper, North Korea produces 4-6 Scud-C missiles a month and exports them to Middle Eastern countries such as Libya, Iran and Syria. Missile exports are said to be an important source of foreign exchange for North Korea.
–"Puk Scud C Hyžng Missile Wžl 4-6 Kae Chungdong Such'ul," Taehan Maeil, 18 October 1996, http://www.kdaily.com/.

14 December 1996
According the The Guardian (London), Iran is sending at least three containers of arms including Russian Sagger anti-tank missiles by plane to Syria each month for use by Hizbollah in Lebanon.
–"News in brief: Iran 're-arms' Hizbollah," The Guardian (London), 14 December 1996, p. 16.

Mid-late 1990's
Ukraine provides technical assistance to Syrian T-55 tank fleet and AT-14 Kornet anti-tank guided missiles.
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

13-16 January 1997
U.S threathens South Africa with reduced aid if follows through with its plans to sell to Syria weapons worth $641 million. South African President Nelson Mandela angrily rejects the US warning stating, "We will conclude agreements with any country whether they are popular in the West or not."
–"US warns S. Africa on arms sales to Syria," USA Today, 14 January 1997, p. 9A.

19 January 1997
According to The Jerusalem Post, the US Navy has detected a number of Syrian missile launches recently. Syria is said to have about 62 missile launchers and an estimated 200-300 Scud missiles.
–Arieh O'Sullivan, "US tracking Syrian Scuds," The Jerusalem Post, 19 January 1997, p. 1.

1997 & 1998
Extensive arms purchasing talks are engaged with Russia.
–Anthony H. Cordesman, Peace and War: The Arab-Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 347.

1997
Syria conducts several missile tests. Most are believed to be R-17s (Scud-Bs), but some may be Hwasong-6s.
–Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 19.

April 1997
A Russian military delegation comprised of the Russian army's Chief of Staff, Russian military experts and representatives of the government-owned corporations, Rusfuru Genet and Mappu, is said to visit Syria to discuss possibilities of reviving military cooperation. Sources state they discussed the possibly sale of antiaircraft missile system, S-300 as well as MiG-29 and MiG-31 planes.
– Amman Al-Dustur, 28 April 1997, in "Syria offered MiG-29, MiG-31 planes, missile system S-300," FBIS-FTS19970501000335, 28 April 1997.

5 May 1997
The US State Department announces that North Korea has requested the postponement of missile talks scheduled for 12-13 May due to "technical reasons." North Korea reportedly has asked that the talks be delayed for several weeks. The talks were supposed to address North Korean missile sales to Iran and Syria, as well as reports that North Korea is preparing to deploy Nodong-1 missiles. North Korea currently has deployed three Nodong missiles on its east coast and is planning to deploy seven more.
–"N. Korea Calls Off Missile Talks Set for Next Week," Korea Times, 8 May 1997, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Yu Hye Ju, "Taemihyžpsang Uwi'norin Kodojžnsul/Puk Missile Hoedam Yžn'giyoch'žng Pae'gyžng," Segye Ilbo, 8 May 1997, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Na Yun Do, "Mibuk Missile Hoedam Tolyžn Yžn'gi/Puk Kisulchžk Iyuro...Saedalch'o Yžllildŭt," Taehan Maeil, 8 May 1997, p. 2, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

11 June 1997
U.S. and North Korea begin talks over reports that Scud missiles have been sold to Iran and Syria.
– Associated Press, "U.S. and North Korea begin missile talks," The New York Times, 12 June 1997, p. A15.

Mid July 1997
Ukraine is pressed by the US to cut its ties with states such as Iran and Syria over fear that the technology supplied may lead to a capability for ballistic missile production.
–Dana Priest, "Ukraine savors new ties with NATO; Military accord grew out of relationship fostered by Pentagon," The Washington Post, 14 July 1997, p. A15.

14 August 1997
According to The Jerusalem Post, Syria is about to sign a $3 billion arms deal with Russia which will be financed by Iran and Saudi Arabia. The deal is expected to include new surface-to-air missiles such as SAM-11s.
–Douglas Davis, "Syria discusses arms deal with Russia," The Jerusalem Post, 14 August 1997, p. 2.

26-28 August 1997
North Korea's ambassador to Egypt defects to the US and is granted political asylum. He may provide the US with information on missile sales to Iran and Syria. As a result, North Korea angrily withdraws from long-scheduled negotiations with the US over missile exports.
–Barry Schweid, "N. Korea envoy defects to US; May have key data about missile sales," Chicago Sun-Times, 26 August 1997, p. 1; Steven Lee Myers, "North Koreans quit arms talks over defections," The New York Times, 28 August 1997, p. A1.

26 August 1997
The United States announces that it will grant political asylum to two North Korean defectors, Chang Sŭng Gil, ambassador to Egypt, and his brother Chang Sŭng Ho, a trade envoy in France. Chang Sŭng Gil, the first North Korean ambassador to defect, is expected to provide the United States with information pertaining to North Korean missile sales to Egypt, Iran, and Syria. According to reports, Chang walked into the US Embassy in Cairo on 22 August and asked for asylum.
–Steven Lee Myers, "Defecting Envoy from North Korea to Get U.S. Asylum," New York Times, 27 August 1997, p. A1; "North Korean Ambassador to Egypt Defects," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 25 August 1997; Reuters, "N. Korea Envoy to Egypt Defects to West Seoul But Pyongyang Denies Diplomat Has Disappeared," Toronto Star, 26 August 1997, p. A21; "'Mangmyžnghžyong' Pžnbokpae'gyžng (Miro Kan Puk Taesa)," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 29 August 1997, p. 6, in KINDS, http://www.kinds.or.kr/.

27 August 1997
North Korea cancels missiles talks with the United States after the United States refuses to return two defectors, one of whom is expected to provide information pertaining to North Korean missile sales to Egypt, Iran, and Syria.
–Steven Lee Meyers, "North Koreans Quit Arms Talks over Defections," New York Times, 28 August 1997, p. A1; R. Jeffrey Smith, "North Koreans Cancel U.S. Talks: Protesting Diplomats' Defection, Pyongyang Recalls Team on Missile Issues," Washington Post, 28 August 1997, p. A30; Norman Kempster, "U.S. Accepts 2 Defecting N. Korean Diplomats," Los Angeles Times, 27 August 1997, p. A4; US Grants Asylum to Senior North Korean Defectors," Agence France Presse, 27 August 1997; "North Korea Pulls Out of Missile Talks with US," Agence France Presse, 27 August 1997; Jennifer Hewett and Reuter, "N. Korea Demands Return of Defectors," The Age (Melbourne), 28 August 1997, p. 15; "Foreign Ministry Spokesman Interviewed," Korean Central News Agency, 27 August 1997 .

31 August 1997
According to Buffalo News (New York), the US CIA recruited the former North Korean ambassador to Egypt, Jang Sung Gil long before his defection to the US.
–Reuters, "Newsweek says defector is agent for CIA," Buffalo News (New York), 31 August 1997, p. 10A.

15 September 1997
According to the Istanbul Milliyet, Syria is reported to have placed missile ramps in Turkey for defense purposes. Syria is also stated to be making "a big effort" to produce land-to-land missile systems.
– Istanbul Milliyet, 15 September 1997 in "Israeli paper cited on Syrian Scud-C ramps near Turkey," FBIS-FTS19970915000718, 15 September 1997.

November 1996
A US intelligence report alleges that Syria and Iran are cooperating on solid fuel technology for missiles, as well as a program to adapt Syrian Scud-Bs to longer range Scud-Cs.
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/.

26 November 1997
A North Korean delegation led by Vice Foreign Minister Kim Kye Kwan meets with a US delegation headed by Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Charles Kartman at the State Department. During the six-hour meeting, various topics are discussed, including North Korea's missile development and past sales to Iran and Syria. This meeting marks the first time a senior North Korean official has held talks at the State Department.
–George Gedda, "U.S., North Korea Hold Talks," Associated Press, 27 November 1997.

February 1997
US Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research Toby Gati testifies before a US Senate committee. He confirms that Syria possesses "Scud-Cs from North Korea."
–Wisconsin Project, Syria: Missile Development, "The Risk Report," Vol. 3, no. 2, March-April 1997, <http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html/>.

26 November 1997
The US and North Korea hold high-level talks in Washington over various issues including missile sales to Syria.
–"N. Korea, US conduct talks at State Dept," Chicago Sun-Times, 27 November 1997, p. 46.

18 May 1998
According to The Jerusalem Post, Russia and Syria are on the verge of signing a major arms deal worth $300-400 million as the Russian Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Posuvalyuk arrives in Israel to meet with officials. Israeli sources claim they have been assured that the deal will not involve missiles, but mainly air defense systems such as the S-300PMU-1 (or SA-10D) anti-aircraft system.
–Steve Rodan, "For 1st time since end of Cold War, Russia, Syria near major arms deal," The Jerusalem Post, 18 May 1998, p.1.

3 September 1998
South Korea's Unification Minister Kang In Džk tells the National Assembly that North Korea told a visiting US House member on 11 August 1