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| Ukrainian workers use a U.S. provided equipment to eliminate a portion of a SS-24 silo at Pervomaysk, Ukraine. |
Recognizing that its missile facilities represented some of the most technologically advanced sectors of Ukraine's economy, the government of independent Ukraine set about transforming its missile enterprises into a cohesive industry, while reducing the defense component of its activities. The heightened level of attention that has been paid to Ukraine's missile sector is partly a result of Ukraine's president Leonid Kuchma having been a missile engineer and one of the directors of the Pivdenmash Machine-Building Plant, the largest missile plant in Ukraine.
Prior to 1999, missile enterprises were overseen by Ukraine's Ministry of Industrial Policy. However, in 1999 missile industry enterprises were placed, by way of a Cabinet of Ministers resolution, within the National Space Agency (NKAU), whose director (as of November 2003), Oleksandr Nehoda, is a former Deputy Director of Pivdenne Design Bureau. This move in effect created an independent rocket/space branch of industry in Ukraine, a move that underscored the importance attached to its development. Plans have also been announced for creating a space sector consortium comprising these enterprises.[1]
While work on ballistic missile systems has lapsed, the Ukrainian missile industry's new focus has became space launch vehicles (SLVs). NKAU's mission includes developing policies for peaceful space exploration, using space for national security, and cooperating with other countries and international organizations. Ukraine's first space program, which ran from 1992 through 1997, set the goal of establishing a legislative base for space activities and protecting Ukraine's store of know-how in this field. Ukraine's accomplishments during this period included securing membership in a number of international organizations dedicated to space exploration, including the United Nations
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Space (COPUOS), Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), International Astronautical Federation (IAF), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), and signing agreements on space cooperation with Russia, China, India, Brazil, and the United States. The second space program, which ran from 1998 through 2002, focused on penetrating the international space services market and integrating Ukraine into the global space community. The currently active third space program, which is to run from 2003 through 2007, has set the goals of consolidating domestic space policy, preserving the high level of space technology in Ukraine, and establishing stable commercial relationships with foreign partners. Development of new technologies and modernization of research and production infrastructure are also high priorities.[2]
The most important Ukrainian missile facilities are the Pivdenne Design Bureau and the Pivdenny Machine-Building Plant (Pivdenmash), also known under their Russian designations of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and Yuzhmash, respectively. The facilities are both located in the city of Dnepropetrovsk and represent the bulk of Ukraine's missile design and production facilities. During the Soviet era, these two facilities were among the most important ICBM design and production facilities, and were responsible for the so-called "heavy" ICBMs (START I treaty designation applied to missiles whose launch weight exceeds 100t), such as the SS-9 "Scarp" and the SS-18 "Satan."
Following Ukraine's independence, work on ballistic missile design and production ceased, so the Pivdenne Design Bureau and the Pivdenny Machine-Building Plant are currently engaged in the SLV projects and joint ventures noted above. Their current capabilities include ICBM and SLV design, design and manufacture of liquid-fueled rocket engines, design and manufacture of re-entry vehicles and satellites, and technologies for composites and advanced metallic alloys.[3]
Although during the Soviet era they were both part of
NPO Yuzhnoye, in 1991, the two facilities became separate organizations for administrative and budgetary purposes. However, their scientific and technical collaboration continues. Both facilities suffered considerably from Ukraine's economic crisis, and their worker rolls shrank by nearly 50 percent between 1991 and 1998. The personnel drain may have been more significant had it not been for foreign contracts, which now account for nearly 90 percent of these enterprises' income, and increased reliance on production of civilian products. While the Ukrainian missile industries produced civilian goods during the Soviet era, following Ukraine's independence, the proportion of such production has increased because of the loss of orders for rocketry products. Items produced include agricultural machinery, wind turbines for electricity generation, and trolleybuses. [4]
The second most important concentration of Ukraine's missile facilities is in Pavlohrad, which is home to the Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant (also known as the Pavlohrad Chemical Machine-Building Plant), and the Pavlohrad Chemical Plant. During the Soviet era, these facilities were part of NPO Yuzhnoye but are now independent facilities. However, some contacts with Pivdenne Design Bureau and Pivdenmash remain. [5]
The Pavlohrad missile enterprises were engaged only on the military side of the Soviet rocket/missile program. Their main contribution to the Soviet missile/space effort was the assembly of SS-24 ICBMs and production of solid propellant for these missiles. Due to the absence of any space-related projects, these enterprises have virtually ceased their missile-related activities. The only missile-related activities these enterprises performed as of 2003 was the elimination of Ukraine's SS-24 ICBMs and the conversion of its solid rocket fuel into commercial high explosives. Once these missiles are eliminated, these facilities are likely to abandon large-scale participation in missile or space projects. [6]
Ukraine's missile industry also boasts the Khartron Corporation, which, during the Soviet era, was one of the pre-eminent designers and manufacturers of control and guidance systems for ballistic missiles, space launch vehicles, and space stations. Khartron systems were used on, among others, SS-18 and SS-19 ICBMs, which remain in Russian service. It remains active in a number of Ukrainian, Russian, and international space projects, including the International Space Station (ISS). However, Khartron was also extensively reorganized and diversified during the 1990s, and as of 2003, it was active in such fields as software design, telecommunications, and production of control systems for nuclear power plants. For the latter purpose, it created a joint venture with Westinghouse named Westron.[7]
Ukraine's missile industry remains state-owned. Although shares in a number of enterprises have been auctioned off, the Ukrainian government retains the controlling share. Due to the importance of foreign revenue and investment to the preservation of Ukraine's missile industry, the Ukrainian government wants to attract such investments and appears to be willing to entertain the privatization of a number of enterprises. Preference appears to be given to Western sources of funding, as the government of Ukraine has on a number of occasions canceled sales of missile enterprise shares in order to prevent Russian firms from acquiring them.
[1] UNIAN, 6 April 1999; in "Consortium Of Plants Transferred To National Space Agency," Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, .
[2] National Space Agency of Ukraine Website, .
[3] Victor Mizin, Timothy McCarthy, unpublished manuscript, 2003.
[4] Victor Mizin, Timothy McCarthy, unpublished manuscript, 2003.
[5] Victor Mizin, Timothy McCarthy, unpublished manuscript, 2003.
[6] Victor Mizin, Timothy McCarthy, unpublished manuscript, 2003.
[7] Victor Mizin, Timothy McCarthy, unpublished manuscript, 2003.
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Updated September 2007 |
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