6. Production, Proliferation, and Past Use of WMD

6.1 Nuclear Weapons

“The Nuclear Testing Tally,” Arms Control Today (May 1998), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_05/ffmy98.asp>.

David Albright, Frans Berkhout, and William Walker, Plutonium And Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities, And Policies (London: Oxford University Press for SIPRI, 1997).

David Albright and Khidhir Hamza, “Iraq’s Reconstitution of Its Nuclear Weapons Program”, Arms Control Today (October 1998), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_10/daoc98.asp>.

David Albright, Separated Civil Plutonium Inventories: Current and Future Directions (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Science and International Security Press, 2000).

David Albright and Kevin O'Neill, eds., The Challenges of Fissile Material Control (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Science and International Security, 1999).

Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, Disarmament Deceptions: U.S. Plans for New Nukes, 2001, <http://www.ananuclear.org/newnukesweb.html>.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, The Nth Country Problem: A World-Wide Survey of Nuclear Weapons Capabilities (Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association, 1959).

William M. Arkin and Robert S. Norris, "Global Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945-2000," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (March/April 2000), <http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/nukenotes/ma00nukenote.html>.

William M. Arkin and Robert S. Norris, "World Plutonium Inventories, 1999," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (September/October 1999), <http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/nukenotes/so99nukenote.html>.

William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, and Joshua Handler, Taking Stock: Worldwide Nuclear Deployments, 1998 (Washington, D.C.: National Resources Defense Council, 1998).

Atomic Archive, Nuclear Timeline, <http://www.atomicarchive.com/Timeline/Timeline.shtml>.

Kathleen C. Bailey, Doomsday Weapons in the Hands of Many: The Arms Control Challenge of the '90s (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, November 1991).

Jack N. Barkenbus, Marcelo Alonso, and Alvin M. Weinberg, eds., Nuclear Connection: A Reassessment of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Proliferation (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, January 1985).

Frank Barnaby, ed., Plutonium and Security: The Military Aspects of the Plutonium Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).

Joyce Battle, India and Pakistan: On the Nuclear Threshold, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 6, <http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB6/index.html>.

Matthew Bunn and John Holdren, "Managing Military Uranium and Plutonium in the United States and the Former Soviet Union," Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 22 (1997), pp. 403-486.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nuclear Status Map, <http://www.ceip.org/files/nonprolif/map/default.asp>.

Center for Defense Information, Current World Nuclear Arsenals, <http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukef&f/database/nukestab.html>.

Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Site, "Chronology of Key Events in the Effort to End Nuclear Weapons Testing: 1945-1999," <http://www.clw.org/pub/clw/coalition/ctch7080.htm>.

Owen R. Cote, Jr., “A Primer on Fissile Materials and Nuclear Weapon Design” in Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Materials, Graham T. Allison, et. al., 1996, <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nukes/readings/appendixb.html>.

Owen R. Cote, Jr., Fissile Material and Nuclear Weapons Design, <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nukes/readings/appendixb.html>.

Sarah J. Diehl and James Clay Moltz, Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2002).

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "Britain’s Nuclear Weapons: From MAUD to Hurricane," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Uk/UKOrigin.html>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "China’s Nuclear Weapons," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/China/>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "India’s Nuclear Weapons Program," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/India/>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "Israel’s Nuclear Weapons Program," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Israel/index.html>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Pakistan/>.

Federation of American Scientists, Space Policy Project, "Reagan Administration Documents," <http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/offdocs/reagan.htm>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "Soviet Nuclear Weapons," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Russia/Sovwarhead.html>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "The First Nuclear Weapons," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Nwfaq/Nfaq8.html>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Russia/Sovwpnprog.html>.

The High Energy Weapons Archive: A Guide to Nuclear Weapons, "The U.S. Arsenal: Past and Present," <http://nuketesting.enviroweb.org/hew/Usa/Weapons/index.html>.

Federation of American Scientists, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I) Chronology, <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/start1/chron.htm>.

Michele Flournoy, Nuclear Weapons After the Cold War: Guidelines for U.S. Policy (New York: Harper Collins, 1993).

Fourth Freedom Forum, Global Incentives and Nuclear Nonproliferation: The Case of Tactical Nuclear Weapons, http://www.fourthfreedom.org/php/t-d-tnw-index.php.

Eldon V.C. Greenberg, The NPT and Plutonium: Application of NPT Prohibitions to "Civilian" Nuclear Equipment, Technology and Materials Associated with Reprocessing and Plutonium Use (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Control Institute, 1993).

Alexander Hellemens and Bryan Bunch, The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).

Greenpeace, The Greenpeace Book of the Nuclear Age: The Hidden History/The Human Cost (New York: Pantheon, 1989).

Hugh Gusterson, Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996).

Selig Harrison, ed., Japan's Nuclear Future: The Plutonium Debate and East Asian Security (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996).

Greg Herken, The Winning Weapon (New York: Vintage Books, 1982).

John P. Holdren and Evgeniy P. Velikhov, Co-chairs, "U.S.-Russian Independent Scientific Commission on Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium: Final Report" (Washington, D.C.: Office of Science and Technology Policy, June 1, 1997), <http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/wwwdocsname/finlrpt>.

Howard Hu et al., Plutonium: Deadly Gold of the Nuclear Age (Cambridge MA: International Physicians Press, 1992).

Institute for Energy & Environmental Research, "Fissile Material Basics,"
<http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/fm_basic.html>.

Institute for Science and International Security, "Country Assessments: South Africa," <http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southafrica/index.html>.

Institute for Science and International Security, "Nuclear Weapons Programs Worldwide: A Historical Overview," <http://www.isis-online.org/mapproject/introduction.html>.

Institute for Science and International Security, "Production & Status of Military Stocks of Fissile Material, end of 1999," <http://www.isis-online.org/mapproject/supplements.html>.

Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).

Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne, eds., The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Brinkmanship in South Asia (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2001),
<http://www.stimson.org/pubs.cfm?ID=1>.

Peter R. Lavoy, Scott D. Sagan, and James J. Wirtz, eds., Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers Will Use Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000).

Amory B. Lovins, "Nuclear Weapons and Power-Reactor Plutonium," Nature (February 28, 1980).

Arjun Makhijani, and Annie Makhijani, Fissile Materials in a Glass, Darkly (Washington, D.C.: IEER Press, 1995).

Alistair Millar, "The Pressing Need for Tactical Nuclear Weapons Control," Arms Control Today (May 2002), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_05/millarmay02.asp>.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on International Security and Arms Control, Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).

National Resources Defense Council, "Nuclear Forces and Weapons," <http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nuguide/nwiforc.asp>.

Robert W. Nelson, "Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons," FAS Public Interest Report (January/February 2001), <http://www.fas.org/faspir/2001/v54n1/weapons.htm>.

Harold Nieburg, Nuclear Secrecy and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1964).

Robert S. Norris, Andrew S. Burrows and Richard W. Fieldhouse, Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, January 1994).

Nuclearfiles.org, "Nuclear Age Timeline, 1985," <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1985.html>.

Nuclearfiles.org, "Nuclear Age Timeline, 1986," <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1986.html.>

Nuclearfiles.org, "1985 Nuclear Accidents," <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/nwa/80/1985.html.>

Nuclearfiles.org, "1986 Nuclear Accidents," <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/nwa/80/1986.html.>

Nuclear Watch of New Mexico, Fact Sheet: Alterations, Modifications, Refurbishments, and Possible New Designs for the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile, 2001,
<http://www.nukewatch.org/weaponsfactsheet.html>.

George Quester, Nuclear Diplomacy (New York: Dunellen Company, 1970).

Frank J. Rahn et al., A Guide to Nuclear Power Technology: A Resource for Decision Making (New York: Krieger Publishing Company, January 1992).

T.V. Paul, Richard J. Harknett, and James J. Wirtz, eds., The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and the Emerging International Order (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2000).

Mitchell Reiss, Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities, Woodrow Wilson Center Special Studies (Princeton, NJ: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, April 1995).

"Report to the Secretary of War—June, 1945," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1, 1946.

Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).

Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).

David A. Rosenberg, "A Smoking, Radiation Ruin at the End of Two Hours," International Security 6 (Winter 1981-1982), pp. 3-17.

Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).

Robert W. Seldon, Reactor Plutonium and Nuclear Explosives (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1978).

Howard Simmons, "World-Wide Capabilities for Production and Control of Nuclear Weapons," Daedalus 88 (Summer 1959), pp. 385-109.

Nikolai Sokov, "Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW)," Nuclear Threat Initiative, May 2002, <http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_10b.html>.

Carey Sublette, Effects of Nuclear Explosions, 1997, <http://www.fas.org/nuke/hew/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html>.

Carey Sublette, Nuclear Weapons FAQ, 2001, <http://www.fas.org/nuke/hew/Nwfaq/Nfaq0.html>.

Jeremy Tamsett, "The Nuclear Taboo Reconsidered: The Relationship between Deterrence, Compellence, and Nonproliferation with Low-Yield Nuclear Weapons," <http://www.thenuclearsource.com/thenucleartaboo.htm>.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, D.C.: OTA, 1993),
<http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk1/1993/9341/934101.PDF>.

U.S. Department of Defense, Nuclear Weapons Effects Technology,
<http://www.dtic.mil/mctl/data2/p2sec06.pdf>.

Albert Wohlstetter et al., Swords from Plowshares: The Military Potential of Civilian Nuclear Energy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979).

Albert Wohlstetter et al., Towards a New Consensus on Nuclear Technology, Vol. II, Supporting Papers, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Report, No. PH-78-04-832-33.

Albert Wohlstetter, "The Military Potential of Civilian Nuclear Energy," Minerva (Autumn-Winter 1977), pp. 387-538.

Stephen M. Younger, Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century, 2000, <http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/doe/younger.htm>.

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6.2 Biological Weapons

Ken Alibek, Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World-Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It (New York: Random House, 1999), <http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385334966/qid=998946573/
sr=1-1/ref=sc_b_1/104-2438962-3362302>.

Michael Barletta and Christina Ellington, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute, Iraq's Biological Weapon Program, "Foreign Suppliers to Iraq's Biological Weapons Program Obtain Microbial Seed Stock for Standard or Novel Agent," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/iraq/seed.htm>.

British Medical Association, Biotechnology, Weapons, and Humanity (London: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999).

Gulbarshyn Bozheyeva, Yerlan Kunakbayev, and Dastan Yeleukenov, Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future, (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Occasional Paper No. 1, June 1999) [Updated January 2000], <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op1/op1.pdf>.

Jonathan Broder, "Saddam's Bomb," New York Times Magazine (October 1, 2000), <http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001001mag-saddam.html>.

W. Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900, August 1998, <http://www.ndu.edu/centercounter/Full_Doc.pdf>.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Demilitarization of Chemical Weapons, <http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/demil/brochures/demilbro.htm#where%20the>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, "Chronology of State Use and Biological and Chemical Weapons Control,"
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pastuse.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, "Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present,"
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess.htm>.

G.W. Christopher et al., "Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective," Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1977), pp. 412-417.

Anthony Cordesman, National Developments of Biological Weapons in the Middle East: An Analytic Overview (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 2001), <http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_natldev_analytic.pdf>.

Eric Croddy, with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz, and John Hart, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001). 

Eric Croddy, "Anthrax: Background Report," Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute, <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/anthrax.htm>.

C.S. Cox, The Aerobiological Pathway of Microorganisms (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987).

Federation of American Scientists, "Biological Weapons," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/bw/index.html>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Japanese Biological Weapons Program," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/>.

Erhard Geissler and John Ellis van Courtland Moon, eds., Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945, SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies, No. 18 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

Chandre Gould, “More Questions Than Answers: The Ongoing Trial of Dr. Wouter Basson”, Disarmament Diplomacy (November 2000), <http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd52/52trial.htm>.

Gert Herigel, "Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, <http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/Harigelreport.asp>.

Henderson, Donald, "The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism," Science 283 (February 26, 1999), pp. 1279-1282, <http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/ecology/looming_threat_of_bioterrorism.htm>.

H.C. Holloway et al., "The Threat of Biological Weapons: Prophylaxis and Mitigation of Psychological and Social Consequences," Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1997), pp. 425-427.

Thomas V. Inglesby, Anthrax: A Possible Case History, (Center for Disease Control), <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/inglesby.htm>.

Iraqwatch, "WMD Profiles: Iraq's Biological Weapons Program," <http://www.iraqwatch.org/wmd/biological.html>.

Joshua Lederberg, ed., Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).

Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).

Tara O'Toole, Center for Disease Control, "Smallpox: An Attack Scenario," <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/otoole.htm>.

J. Paxman and R.A. Harris, A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).

PBS Frontline, "Plague War: Interviews with Key Scientists and Government Officials on the Soviet's BW Program," <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/interviews/>.

PBS Frontline, "Plague War: The 1979 Anthrax Leak in Sverdlovsk," <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/sverdlovsk/>.

PBS Frontline, "Plague War: What Happened in South Africa?," <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/sa/>.

Richard Preston, "The Bioweaponeers," New Yorker (March 9, 1998), pp. 52-65,
<http://cryptome.org/bioweap.htm>.

Ed Regis, The Biology of Doom (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1999).

Republic of the Marshall Islands Embassy USA, "Nuclear Testing in the Marshall Islands: A Chronology of Events," <http://www.rmiembassyus.org/nuclear/chronology.html>.

Barbara Hatch Rosenberg, "Allergic Reaction: Washington's Response to the BWC Protocol," Arms Control Today (July/August 2001), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_07-08/rosenbergjul_aug01.asp>.

Frederick R. Sidell et al., eds., Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare (Washington, D.C.: Borden Institute, 1997),
<http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedAspects/contents.html>.

Nicholas A. Sims, "Four Decades of Missed Opportunities to Strengthen the BWC: 2001 Too?," Disarmament Diplomacy 48 (June 2001), <http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd58/58sims.htm>.

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Chemical & Biological Warfare Hearings, July 1998, <http://www.truth.org.za/special/index.htm#cbw>.

Henry L. Stimson Center, Chemical & Biological Weapons Project, "History of the U.S. Biological Warfare Program," <http://www.stimson.org/cwc/bwushis.htm>.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Volume I: The Rise of CB Weapons (New York: Humanities Press, 1971).

SIPRI, The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Volume II: CB Weapons Today (New York: Humanities Press, 1973).

Jonathan B. Tucker, "Biological Weapons in the Former Soviet Union: An Interview With Dr. Kenneth Alibek," Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999), pp. 1-10,
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/alibek63.pdf>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Programs, <http://www.usamriid.army.mil/programs/index.html>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1999).

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions: July 1 through December 31, 1999, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_aug2000.htm#1>.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service, "Iraqi Chemical and Biological Weapons," (February 1998), <http://www.senate.gov/>.

U.S. Department of Defense, "Biological Weapons Technology," <http://www.dtic.mil/mctl/data2/p2sec03.pdf>.

U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Chemical & Biological National Security Program, <http://www.nn.doe.gov/cbnp/program_summary.shtml>.

U.S. General Accounting Office, "Combating Terrorism: Need for Comprehensive Threat and Risk Assessments of Chemical and Biological Attacks," September 1999,
<http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/ns99163.pdf>.

U.S. National Security Council, "Fact Sheet: Iraq's Program of Weapons of Mass Destruction," <http://www.usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/arms/bcw/g15.txt>.

Peter Williams and David Wallace, Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War I (New York: Free Press, 1989).

Raymond A. Zilinskas, ed., Biological Warfare: Modern Offense and Defense (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).

Raymond A. Zilinkas, Iraq's Biological Weapons: The Past as Future? Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1997), pp. 418-424.

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6.3 Chemical Weapons

Javed Ali, “Chemical Weapons and the Iran-Iraq War”, The Nonproliferation Review 8 (Spring 2001), <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol08/81/abs81.htm#war>.

Michael Barletta, "Chemical Weapons in the Sudan: Allegations and Evidence," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Fall 1998), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/61/barlet61.pdf>.

Milton E. Blackwood Jr., "Arsenic and Old Weapons: Chemical Weapons Disposal in Russia," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999),
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/black63.pdf>.

Frederic Brown, Chemical Warfare: A Study in Restraints (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968).

Gordon M. Burck and Charles C. Flowerree, International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991).

Center for Counterproliferation Research, The Impact of the Proliferation of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons on the United States Navy (Washington, D.C.: Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, 1996).

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, Chronology of State Use and Biological and Chemical Weapons Control,
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pastuse.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program,  Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present,
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess.htm>.

Eric Croddy, with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz, and John Hart, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001). 

Hugh D. Crone, Banning Chemical Weapons: the Scientific Background (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

Federation of American Scientists, Weapons of Mass Destruction, "Chemical and Biological Weapons Chronology," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/bwc/chron.htm>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Chronology on Australia Group Events 1985-1999," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/ag/docs/96110708.htm>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Fact Sheet: Bilateral Destruction Agreement (BDA)," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/bda/index.html>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Chemical Weapons," <http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/cw/index.html>.

Trevor Findlay, ed., Chemical Weapons and Missile Proliferation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991).

Randall Forsberg et al., Nonproliferation Primer: Preventing the Spread of Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995).

Mikhail Gorbachev, "Addressing Cold-War And Other Wartime Legacies in the Twenty-First Century," OPCW Synthesis (June 2001), <http://www.opcw.org/synthesis/synthesis-six/1_gorba.pdf>.

Gert Herigel, Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
<http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/Harigelreport.asp>.

Deng Hongmei and Peter O'Meara Evans, "Social and Environmental Aspects of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China," The Nonproliferation Review 4 (Spring-Summer 1997),
<http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol04/43/deng43.pdf>.

Igor Khripunov and George W. Parshall, "U.S. Assistance to Russian Chemical Weapons Destruction: Identifying the Next Steps," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Fall 1999),
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/krip64.pdf>.

Al Mauroni, America's Struggle with Chemical-Biological Warfare (Westport, CT: Praeger
Publishers, 2000).

Al Mauroni, Chemical-Biological Defense: US Military Policies and Decisions
in the Gulf War (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998).

J. Paxman and R.A. Harris. A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).

Frederick R.Sidell et al., eds., Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare (Washington, D.C.: Borden Institute, 1997),
<http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedAspects
/contents.html>.

Jillian Skeet, "A Chemical Weapons Ban: The Next Step After INF?," Ottawa Peace Calendar 1998, <http://perc.ca/PEN/1998-02/skeet.html>.

Amy Smithson, Toxic Archipelago (Washington, D.C.: The Henry L. Stimson Center, December 1999), <http://www.stimson.org/pubs/cwc/toxicarch.pdf>.

SIPRI, The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Volumes 1-6 (New York: Humanities Press, 1973).

Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., The Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation and Challenges (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 2001), <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/pdfs/tuckcwc.pdf>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, "From Arms Race to Abolition: The Evolving Norm Against Biological and Chemical Warfare," in Drell, Sofaer, and Wilson, eds., The New Terror: Facing the Threat of Biological and Chemical Weapons (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1999).

Jonathan B. Tucker, "Russia's New Plan For Chemical Weapons Destruction," Arms Control Today (July/August 2001), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_07-08/tuckerjul_aug01.asp>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, “The ‘Yellow Rain Controversy’: Lessons for Arms Control and Compliance”, The Nonproliferation Review 8 (Spring 2001),
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol08/81/abs81.htm#rain>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, "Chemical Weapons: Buried in the Backyard," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Sept.-Oct. 57 (5): 51-6, <http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2001/so01/so01tucker.html>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The Biological & Chemical Warfare Threat (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1999).

U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service, Iraqi Chemical and Biological Weapons (February 1998), <http://www.senate.gov/%7Edpc/crs/reports/ascii/98-129>.

U.S. Department of Defense, Chemical Weapons Technology, <http://www.dtic.mil/mctl/data2/p2sec04.pdf>.

U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, "Chemical & Biological National Security Program," <http://www.nn.doe.gov/cbnp/program_summary.shtml>.

U.S. General Accounting Office, Combating Terrorism: Need for Comprehensive Threat and Risk Assessments of Chemical and Biological Attacks, September 1999, <http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/ns99163.pdf>.

U.S. National Security Council, "Fact Sheet: Iraq's Program of Weapons of Mass Destruction," <http://www.usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/arms/bcw/g15.txt>.

U.S. State Department, "Fact Sheet: 1989 Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding," <http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/factsheets/wmd/cw/cwmou.html>.

Victor A. Utgoff, The Challenge of Chemical Weapons: An American Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).

Thomas C. Wiegele, The Clandestine Building of Libya's Chemical Weapons Factory: A Study in International Collusion (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992).

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6.4 Ballistic & Cruise Missiles

Viacheslav Abrosimov, "Preventing Missile Proliferation: Incentives and Security Guarantees," Disarmament Diplomacy 57 (May 2001), <http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd57/57abros.htm>.

Acronym Institute, "India & Pakistan Missile Tests, 1999," <http://www.acronym.org.uk/36indpak.htm>.

Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK, Occasional Paper No. 2 (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999),
<http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op2/index.htm>.

Wyn Q. Bowen, The Politics of Ballistic Missile Nonproliferation (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).

Wyn Q. Bowen, “U.S. Policy on Ballistic Missile Proliferation: The MTCR’s First Decade (1987-1997),” The Nonproliferation Review 5 (Fall 1997),
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol05/51/bowen51.pdf>.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Carnegie Non-Proliferation Project’s World Missile Chart," <http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/resources/ballisticmissilechart.htm>.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Carnegie Non-Proliferation Project: North Korea Nuclear and Missile Timeline," <http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/resources/koreatimeline.htm>.

W. Seth Carus, Cruise Missile Proliferation in the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992).

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monitoring Proliferation Threats and East Asia Nonproliferation Projects, "North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program," <http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/korea/index.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Chronology of North Korean Missile Trade and Development 1980-1989," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/korea/chr8089.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/china/mtcrorg.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monitoring Proliferation Threats Program, "Chronology of Indian Missile Development," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monitoring Proliferation Threats Program, "Chronology of Pakistani Missile Development," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/pakchron.htm>.

Joseph Cirincione, The Ballistic Missile Threat (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001), <http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/joelaw.asp?p>.

Joseph Cirincione, "Assessing the Assessment: The 1999 National Intelligence Estimate of the Ballistic Missile Threat," The Nonproliferation Review 7 (Spring 2000), pp. 125-137.

Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (Rumsfeld Commission), Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, pursuant to Public Law 201, 104th Congress, July 15, 1998.

Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project, "Arrow TMD," Special Weapons Monitor (June 28, 2000), <http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/arrow.htm>.

Federation of American Scientists, "No-Dong," 2000,
<http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/facility/nodong.htm>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Shahab-3/Zelzal-3," 2002,
<http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/missile/shahab-3.htm>.

Trevor Findlay, ed., Chemical Weapons and Missile Proliferation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991).

Alton Frye, "Banning Ballistic Missiles", Foreign Affairs (Nov/Dec 1996),
<http://www.fas.org/nwp/pubs/AltonFrye.htm>.

Dennis Gormley, "Hedging Against the Cruise Missile Threat," Survival (Spring 1998), pp. 92-111.Aaron Karp, Ballistic Missile Proliferation: The Politics and Technics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Timothy V. McCarthy, “The Missile Technology Control Regime,” in Amy Sands and Michael Barletta, eds., Nonproliferation Regimes at Risk, Occasional Paper No. 3, Center for Nonproliferation Studies (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 1999),
<http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op3/mccarthy.htm>.

Gary Milhollin, "India's Missiles—With a Little Help from Our Friends," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May 1989), pp. 31-36.

Vladimir Orlov, and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (November-December 1998), pp. 34-39.

PBS Frontline, "Gulf War: SS-1 Scud,"
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/weapons/scud.html>.

William C. Potter and Harlan W. Jencks, eds., The International Missile Bazaar: The New Suppliers Network (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994).

Ronald W. Reagan, "Strategic Defense Initiative: U.S. President Ronald Reagan's March 1983 Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security," Atomic Archive,
<http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Starwars.shtml>.

Donald W. Rumsfeld, Senate testimony on Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, July 31, 1998,
<http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1998_cr/s980731-rumsfeld.htm>.

Mark Smith, "On Thin Ice: First Steps for the Ballistic Missile Code of Conduct", Arms Control Today (July/August 2002), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_07-08/smithjul_aug02.asp>.

Richard Speier, "An NPT for Missiles?" in Henry Sokolski, ed., Fighting Proliferation: New Concerns for the 1990s (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 1996), pp. 57-74.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Draft International Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, <http://projects.sipri.se/expcon/drafticoc.htm>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015: Unclassified Summary of a National Intelligence Estimate, 2001, <http://www.odci.gov/nic/pubs/2015_files/Unclassifiedballisticmissilefinal.htm>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, North Korea's Taepo Dong Launch and Some Implications on the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, December 8, 1998, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/archives/1998/walpole_speech
_120898.html>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Statement by Robert D. Walpole on The Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, February 9, 2000, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/archives/2000/nio_speech_
020900.html>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Statement by Robert D. Walpole on The Iranian Ballistic Missile and WMD Threat to the United States Through 2015, September 21, 2000, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/archives/2000/walpole_missile_
092200.htm>.

U.S. Department of Defense,  Office of the Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense News Briefing, 1/20/99, <http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan1999/t01201999_t0120md.html>.

U.S. National Intelligence Council, Foreign Missile Developments & the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States Through 2015, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/nie/nie99msl.html>.

Steve Wooley, Proliferation of Precision Navigation Technologies and Security Implications for the U.S. (Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, December 9, 1991).

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6.5 WMD Terrorism

Michael Barletta, Amy Sands, and Jonathan B. Tucker, "Keeping Track of Anthrax: The Case for a Biosecurity Convention," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May/June 2002), p.57-62, <http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2002/mj02/mj02barletta.html>.

Peter Barnes, "Tiny Nukes Pose Big Threat," 2001, <http://abcnews.go.com/sections/scitech/TechTV/TechTV_tinynuke011009.html>.

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA), "Managing the Atom: Nuclear Terrorism," <http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/MTA.nsf/www/N-Terror>.

Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the 21st Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, May 1999).

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, 2000 WMD Chronology: Incidents Involving Sub-national Actors and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear Materials, <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/cbrn2k.htm>.

CNN, "Anthrax Investigation," <http://www.cnn.com/interactive/health/0110/anthrax/
frameset.exclude.html>.

Council on Foreign Relations, Factsheet: Dirty Bombs, 2002, <http://www.cfrterrorism.org/weapons/dirtybomb.html>.

Richard A. Falkenrath, et al., America's Achilles Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998).

Federation of American Scientists, "Dirty Bombs: Response to a Threat," FAS Public Interest Report (March/April 2002), <http://www.fas.org/faspir/2002/v55n2/dirtybomb.htm>.

Federation of American Scientists, "Terrorism and WMD", 2002, <http://www.fas.org/terrorism/wmd/index.html>.

Donald Henderson, "The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism," Science (February 26, 1999), pp. 1279-1282, <http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/ecology/looming_threat_of_bioterrorism.htm>.

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1998).

Bruce Hoffman, "Terrorism and WMD: Some Preliminary Hypotheses," The Nonproliferation Review 4 (Spring-Summer 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol04/43/hoffma43.pdf>.

Institute for Science and International Security, "Special Section: Nuclear Terrorism,"
<http://www.isis-online.org/publications/terrorism/index.html>.

International Atomic Energy Agency, "Combating Nuclear Terrorism," <http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Press/Focus/Nuclear_Terrorism/>.

International Atomic Energy Agency, Inadequate Control of World's Radioactive Sources, June 25, 2002, <http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Press/Focus/RadSources/index.shtml>.

David E. Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (New York: Crown Publishers, 1996).

Barry Kellman, "WMD Terrorism¾Why? And What Can International Law Do?" OPCW Synthesis (June 2001), <http://www.opcw.org/synthesis/synthesis-six/2_kellm.pdf>.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Report No. 138, Management of Terrorist Events Involving Radioactive Material, <http://www.ncrp.com/138press.html>.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bioterrorism, <http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/bioterrorism.htm>.

Nuclear Control Institute, Nuclear Terrorism - How to Prevent It, <http://www.nci.org/nuketerror.htm>.

Jason Pate, “Anthrax and Mass-Casualty Terrorism: What is the Bioterrorist Threat After September 11?,” U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda (November 2001), <http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/1101/ijpe/pj63pate-2.htm>.

John Parachini, Combating Terrorism: Assessing Threats, Risk Management, and Establishing Priorities (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2000), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/paraterr.htm>.

Scott Parrish, Are Suitcase Nukes on the Loose? The Story Behind the Controversy (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/lebedlg.htm>.

PBS Frontline, "Russian Roulette," <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/russia/>.

Brad Roberts, ed., Terrorism with Chemical and Biological Weapons: Calibrating Risks and Responses (Alexandria, VA: Free Hand Press, 1997).

Alex Schmid, "Chemical Terrorism: Precedents and Prospects," OPCW Synthesis (June 2001), <http://www.opcw.org/synthesis/synthesis-six/3_schmid.pdf>.

J.D. Simon, "Biological Terrorism: Preparing to Meet the Threat," Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1997), pp. 428-430.

Amy Smithson, Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the U.S. Response (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2000), <http://www.stimson.org/?SN=CB20020111235>.

Ehud Sprinzak,"The Great Superterrorism Scare," Foreign Policy (Fall 1998), pp. 110-124, <http://jya.com/superterror.htm>.

Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

Jonathan B. Tucker, "Historical Trends Related to Bioterrorism: An Empirical Analysis," Emerging Infectious Diseases (July/August 1999),
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no4/tucker.htm>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, The Proliferation of Chemical and Biological Weapons Materials and Technologies to State and Sub-State Actors (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2001),
<http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/ttuck2.htm>.

Jonathan B. Tucker and Amy Sands, "An Unlikely Threat," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (July/August 1999), pp. 46-52, <http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1999/ja99/ja99tucker.html>.

Jonathan B. Tucker, ed., Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

U.S. Atomic Demolition Munition (ADM) Information, <http://www.brook.edu/FP/projects/nucwcost/madm.htm>.

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Chemical/Biological/Radiological Incidents Handbook, October 1998, <http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cbw/CBR_hdbk.htm>.

U.S. Department of State, Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism, 1999, <http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/1999report/sponsor.html>.

U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Amerithrax, <http://www.fbi.gov/majcases/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm>.

U.S. General Accounting Office, Combating Terrorism: Federal Spending to Combat Terrorism, March 1999, <http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/n299107t.pdf>.

U.S. General Accounting Office, Combating Terrorism: Need for Comprehensive Threat and Risk Assessments of Chemical and Biological Attacks, September 1999, <http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/ns99163.pdf>.

U.S. General Accounting Office, Combating Terrorism: Observations on Federal Spending to Combat Terrorism, March 11, 1999, <http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/n299107t.pdf>.

Aaron Weiss, "When Terror Strikes, Who Should Respond?" Parameters (Autumn 2001), pp. 117-133,
<http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Weiss.htm>.

Jean Pascal Zanders, "Assessing the Risk of Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation to Terrorists," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Fall 1999), <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/zander64.pdf>.

Raymond A. Zilinskas, Assessing the Threat of Bioterrorism (Monterey, CA: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 1999), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/zilin.htm>.

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6.6 WMD Proliferation

Jack N. Barkenbus, et al., eds., Nuclear Connection: A Reassessment of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Proliferation (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, January 1985).

Frank Barnaby, How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation in the 1990s (New York: Routledge, 1994).

Leonard Beaton, Must the Bomb Spread? (Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin Books, 1966).

Richard K. Betts, Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1987).

Robert D. Blackwill and Albert Carnesale, New Nuclear Nations: Consequences for U.S. Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, January 1994).

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monitoring Proliferation Threats Program, "North Korea’s Nuclear Program," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/korea/nuc/index.htm>.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "WMD in the Middle East," <http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/index.htm>.

Joseph Cirincione, ed., Repairing the Regime: Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction (New York: Routledge, 2000).

William Clark and Ryukichi Imai, eds., Next Steps in Arms Control and Non-Proliferation: Report of the U.S.-Japan Study Group on Arms Control and Non-Proliferation After the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996).

Anthony Cordesman and Arleigh Burke, Weapons of Mass Destruction and Asia (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001), <http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/asia_ro_wmdandasia.pdf>.

Anthony Cordesman and Arleigh Burke, Weapons of Mass Destruction and North Korea (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001),
<http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/asia_neac_wmdnkorea.pdf>.

Anthony Cordesman, Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001), <http://www.csis.org/burke/mb/me_wmd_mideast.pdf>.

Zachary S. Davis, "The Convergence of Arms Control and Nonproliferation: Vive la Difference," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/davis63.pdf>.

Zachary S. Davis and Benjamin Frankel, eds., The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread (And What Results) (New York: Frank Cass & Co., 1993).

Maurice Eisenstein, "Third World Missiles and Nuclear Proliferation," Washington Quarterly (Summer 1982), pp. 112-115.

Federation of American Scientists, NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, <http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/toc.htm>.

David Inglis, "The Fourth Country Problem: Let's Stop at Three," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January 1959), pp. 22-26.

Rodney W. Jones and Mark G. McDohough, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation, 1998: A Guide in Maps and Charts (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 1998).

Ambassador Robert Joseph, National Defense University, NATO’s Response to the Proliferation Challenge, 1996, <http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/forum66.html>.

Geoffrey Kemp, ed. Iran’s Nuclear Weapons Options: Issues and Analysis (Washington, D.C.: The Nixon Center, 2001), <http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/monographs/Iran%27s%20
Nuclear%20Weapons%20Options%20-%20Issues%20and%20Analysis2.pdf>.

Peter R. Lavoy, "Nuclear Myths and the Causes of Nuclear Proliferation," Security Studies (Spring/Summer 1993).

Robert S. Litwak and Mitchell Reiss, eds., Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

Richard G. Lugar, "The Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction: A U.S. Response," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/lugar63.pdf>.

Stephen M. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, June 1986).

Robert Fred Mozley, The Politics and Technology of Nuclear Proliferation (Seattle: University of Washington Press, September 1998).

Harald Müller, et al., Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Global Order (New York: Oxford University Press, August 1994).

Harald Müller, "Neither Hype Nor Complacency: WMD Proliferation after the Cold War," The Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol04/42/muller42.pdf>.

Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, Creating a Nuclear-Weapons Free World: A Guide for Students & All Concerned Citizens, 1998, <http://www.igc.org/napf/students/contents.html>.

Tanya Ogilvie-White, "Is there a Theory of Nuclear Proliferation? An Analysis of the Contemporary Debate," The Nonproliferation Review 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 43-60.

Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky, “Dismantling the Concept of ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction’”, Arms Control Today (April 1998), <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_04/wkhp98.asp>.

John B. Rhinelander and Adam M. Scheinman, At the Nuclear Crossroads (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1995).

Mitchell Reiss and Robert Litwak, Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994).

Brad Roberts, "Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s: Looking for the Right Lessons," The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Fall 1999), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/robert64.pdf>.

Brad Roberts, "Controlling the Proliferation of Biological Weapons," The Nonproliferation Review 2 (Fall 1994),
<http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol02/21/robert21.pdf>.

Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth Neal Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

Lawrence Scheinman, Atomic Energy Policy in France under the Fourth Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965).

Dany Shoham, "Does Saudi Arabia Have or Seek Chemical or Biological Weapons?" The Nonproliferation Review 6 (Spring-Summer 1999),  <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/shoham63.pdf>.

Joshua Sinai, "Libya's Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction," The Nonproliferation Review 4 (Spring-Summer 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol04/43/sinai43.pdf>.

Henry Sokolski, "Nonapocalyptic Proliferation: A New Strategic Threat?" Washington Quarterly (Spring 1994), pp. 115-27.

Henry Sokolski, ed., 21st Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready? (London: Frank Cass, 2001).

Leonard S. Spector, Nuclear Proliferation Today (New York: Vintage Books, 1984).

Leonard S. Spector and Jacqueline R. Smith, Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990).

Bradley A. Thayer, "The Causes of Nuclear Proliferation and the Utility of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime," Security Studies 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 463-519.

Kenneth Timmerman, "Fighting Proliferation Through Democracy: A Competitive Strategies Approach toward Iran," in Henry Sokolski, ed., Prevailing in a Well-Armed World (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), pp. 111-132.

Victor A. Utgoff and Larry D. Welch, eds., The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U.S. Interests, and World Order (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Statement by A. Norman Schindler on Iran’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, September 22, 2000, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/archives/2000/schindler_WMD_092200.htm>.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service, Iraqi Chemical & Biological Weapons (CBW), 1998, <http://www.senate.gov/%7Edpc/crs/reports/ascii/98-129>.

U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service, Nuclear Proliferation Factbook, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO, 1995).

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, D.C.: OTA, 1993),
<http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk1/1993/9341/934101.PDF>.

U. S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, November 1997.

U.S. Department of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, January 2001, <http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/ptr20010110.pdf>.

U.S. Senate, Armed Service Committee, Statement by Ambassador Robert Joseph on Emerging Threats from WMD Proliferation, March 23, 1999, <http://www.senate.gov/%7Earmed_services/statemnt/1999/990323rj.pdf>.

U.S. Senate, Senate Select Intelligence Committee, Defense Intelligence Agency Statement on Global Threats and Challenges Through 2015, February 2001, <http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/01020712.htm>.

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