General NWFZ Resources:

The Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL).

Matthew Fuhrmann and Xiaojun Li, "Legalizing Nuclear Abandonment: The Determinants of Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty Ratification" Working Paper, Managing the Atom Project, Harvard University March 14, 2008 http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Legalizing%20Nuclear%20Abandonment.pdf

Scott Parrish and Jean du Preez, “Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: Still a Useful Disarmament and Nonproliferation Tool?” Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, Paper No. 6 (pp. 1-11)

M. Hamel-Green, Regional Initiatives on Nuclear and WMD-Free Zones: Cooperative Approaches to Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, UNIDIR, 2005

Declaration for the Conference of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones, Conference of States Parties and Signatories of Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, Mexico city, April 26-28, 2005.

Alves, P. Gasparini, and Cipollone, D. B. (Eds.). "Nuclear-Weapon Free Zones in the 21st Century." New York: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1997.

Blix, Hans. "The IAEA full scope Safeguards Agreements and compliance with them by Parties to the Nuclear Weapon Free Zones." Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Homepage, 1999. 

Center for Nonproliferation Studies. "Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes." 

Diehl, Sarah, and Moltz, James Clay. "Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation." Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2002.

Goldblat, Jozef. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: A History and Assessment." The Nonproliferation Review 4, Spring/Summer 1997. 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 

International Court of Justice. "Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons," July 8, 1996. 

Kucia, Christine. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones (NWFZ) At a Glance." Arms Control Association Fact Sheet, July 2003.  

McDonough, Mark G. Tracking Nuclear Proliferation: A Guide in Maps and Charts. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1998. 

Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Nuclear Weapon Free Zones (NWFZs)." 

Rauf, Tariq. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones." Center for Nonproliferation Studies, July 25, 1997. 

Rosen, Mark. E. "Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: Time for a Fresh Look." Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 8 (Fall 1997). 

Shapiro, Adam. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: The Solution to Nuclear Disarmament?" UN Chronicle Online Edition, 2004.  

"Towards a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: The Need for a New Agenda. Declaration by Delegates From Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa, and Sweden." June 9, 1998. 

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA), WMD Branch. 

United Nations Disarmament Commission. "Establishment of NWFZs on the Basis of Arrangements Freely Arrived At Among the States of the Region Concerned," June 9, 1999. 

Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and the NPT

"Final Document of the 2000 NPT Review Conference." 2000 NPT Review Conference document NPT/CONF.2000/28. May 2000. 

NPT Briefing Book, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 2007.

Simpson, John (ed). "NPT Briefing Book." 4th ed. Southampton, UK: The Mountbatten Centre for International Studies & The Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), 2004. 

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs. "1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference." May 1995.  

Zone-Specific Sources:

Tlatelolco Treaty (Latin American and Caribbean NWFZ):

The Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL). "The Treaty of Tlatelolco and the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: An Example to Follow," 1999. 

Garcia Robles, Alfonso. "The Latin American Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone, (December 11, 1982)." Singapore: Nobel Lectures, Peace 1981-1990, 1997.

Organization of American States (OAS). 

Rarotonga Treaty (South Pacific NWFZ):

Spector, Leonard, and Kuchinsky, Leah. "Australian Foreign Minister: Treaty Bans Australian Uranium Exports To India," Center for Nonproliferation Studies, August 27, 2007.
 

Danielsson, Bengt. "Poisoned Pacific: The Legacy of French Nuclear Testing." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 46,March 1990. 

Fourteenth South Pacific Forum. "Forum Communiqué." August 29-30, 1983. 

Keating, P.J. "The 50th Anniversary of the United Nations Australia and a World Without Nuclear Weapons." Canberra Parliament House Speech, October 24, 1995. 

Millar, Caroline. "Regional Non-Proliferation Arrangements: Rarotonga." Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Homepage, 1998. 

"New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone: Disarmament, and Arms Control Act of 1987." June 8, 1987. 

Bangkok Treaty (Southeast Asian NWFZ):

Association of Southeast Asian Nations. "Declaration on a Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality." November 27, 1971. 

Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT). "Protocol to the Southeast ASIA NWFZ Treaty," December 15, 1971.  

Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT). "Issues on the Establishment and Implementation of the Treaty on the Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone," November 17, 2000 (Updated).  

Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT). "Malaysia and Nuclear Issues in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations," November 17, 2000 (Updated). 

"Nuclear Freedom in Asia." New Straits Times (Malaysia). December 11, 1995. on Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT) Homepage. 

Nuclear Threat Initiative. "China and NWFZs." 

---. "Treaty of Bangkok [Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ)]." 

Subedi, Surya P. "Problems and Prospects for the Treaty on the Creation of a Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone in Southeast Asia." The International Journal of Peace Studies, January 1999.  

Suryanarayana, P.S. "Emerging Asian Questions." Frontline Magazine (India) 20, October/November 2003. 

"Testimony by Winston Lord, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs to the United States of America House International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific." May 30, 1996. 

Pelindaba Treaty (African NWFZ):

Pelindaba Treaty Resources Page, CNS Website, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/080411_pelindaba.htm

duPreez, Jean, "The Race Towards Entry Into Force of the Pelindaba Treaty: Mozambique Leading the Charge," CNS Website, http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/080331_pelindaba.htm

Towards 2010: The Role of the African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty in Strengthening the Disarmament Objectives of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): a Southern African Regional Seminar, co-hosted by the Institute for Security Studies and the James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies, March 31 — April 1, 2008, Workshop Report, http://cns.miis.edu/research/treaty_pelindaba/pdfs/pelindaba_workshop_summary.pdf

The Potential Role and Functions of the African Commission on Nuclear Energy: Assessing the Benefits for Africa, paper By Jean du Preez, presented at the March 2008 Southern African regional workshop on the entry-into-force of the Pelindaba Treaty, March 2008, http://cns.miis.edu/research/treaty_pelindaba/pdfs/pelindaba_afcone_rev2.pdf

Adeniji, Oluyemi. "The Treaty of Pelindaba on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone." Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002.

African Union (AU) (formerly the Organization for African Unity (OAU)). 

Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia. "International Organizations: Non-Aligned Movement." 

Ogunbanwo, Sola. "Accelerate the Ratification of the Pelindaba Treaty." The Nonproliferation Review 10, Spring 2003.

Pakistani Board of Investment. "Pakistan and the Non-Aligned Movement." 

South African Department of Foreign Affairs. "African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty (ANWFZ) (Treaty of Pelindaba)." 

Other Areas Free of Nuclear Weapons:

Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL). "Monglia's Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status." 

Enkhsaikhan, Amb. J. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status: Concept and Practice." August 1999.

Glosserman, Brad. "Mongolia's Nuclear Weapon Free Wish." Japan Times, December 23, 2004.

Permanent Mission of Mongolia to the United Nations. "The Case for the Single-State Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone." United Nations Homepage. 

"United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space." Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III), 1999. 

Central Asian NWFZ:

Central Asia: Regional Security and WMD Proliferation Threats, an article by Togzhan Kassenova for Disarmament Forum.http://www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art2684.pdf

Parrish, Scott and Potter, William. "Central Asian States Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Despite U.S. Opposition." Center for Nonproliferation Studies, September 5, 2006

Toki, Masako. "Japan's Nuclear Cop-out." Op-Ed for Asia Times Online, September 15, 2006.

"Almaty Declaration adopted by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan." February 28, 1997. 

"Draft Resolution: Establishment of a NWFZ in Central Asia proposed by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to the United Nations General Assembly First Committee." November 6, 1997. 

Ishiguri, Tsutomu. "Agreement on a Central Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty Text-From Samarkand to Semipalatinsk." United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific, 2002.

Karimova, Alla. "Possibilities of a Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Creation in Central Asia." Uzbekistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs." Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Uzbekistan. 

Parrish, Scott. "Central Asian States Achieve Breakthrough on Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Treaty." Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), September 30, 2002. . 

---. "Progress Towards a Central Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone." Nuclear Threat Initiative, December 1997. 

South Asia:

"Agreement between India and Pakistan on Prohibition of Attack Against Nuclear Installations and Facilities adopted by the governments of India and Pakistan." December 31, 1988. 

Pande, Savita. "Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in South Asia." Strategic Analysis Journal 12, February 1999. 

Middle East:

Baumgart, Claudia and Muller, Harald. "A Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone in the Middle East: A Pie in the Sky?" The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2004-05.

Cohen, Avner and Graham, Thomas. "WMD in the Middle East: A Diminishing Currency." Disarmament Diplomacy 79. 

Shaker, Mohamed I. 'The Middle East Issue: Possibilities of a Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone." OPANAL Website

Prawitz, Jan and Leonard, James. "A Zone Free of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East. (New York: United Nations, 1996)

Cserveny et al., Building a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East: Global Non-Proliferation Regimes and Regional Experiences, UNIDIR, December 2004

Feldman, Shai. Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East, Cambridge, Mass: MIT University Press, 1997.

Yaffe, Michael D. "Promoting Arms Control and Regional Security in the Middle East." Disarmament Forum 2 2001.

Elwi Saif, Mostafa. "Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in The Middle East: An Egyptian View." Cairo University. 

Federation of American Scientists. "Mideast Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (MENWFZ)." 

Heller, Mark A. "Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East: An Israeli Perspective." Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel-Aviv University. 

"Iran Resumes Nuclear Activities, Could Be 'Months Away' From Uranium Enrichment Capability." Global Security Newswire. July 27, 2004.

"Resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference." May 1995. 

Southern Hemisphere NWFZ:

Brazilian Permanent Mission to the United Nations. "Nuclear Weapons Free Southern Hemisphere and Adjacent Areas." United Nations Homepage. 

Kelly, Graham and Smith, Nick. "Parliamentarians and a Nuclear Weapon Free Southern Hemisphere and Adjacent Areas." Aotearoa/New Zealand Section of the Parliamentary Network for Nuclear Disarmament, March 16, 2003.  

"Explanation of Vote given after the vote on L.34 Nuclear-weapon-free Southern Hemisphere and adjacent areas by the U.S. on behalf of the P-3." 

New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Southern Hemisphere and Adjacent Areas." 

Korean Peninsula/Northeast Asia:

Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). "Joint Declaration of South and North Korea on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). "Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO)." Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes.

Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). "US-DPRK Agreed Framework." Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes.

Federation of American Scientists. "Nuclear Weapons Program." 

Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Three Non-Nuclear Principles." 

Liping, Xia. "Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones: Lessons for Nonproliferation in Northeast Asia." Nonproliferation Review 6, Fall 1999. 

Samsung, Lee. "A Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in Northeast Asia: The Political and Security Context." 

Central and Eastern European NWFZ:

Kelly, Martin. "History of the Proposal for a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in Europe." Nuclear Threat Initiative, February 1996. 

"Letter Dated 4 May 1998 from the Deputy Head of the Delegation of Poland addressed to the Chairman of the Preparatory Committee." NPT PrepCom Document NPT/CONF.2000/PC.II/24. May 6, 1998. 

Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Belarus: Positions on Nuclear Weapons-Related Issues." April 8, 2003. 

Pande, Savita. "Scope for Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in Central and Eastern Europe." Strategic Analysis 12, October 1998. 

Potter, William. "Unsafe at Any Size." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 53, May/June 1997. 

Potter, William and David Fischer. "Nuclear Free: Better Than NATO, Europe: Central and Eastern nations need protection, but not confrontation with Russia." Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). September 30, 1996. 

Tsepkalo, Valery. "Remarks from a Panel on 'Belarus Proposes to Set Up a Nuclear-Free Space in Central and Eastern Europe." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 9-10, 1997. 

"Uppsala Declaration on Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones of September 4, 2000." Disarmament Diplomacy, September 2000. 

"Working paper on Nuclear Weapon Free Zones." 2000 NPT Review Conference Document NPT/CONF.2000.MC.II/WP.16. 

Security Assurances:

Blair, Charles and Jean duPreez, "Visions of Fission: The Demise of Nuclear Negative Security Assurances on the Bush Administration's Pentomic Battlefield," Nonproliferation Review 12, Summer 2005.

Bunn, George. "The Legal Status of U.S. Negative Security Assurances to Non-Nuclear Weapon States." The Nonproliferation Review 4, Spring-Summer 1997.

"China's National Statement on Security Assurances." April 5 1995. 

duPreez, Jean. "The Role of Security Assurances: Is Any Progress Possible?" Nuclear Threat Initiative, April 2004. 

Spector, Leonard S. and Aubrie Ohlde, "Negative Security Assurances: Revisiting the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Option," Arms Control Today 35, April 2005. 

White House. "National Security Strategy of the United States of America," September 2002. 

"National Security Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction," December 2002. 

UN Documents Related to the Establishment of NWFZ:

Texts of various UN General Assembly and Security Council resolutions referred to were accessed through the UN Bibliographic Information System (Dag Hammarskjold Library) at http://unbisnet.un.org/, and the UN Security Council documents website at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/.

Resolutions referred to include:

Resolution 1652 (XVI), 1961 (Consideration of Africa as a Denuclearized Zone)

Resolution 1911, 1963 (Denuclearization of Latin America)

Resolution 2286 (XXII), 1967 (Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America)

SC Resolution 255, 1968 (Questions Relating to Measures to Safeguard Non-Nuclear-Weapon States Parties to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons)

Resolution 3477 (XXX), 1975 (Establishment of a NWFZ in the South Pacific)

Resolution 38/65, 1983 (Establishment of a NWFZ in South Asia)

Resolution 38/181A, 1983 (Implementation of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa)

Resolution 39/55, 1984 (Establishment of a NWFZ in South Asia)

Resolution 39/61B, 1984 (Implementation of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa)

Resolution 44/119F, 1989 (South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty)

Resolution 45/53, 1990 (Establishment of a NWFZ in South Asia)

Resolution 45/56A, 1990 (Implementation of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa)

SC Resolution 687, 1991 (Regarding the Situation in the Persian Gulf)

Resolution 47/76, 1992 (Implementation of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa)

Resolution 49/72, 1994 (Establishment of a NWFZ in South Asia)

Resolution 49/83, 1994 (Consolidation of the Regime Established by the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco))

Resolution 49/138, 1994 (Establishment of an African NWFZ)

Resolution 50/78, 1995 (Final Text of the African NWFZ Treaty (the Pelindaba Treaty))

SC Resolution 984, 1995 (regarding negative security assurances)

Resolutions 51/45[B], 1996; 52/38[N] 1998; 53/77[Q], 1999; 54/54[L], 2000; 55/33[I], 2001; 56/24[G], 2002; 57/73,
2003 (all regarding the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Southern Hemisphere and Adjacent Areas)

Resolution 51/53, 1996 (African NWFZ Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba))

Resolutions 52/38S, 1997; and 53/77A, 1998 (Establishment of a NWFZ in Central Asian)

Resolution 52/46, 1997 (African NWFZ Treaty)

SC Resolution 1172, 1998 (regarding nuclear testing by India and Pakistan)

Resolution 54/48, 1999 (African NWFZ Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba))

Resolution 54/54G, 1999 (towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: the need for a new agenda)

Report of the Disarmament Commission on "The Establishment of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones on the Basis of Arrangements Freely Arrived at Among the States of the Region Concerned," June 9, 1999

Resolution 55/33C, 2000 (towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: the need for a new agenda)

Resolution 56/17, 2001 (African NWFZ Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba))

Resolution 57/59, 2002 (towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: the need for a new agenda)

Resolution 57/67, 2002 (Mongolia's International Security and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status)

Resolution 57/69, 2002 (Establishment of a NWFZ in Central Asia)

Resolution 58/30, 2003 (African NWFZ Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba))

Resolution 58/34, 2003 (Establishment of a NWFZ in the region of the Middle East)

Resolution 58/49, 2003 (Nuclear-Weapon-Free Southern Hemisphere and Adjacent Areas)

Resolution 58/51, 2003 (towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: a new agenda)

"Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the UN General Assembly" (1978). 

"Guidelines and recommendations for the regional approaches to disarmament within the context of global security" (1993). 

UN General Assembly Resolution 3472B. (December 11, 1975). 

"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." 

Chronology:

"A New Strategic Framework? Detailing the Bush Approach to Nuclear Security, An ACT Interview with Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security John R. Bolton." Arms Control Today. February 2002. 

Boucher, Richard. "State Department Briefing," February 22, 2002. 

Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS). "International Organizations and Nonproliferation Program Inventory." 

Evans, Michael. "Iran Resumes Nuclear Activities, Could be 'Months Away' From Uranium Enrichment Capability." London Times. July 27, 2004. Global Security Newswire. 

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. "Hiroshima Peace Site." 

Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies. The Arms Control Reporter: A Chronicle of Treaties, Negotiations, Proposals, Weapons and Policy. 

Nagasaki Web City. "Record of the Atomic Bombing in Nagasaki."

Nuclear Threat Initiative. "WMD 411 Chronology."