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Nuclear Cooperation Agreements
According to the open source literature, over the years China has established governmental nuclear cooperation agreements with approximately twenty countries. Addressing the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen stated that Beijing has "signed governmental agreements of cooperation on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with 14 countries." ["Statement By H.E. Qian Qichen, Vice Premier And Foreign Minister And Head Of Delegation Of The People's Republic Of China At The 1995 Review And Extension Conference Of The Parties To The Treaty On The Non-Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons," 19 April 1995.]
Each agreement reportedly contains a guarantee that China's nuclear exports will only be used for peaceful purposes, and if the recipient country is a non-nuclear-weapon state (NNWS), the exports will be under IAEA safeguards. The agreements contain a guarantee against the re-transfer of material or equipment by either country without prior consent by the other country. Most of the agreements also require adequate physical protection on all imported material and equipment in the territory of either country. According to Weixing Hu, China has negotiated nuclear cooperation agreements in order to build a more "responsible" image. [Weixing Hu, "China's Nuclear Export Controls: Policy And Regulations," Nonproliferation Review, Winter 1994, p. 5.]
CHINA'S NUCLEAR COOPERATION AGREEMENTS
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| ALGERIA | February 1983 | -Cooperation in peaceful uses of
nuclear energy
-Provision of 15 MW research reactor |
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| ALGERIA | June 1996 | -2nd project of research facilities | |
| ALGERIA | 21 May 1997 | -Chinese provision of blueprints and designs for construction of 3rd phase project of Algeria's Center for Nuclear Energy Research | |
| ARGENTINA | 15 April 1985 | Indefinite | -Peaceful uses of nuclear energy
-Nuclear fuel cycle research and development |
| BELGIUM | 19 April 1995 | Indefinite | -Peaceful uses of nuclear energy |
| BELGO-LUXEMBOURG ECONOMIC UNION | 23 November 1979 | Indefinite | -Nuclear cooperation |
| BRAZIL | 29 May 1984 | No provision | -Peaceful uses of nuclear energy
-Civilian nuclear materials and equipment -Agreement to pursue negotiations on a nuclear cooperation agreement -Reciprocal IAEA safeguards on items transferred under agreement |
| CANADA | 7 November 1994 | 30 years (renewal every 10 years) | -Peaceful uses of nuclear energy
-Agreement not to enrich uranium above 20% -Agreement not to establish new agreements for reprocessing |
| CHILE | 17 March 1989 | Unknown | -Geology and mining
-Uranium processing in acid volcanic rocks and uranium extractive metallurgy -China will help Chile extract uranium from the Andes Mountains |
| FINLAND | 1987 | Unknown | -Comprehensive agreement |
| FRANCE | April 1987 | Unknown | -Civil Uses of Nuclear Energy |
| FRANCE | Signed November 1986;
Entered into force 4 April 1987 |
Unknown | -Concerning Safety Evaluation of the Guangdong Nuclear Power Station |
| FRANCE | 1984 | -Comprehensive agreement | |
| FRANCE | 11 December 1984 | Terminated 10 December 1989 | -Cooperation in Nuclear Safety |
| FRANCE | 5 May 1983 | Unknown | -Memorandum of Understanding regarding
the supply of nuclear power plants
-Followed by a 12 March 1986 letter of intent regarding two reactors |
| FRANCE | 22 November 1982;
Amended 16 October 1984 |
Unknown | -Cooperation Agreement |
| FRANCE | 15 January 1979 | Unknown | -Cooperation Agreement |
| FRANCE | Signed 21 January 1978;
Entered into force 2 May 1978 |
Indefinite | -Scientific and Technical Cooperation;
-1979 and 1982 agreements are based on this agreement. |
| FRANCE | -Also of note:
-On 25 November 1994, the Xinhua News Agency announced China and France signed a protocol promising to strengthen their cooperation in developing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. The two organizations would share research findings regarding pressurized water reactors and will conduct joint research on fast neutron reactors and waste disposal |
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| GERMANY | 12 April 1992 | Unknown | -Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety |
| GERMANY | January 1989 | Unknown | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement;
-Reportedly includes the construction of a 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor and the intent to construct a 300 MW high temperature reactor -Reportedly marks 10 years of China-FRG research and technical cooperation |
| GERMANY | 11 April 1986 | Unknown | -Scientific and Technical Cooperation and Nuclear Cooperation |
| GERMANY | 1987 | ||
| GERMANY | 9 May 1984 | Terminates 8 May 2004 | -Comprehensive agreement |
| INDONESIA | 1985 | Unknown | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, including technical assistance and training |
| IRAN | 6 July 1993 | -Protocol covering cooperation in
several areas, including the construction of a nuclear power reactor to be
constructed in China
-This agreement mentioned only one reactor, not two as in the September 1992 agreement -Iran stated that the reactor would be used for peaceful purposes and would be under full IAEA safeguards |
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| IRAN | 10 September 1992 | -Agreement on "nuclear energy
cooperation"
-The agreement was intended to allow Iran to acquire two 300 MW power reactors from China -Reportedly also included cooperation in the exploration for and extraction of uranium ore -Called for the application of IAEA safeguards |
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| IRAN | 1992 | -Agreement to supply Iran with various equipment, including electromagnetic uranium enrichment technology | |
| IRAN | 1991 | -Secret agreement on the provision of nuclear technology to Iran | |
| IRAN | 1990 | -Ten-year agreement on scientific (including nuclear) cooperation and transfer of military technology | |
| IRAN | June 1990 | Unknown | -Agreement for the supply of a small research reactor |
| IRAN | 1989 | -Secret agreement on the provision of nuclear technology to Iran | |
| IRAN | 1985 | -Agreement on reactors and reactor
sites
-Not officially recognized by the Chinese government |
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| ITALY | 1987 | Terminated 1992 | -Exchange of Nuclear Safety Information |
| ITALY | 1984 | Unknown | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement |
| ITALY | 19 May 1980 | Unknown | -Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy |
| JAPAN | 3 May 1994 | -Cooperation arrangement on nuclear
safety; provides for information and personnel exchanges in order to improve
nuclear safety
-The agreement is in conjunction with a 1985 nuclear energy cooperation agreement signed by the two countries |
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| JAPAN | September 1989 | -Nuclear cooperation agreement
-Cooperation in the following areas: power reactor design, nuclear medicine, environmental protection, and radioactive waste management |
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| JAPAN | Signed 31 July 1985;
Entered into force 10 July 1986 |
Indefinite | -Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy |
| PAKISTAN | 1991 | -Nuclear cooperation agreement, including the supply of a 300 MW power reactor | |
| PAKISTAN | November 1989 | -Draft Agreement for Supply of a
Nuclear Power Plant
-Includes the 300 MW reactor for Chashma |
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| PAKISTAN | 15 September 1986 | Unknown | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
-Comprehensive agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear power |
| PAKISTAN | 26 May 1976 | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
-Possible continuation of a 30 July 1966 technical cooperation agreement -Not certain that nuclear cooperation was involved |
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| ROMANIA | 1984 | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
-Comprehensive agreement |
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| RUSSIA | 24 April 1996 | -Agreement on cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and in broader development of the energy sector | |
| RUSSIA | March 1994 | -Cooperation agreement for construction of a uranium enrichment plant | |
| RUSSIA | December 1993 | -Nuclear cooperation agreement | |
| RUSSIA | 1992 | -Nuclear cooperation agreement on the supply of two 1,000 MW power reactors | |
| RUSSIA | Signed 24 April 1990 (with USSR) | Ten-year duration | -Economic and Scientific Cooperation
Agreement
-Includes the supply of two nuclear power stations |
| SOUTH KOREA | February 1995 | -Agreement for cooperation in establishing manufacturing facilities in China for nuclear components and equipment, and on the fabrication of sets of major components for 30-40 reactors | |
| SOUTH KOREA | 13 December 1994 | -Protocol on requiring cooperation
between the two countries in monitoring radioactivity and in alerting one
another of any nuclear accidents
-Provides for the exchange of information and nuclear experts |
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| SOUTH KOREA | November 1994 | -Bilateral nuclear energy agreement that will allow South Korean companies to take part in the construction of nuclear power plants in China | |
| SOUTH KOREA | 31 October 1994 | -China-South Korea Nuclear Cooperation
Agreement
-South Korea agreed to "cooperate" in Chinese nuclear power projects |
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| SOUTH KOREA | June 1994 | -Memorandum of understanding on technical cooperation (CNNC-KEPCO) | |
| SOUTH KOREA | February 1991 | Unknown | China's Research Institute of Nuclear Power Operation (RINPO) and South Korea's Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) signed an agreement, which included a contract to provide information |
| SPAIN | 1985 | Unknown | -Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
-Comprehensive agreement |
| SWEDEN | 5 December 1978 | Indefinite | -Industrial and Scientific Cooperation in the Nuclear Field |
| SWITZERLAND | 12 November 1986 | Indefinite | -Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy |
| UKRAINE | 27 March 1996 | -Peaceful use of nuclear energy
-Includes cooperation in uranium ore prospecting and mining, joint research and development of water-cooled reactors, and cooperation in the construction and safety measures of nuclear power reactors |
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| UNITED KINGDOM | 3 June 1985 | Indefinite | -Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of
Nuclear Energy
-Comprehensive agreement |
| UNITED STATES |
Indefinite |
-Statement of Intent Between the Department of Energy and the United States of America and the China Atomic Energy Authority of the People's Republic of China Concerning Cooperation in the Fields of Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism -Includes nuclear reactor technology and nuclear application technologies -Nuclear emergency management and safety -Export controls on nuclear materials, equipment, technology, dual-use items -International nuclear safeguards and physical protection -Radioactive source security |
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| UNITED STATES | 16 September 2003 | Indefinite | -Statement of Intent on the Implementation of Government Assurance of Nuclear Technology Transfer |
| UNITED STATES | 15 September 2003 | Indefinite | -Note Exchange on Government Assurance of Nuclear Technology Transfer |
| UNITED STATES | 29 June 1998 | Indefinite | -Agreement between DOE and State Development Planning Commission (National Development and Reform Commission) on Cooperation Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Technology |
| UNITED STATES | 23 July 1985 | Indefinite | -Agreement for Cooperation Between the
Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's
Republic of China Concerning the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy -Comprehensive agreement -Entry into force contingent upon US presidential certification that China is not contributing to nuclear proliferation |
| YUGOSLAVIA (FORMER) | 1985 | Unknown | -Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
-Includes technical assistance, materials, and equipment. |
| YUGOSLAVIA (FORMER) | 30 April 1980 | Unknown | -Cooperation for Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy |
[Sources: "Pact With China Sets Stage For Reactor Deal," Nuclear News, August 1993, p. 64; Robert Shuey and Shirley A. Kan, "Chinese Missile And Nuclear Proliferation: Issues For Congress," CRS Issue Brief, 29 September 1995, p. 12; "Late News In Brief," Nuclear News, October 1992, pp. 17-18; "Iran Ratified Nuclear Agreements With Russia And China," Nuclear News, May 1993, p. 20; Al-Majallah (London), 17 December 1995, pp. 50-54, by Konstantin Matveyev; in "Russia, PRC, Links To Iranian Nuclear Program Assessed," FBIS-TAC-96-004, 17 December 1995; James F. Keeley with Nancy J. Pearson-Mackie and Sheila K. Singh, A List of Bilateral Civilian Nuclear Co-Operation Agreements, Strategic Studies Program, University of Calgary, 1992; Sergei Mushkaterov and Yuriy Rogozhin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 15 June 1995, p. iv. Ministry of Atomic Energy (Russia); in ENS NucNet, 21 March 1994; Simon Rippon, "China: Ready For More Nuclear Power," Nuclear News, June 1995, pp. 32-33; China Daily (in Chinese) (web edition), 23 May 1997.; Department of Energy, "U.S., China Affirm Nuclear Technology Exchange Safeguards," 16 September 2003.; National Nuclear Security Administration, "Statement of Intent Between the Department of Energy and the United States of America and the China Atomic Energy Authority of the People's Republic of China Concerning Cooperation in the Fields of Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism," 12 January 2004.]
This
material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin
Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of
International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the
opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or
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