South Africa

Country Spotlight

From the 1940s-1990s, South Africa’s apartheid government engaged in research and development of weapons of mass destruction. In 1989, however, its decision to end the nuclear program made South Africa the only country to achieve a nuclear weapon capability and voluntarily relinquish it. In 1993, it also ended its biological, chemical, and ballistic missile programs.

Region Sub-Saharan Africa

1982 Armscor builds South Africa’s first operational nuclear weapon

6 Total number of nuclear weapons built by South Africa

1993 Official end of all WMD programs

Nuclear

Built six gun-type nuclear weapons during the 1980s
Dismantled nuclear weapons program in 1991 and joined the NPT as a non-nuclear weapon state
Champion of nonproliferation and disarmament in the post-apartheid era, led efforts to establish the Treaty of Pelindaba and the African Commission on Nuclear Energy (AFCONE)

South Africa Nuclear Overview

Understanding the New Nuclear Weapons Ban

nuclear symbol with no symbol circle with line through it

Interactive & Visualization

Understanding the New Nuclear Weapons Ban

Cold War Lessons for Contemporary U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Cooperation: The South African Case

Report

Cold War Lessons for Contemporary U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Cooperation: The South African Case

Biological

Developed biological weapons during 1980s under Project Coast, which was dismantled in 1993
Utilized anthrax and botulinum toxin to target perceived enemies of the apartheid regime
Party to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) since 1975

South Africa Biological Overview

Fact Sheet

South Africa Biological Overview

Tutorial on Biological Weapons Nonproliferation

Teaching Tool

Tutorial on Biological Weapons Nonproliferation

Missile

1989 test launch revealed South Africa's ballistic missile program, developed with help from Israel
Ended missile and space launch programs in 1993 in response to sanctions and international scrutiny
Member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC)

South Africa Missile Overview

Fact Sheet

South Africa Missile Overview

Nuclear Disarmament South Africa

Fact Sheet

Nuclear Disarmament South Africa

Chemical

Developed chemical agents, including mustard gas, sarin gas, and BZ, under Project Coast (dismantled in 1993)
Believed to have used chemical agents against perceived enemies of the state
Member of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) since 1995

South Africa Chemical Overview

Fact Sheet

South Africa Chemical Overview

Tutorial on Chemical Weapons Nonproliferation

Teaching Tool

Tutorial on Chemical Weapons Nonproliferation

Treaties and Regimes Memberships

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NPT

The NPT is a treaty aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through the three pillars of non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy.

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Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) bans the use, possession, testing, and transfer of nuclear weapons under international law.

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Pelindaba Treaty

The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone (ANWFZ) Treaty of Pelindaba established the African continent as a Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone.

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Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

The BTWC mandates the elimination of existing biological weapons and prohibits developing, stockpiling, or using biological and toxin weapons.

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