Iraq Flag for Iraq

Iraq

Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq pursued every major category of WMD, but dismantled its programs under UN supervision following defeat in the 1991 Gulf War. Nonetheless, unfounded U.S. suspicions that Iraq was reconstituting its WMD programs led to the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and regime change. Today, Iraq has no WMD programs nor ballistic missiles.

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Region   Middle East and North Africa

16 Known military uses of chemical weapons during Iran-Iraq War

690+ Metric tons of chemical weapons agents destroyed by the UN

12,500 Liters of undeclared biological agents reportedly destroyed

80+ Scud missile attacks against Saudi Arabia and Israel during 1991 Gulf War

Nuclear

  • Began nuclear weapons development under then-Vice President Saddam Hussein in 1970's
  • IAEA Director General announced in 2003 declared no evidence of a reconstituted nuclear program
  • Security concerns in 2014 regarding stolen radioactive material in former IS-controlled territory

Biological

  • Produced large quantities of botulinum toxin, anthrax, and aflatoxin during the 1980's and early 1990's
  • 166 R400 bombs and 25 Al Hussein warheads were filled with biological agents and deployed but never used
  • Iraq Survey Group confirmed that Iraq abandoned its bioweapons program in 1991

Missile

  • Pursued ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles during the 1990s 
  • Concealed majority of ballistic missile program from the UN during 1990s inspections
  • Subject to missile strikes on U.S. occupational bases by Iran-backed militias

Chemical

  • Used mustard gas and tabun against Iranian and Kurdish populations during Iran-Iraq War 
  • Unilaterally declared all chemical weapons disarmament issues resolved in 1998
  • Various chemical weapons were found on the Iraqi black market after the 2003 Iraq War

Treaties and Regimes Memberships

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Biological Weapons Convention (BTWC)

The BTWC mandates the elimination of existing biological weapons and prohibits developing, stockpiling, or using biological and toxin weapons.

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Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) requires countries to destroy all chemical weapons and prohibits developing, stockpiling, or using chemical weapons.

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Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear explosion tests on Earth. It needs eight key countries to ratify before entry into force.

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NPT

The NPT is a treaty aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through the three pillars of non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy.

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Analysis

Iraq

Investing in Global Health Security: How to Build a Fund for Pandemic Preparedness in 2022

Paper

Investing in Global Health Security: How to Build a Fund for Pandemic Preparedness in 2022

On April 21, 2022, immediately after G20 finance ministers and central bank governors reached consensus to establish a new Fund for preparedness at the World Bank, a group of leading experts and stakeholders from governments, civil society, academia, and multilateral institutions working in global health, global health security, and biodefense met to review progress and offer advice on next steps. This paper, published jointly by NTI and the Pandemic Action Network, aims to inform next steps to structure, approve, and launch a new Fund, including the forthcoming consultative process led by the World Bank.

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