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Russia: Nuclear Power Reactors Russia has 29 operating power reactors at nine nuclear power stations. Rosenergoatom,
a state-run organization governed by the Ministry
of Atomic Energy (Minatom), oversees the operation and construction of all
Russian nuclear power plants,
with the exception of the Leningrad
NPP, which was corporatized in 1992 and is under
direct Minatom oversight. Russia has 11 RBMK-1000 reactors, seven VVER-1000 reactors, six VVER-440
reactors, four EGP-6 reactors, and one BN-600 fast-breeder reactor.[1]
From 1992 to 1995, the percentage of Russian energy generated by nuclear
power plants ranged from 11.2 to 12.5 percent, with an average of 11.8
percent.[2] In 1996, nuclear power accounted for 13.1 percent of
all electricity production in Russia.[3] In 1999,
nuclear power plants generated 14.5 percent of the electricity in Russia,
while from January to July 2000 they produced 15.2 percent.[4,5] In
2000, Minatom announced plans to increase production to 30 percent by 2005 and
40 percent by 2010.[6]
The Russian Federation has adopted a number of programs to develop the nuclear power industry through building more reactors at existing power plants and building new power plants. According to Government Resolution No. 1026, dated 28 December 1992, Russia was to embark on a multi-phase plan to nearly double the number of nuclear power plant units by 2010, increasing Russia's total nuclear power capacity by 60 percent. The plan called for the completion of three VVER-1000 units at Balakovo, two VVER-1000 units at Novovoronezh, one RBMK-1000 unit at Kursk, and two BN-800 fast-breeder reactors at a new South Urals plant by 2000. Over one dozen additional units employing enhanced safety features were envisaged for the following decade.[8,9] Minatom announced in June 1994 that Russia planned to construct 12 new reactors by 2007.[10] In March 1996, Rosenergoatom announced that completion of Kalinin-3, Kursk-5, Rostov-1 and Balakovo-5 was expected by 2000.[11] However, on 18 April 2000, Deputy Minister of Atomic Energy Bulat Nigmatulin stated that $550 million was still needed to construct Rostov-1, Kursk-5 and Kalinin-3, which were at least 80 percent complete. Minatom expects to finish Rostov-1 by the end of 2000. Nigmatulin said that $2 billion was still needed to complete Balakovo-5 and Rostov-2.[12] Minatom's latest development program is the "Program for Development of Atomic Energy in the Russian Federation in 1998-2005 and for the Period until 2010," approved by Government Decree No. 815 on 21 July 1998. Under this program, 16 reactors are to be built and nine reactors decommissioned by 2010.[13] Minatom plans to construct VVER-640s at the Northwest Scientific-Industrial Center for Atomic Energy in Sosnovyy Bor (near Leningrad), Kalinin, Novovoronezh-6 and Rostov-2, two heat-only units at Voronezh, and floating NPPs in Severodvinsk (Arkhangelsk Oblast) and Vilyuchinsk (Kamchatka Oblast).[13,14,15] (For more information on floating nuclear reactors please see the section on civilian naval nuclear reactors.) Longer-term plans (after 2005) include expansion at Beloyarsk and construction of new BN-800 FBRs at South Urals, as well as construction of Novovoronezh-7, Kola-5 and Kola-6, Leningrad-5, and possibly a new RMBK-1000 reactor at Kursk.[13,14,15,16] The program also stipulates that reactor safety will be increased and re-fitting and reconstruction will take place.[17] In addition, Rosenergoatom plans to extend by five to 10 years the service lives of some reactors that were originally scheduled to be decommissioned in 2003. The nine reactors slated for decommissioning include the following: four at Bilibino, two at Kola, one at Leningrad, and two at Novovoronezh.[13] In April 2000, Minatom staff member Vladimir Severin announced that construction of a further 10 reactors, producing a total of 10GWe, would begin in 2010. Most would be located in central Russia. Other regions to receive construction projects include the Northwest and North Caucasus. The Russian Far East would not begin NPP construction until 2020, and there are no plans for new NPP projects in the Urals.[18] Other NPP construction plans include 10 "mini" nuclear power plants designed by the Kurchatov Institute, for use on the Kamchatka peninsula.[19] The Kurchatov Institute is also reportedly seeking a suitable site in Kaliningrad Oblast to construct an underground nuclear power plant.[20] Minatom and Shipbuilding Agency enterprises have also developed a subterranean thermal nuclear electric power plant (PTAES) project, with plans to construct underground UK-900 reactors, built by the Baltic Shipyard, in Snezhnogorsk (Murmansk Oblast) and Bolshoy Kamen (Primorskiy Kray) between 2001 and 2005.[20,21] Additional underground NPPs may also be built in Chukotka Okrug, Kamchatka Oblast, and Sakhalin Oblast.[22] For
information on the construction of a VK-300 district heating plant and a high
temperature gas-cooled reactor to run on MOX fuel at the Siberian Chemical Combine
(SKhK, also called Tomsk-7) as well as the conversion of plutonium production
reactors at the plant to electricity production, see the Reactor
Plant section in the Siberian
Chemical Combine file and the Siberian
Chemical Combine developments file. Page last updated 28 February 2003 Comments or questions? Contact Cristina Chuen at MIIS
CNS: cristina.chuen@miis.edu
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