Submarine Proliferation

Russia Current Capabilities

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Russia map Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the once mighty Soviet submarine fleet entered a period of prolonged crisis, during which it shrunk to one-third its former size. The Russian Navy began to emerge from crisis only a few years ago, and now faces a dual task. On the one hand, it needs to dismantle the submarines it no longer needs or cannot maintain: with 194 boats decommissioned, the task is truly massive. On the other hand, the shrunken force has to be maintained and modernized. Whereas international assistance has contributed to the first task (Western assistance to date accounts for 38 out of the total of 107 dismantled nuclear submarines), the second is the exclusive prerogative of the Russian government, the Ministry of Defense, and the navy. (For more information on foreign assistance for Russian submarine dismantlement and related issues, please see "Russia: Naval Fuel Cycle Foreign Assistance," in the NIS Nuclear and Missile Database.)

The submarine force is intended to support several missions. SSBNs are viewed as an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad and as contributing to nuclear deterrence as relatively invulnerable, primarily second-strike assets. The number of SSBNs is dwindling, however, and, perhaps most important, the navy cannot maintain many SSBNs on combat patrol—according to open sources, no more than one or two SSBNs are on patrol at any given moment, and there have been periods of time when no SSBN was on patrol at all. Although Soviet SSBNs were given the capability to launch missiles from the surface, including when moored to the pier, this is poor consolation because, in port, SSBNs are little but a "soft" (unhardened) and very attractive target that cannot contribute to deterrence.

The "attack" or multipurpose nuclear submarine force traditionally had a primarily anti-ship and anti-submarine mission: they were supposed to hunt and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (the priority target was U.S. aircraft carriers). Consequently, the emphasis was given to anti-ship cruise missiles and torpedoes, the latest models of which are highly sophisticated. The same mission was also supported by diesel submarines in relatively shallow waters close to shore or in narrow straits. More recently, attack submarines have also acquired cruise missiles for use against land targets. With the exception of SLBMs, all weapons on board submarines are non-nuclear in accordance with the 1991 U.S.-Soviet Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs).

Although defense spending has tripled in the last five years, the available funds are still insufficient in the face of the backlog of modernization, training, maintenance, and dismantlement tasks. Like the rest of the armed forces, the navy is haunted by insufficient funding, which limits its ability to conduct regular overhauls of operational submarines and even to maintain them in a combat-ready state. The inability to conduct overhauls, which are required every seven to eight years (and, according to some sources, the low attention of the navy leadership to this problem) is perhaps the gravest problem, because it forces the navy to decommission submarines at a faster rate than would otherwise be necessary. As a result, many of the submarines that are officially classified as operational cannot be deployed. Another navy-specific problem is the burden of past and recent political decisions, which tended to set overambitious goals that cannot be supported by current funding; this problem applies primarily to the SSBN fleet.

Paradoxically, the long period of decline has helped to optimize the submarine fleet and make it more cost-effective. Prospective future programs now emphasize smaller, cheaper, but also more technologically advanced multipurpose vessels.

The strategic submarine fleet—SSBNs carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles—seems to be in the worst shape. Currently, Russia has no more than 20 SSBNs, according to a recent (March 2005) statement of Chief of the Navy Vladimir Kuroyedov, but most experts believe that the number of operational SSBNs does not exceed 12-14 and is likely to contract further. The largest (and the most expensive) SSBNs in the world, Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon), face near extinction—only one, at most two, of these vessels will remain in service. The reasonably modern Project 667BDRM Delfin (Delta IV) that are the mainstay of the SSBN fleet number only seven and their predecessor, Project 667BDR Kalmar (Delta III) number between seven and eight. SSBN modernization remained at a standstill until a few years ago, in contrast to other elements of the submarine fleet.

The sorry state of the SSBN force could be attributed to the failure, in the mid-1990s, of a program to develop the new solid-fuel Bark SLBM, based on the older R-39 (SS-N-20) SLBM that was deployed on Project 941 Akula (Typhoon) submarines. The new missile was supposed to keep the Akulas "afloat" and be deployed subsequently on a new, smaller SSBN, Project 955 Borey, whose first keel was laid in 1996. When the Bark program was terminated in 1997, construction of the first Borey, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, had to be frozen. In 1998, a new SLBM program, "Bulava-30" was launched, and the Borey class had to be redesigned for the new missile; this also doomed Akulas (except for the first submarine in that class, the TK-208, later named Dmitriy Donskoy, which was overhauled to serve as a testing platform for the future SLBM). Flight-tests are scheduled to begin in 2005; Yuriy Dolgorukiy is scheduled to be launched in 2006 as well. Moreover, the keel of the second Project 955 Borey submarine has already been laid and it is supposed to be launched in 2007. It seems that following many years of delays, insufficient funding, and design failures the Navy is rushing to bring the new SSBN into service at the earliest possible date. The production plans for the new class are still uncertain—it is reported to be between three and 10 boats.

By contrast, the shape of the nuclear attack submarine fleet—which will also represent the core of the submarine fleet not only by their numbers, but also in terms of their mission—can be predicted reasonably well. The main task of the existing and future vessels in this category is finding and destroying enemy submarines and surface ships (including aircraft carriers and aircraft carrier groups), as well as land targets.

Their modernization concentrates on designs that date back to the late 1970s and 1980s, which had matured by the last years of the Soviet Union. Production of the large third-generation attack nuclear submarines of Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I) and 945A Kondor (NATO name Sierra II) was discontinued in 1993 (the unfinished fifth submarine of that class, Project 945B Mars was disassembled at the shipyard); officially, four ships in that class remain in service but only two are reported to be seaworthy. The main drawbacks of these submarines from today’s perspective are their high cost (caused, in part, by the titanium hull) and limited mission—they were originally designed for antisubmarine warfare (ASW), although the modification, Project 945A, was also equipped with Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) cruise missiles intended to attack land targets. A number of second-generation Project 671RT Semga and 671RTM-RTMK Shchuka (Victor II and III) boats remain part of the fleet, but will probably be decommissioned in the near future.

The core of the attack nuclear submarine fleet consists of Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name Akula) submarines—a smaller multipurpose development of Project 945 (Nato name Sierra). Project 971 began in the mid-1970s and the first submarine in that class was launched in 1984. A total of 13 these SSNs have been built, the latest, Vepr, was launched in 1996. Project 971 SSNs are widely known as the quietest, fastest, most modern submarines in Russia and are widely reported to be on par with the most advanced U.S. attack submarines. Reportedly, Russia plans to build several more submarines of this class, completing vessels whose construction was frozen in the 1990s due to the lack of funding. Another "core class" of SSNs are Projects 949 Granit and 949A Antey (NATO names Oscar I and II); 13 of these submarines have been built. There are no reports, however, about building new submarines of these classes.

The future of the Russian attack submarine fleet is represented by fourth-generation cruise-missile Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay), the first of which, Severodvinsk, is still under construction (the Severodvinsk was supposed to be completed in 2000, but its launch has been postponed several times due to insufficient funding). Project 885 is supposed to eventually replace Projects 945 and 949, so that only two classes of attack submarines will eventually remain in the navy.

Diesel submarines number about 20 and are represented by reasonably advanced Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class submarines of various modifications, which entered service in late 1980s. A submarine of the latest modification entered service in 2000. Construction of the latest submarine in that class was completed in May 2005, but the vessel was intended for export. In early 2005, the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg launched the St. Petersburg, the first submarine of a new class, Project 677 Lada; an export version of that class, Project 677E (Amur-1650) will also be produced in the near future.

NUCLEAR-POWERED BALLISTIC-MISSILE SUBMARINES (SSBNs)

Project 955 Borey
Displacement, metric tons:	11,750-14,720 surfaced 16,750-24,000 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	557.7 x 44.3 x 29.5-32.8 (170 x 13.5 x 9-10)
Main machinery:	2 PWR reactors; 2 diesel generators; 3,400 hp (m) (2.5 MW); 1 motor; 5,576 hp(m) (4.1 MW)
Speed, knots:	15 surfaced 26-29 submerged
Complement:	107-130 (including 55 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,250-1,475 (380-450)
Endurance:	100 days
Weapons:	12 Bulava (Topol-M-type) SLBMs; Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; four 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes
Comments:	Currently under construction. The first of class, Yuriy Dolgorukiy, was laid down in 1996. It had to be substantially redesigned in 1999 to accommodate the new Bulava SLBM design. There are currently two vessels under construction, Yuriy Dolgorukiy (scheduled to be launched in 2006) and Aleksandr Nevskiy (laid down in March 2004). The Russian Navy is hoping the Bulava will be ready by the end of 2006.

Sources:
"Bulava programme skips ground launches," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, www.janes.com, July 1, 2005.
Combat Fleets of the World, 2000-2001.
Mark Galeotti, "Putin puts confidence in new generation of missiles," Jane's Intelligence Review, www.janes.com, February 1, 2005.
Bellona Website, www.bellona.org, August 20, 2004.

Project 667BDRM Delfin (NATO name Delta IV
Displacement, metric tons:	11,700 surfaced 18,200 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	548 x 38.4 x 29 (167 x 11.7 x 8.8 m)
Main machinery:	Two VM-4SG PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:	13-14 surfaced 22-24 submerged
Complement:	130-135 men
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,300 (400)
Weapons:	16 R-29RM Shtil (NATO designation SS-N-23 Skiff) SLBMs; four 21" (533 mm) tubes with 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) missiles.

Project 941 Akula (NATO name Typhoon)
Displacement, metric tons:	23,200-28,500 surfaced 48,000-49,800 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):	57 x 76.4 x 37.7 (172.8 x 23.3 x 11.5)
Main machinery:	Two VM-5 PWR reactors, 190 MW each; two OK-650 steam turbines, 50,000 hp each
Speed, knots:	12-16 surfaced 25-26 dived
Complement:	50-52 officers and 100-127 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,312-1,640 (400-500 m)
Endurance:	90-120 days
Weapons:	20 R-39 (NATO designation SS-N-20 Sturgeon) SLBMs; RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from four 21" (533 mm) and two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes.
Comments:	The Typhoon submarines do not currently have operational SLBMs. Dmitriy Donskoy, relaunched in June 2002 after refit, will act as a test-bed for a new SLBM type. The Bark SLBM originally intended for the submarine was cancelled, and the Bulava SLBM (related to the Topol M ICBM), which will also arm Borey-class SSBNs, is under development.

Sources:
Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002).
Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,
2003).
Aleksandr Belkin, "Potemkinskiye eskadry," Grani.ru Web Site, http://www.grani.ru/kursk/articles/donskoi/, 24 July 2002.
S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).
V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).
Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 591.
"Russia Nuclear Sub Launched After 12-Year Overhaul," BBC Monitoring, 26 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/.

Project 667BDR Kalmar (NATO name Delta III)
Displacement, metric tons:	8,940-10,600 surfaced 10,600-13,700 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	508.5 x 38.4 x 28.5 (155 x 11.7 x 8.7)
Main machinery:	Two VM-4S PWR reactors, 90 MW each; two OK-700A steam turbines, 20,000 hp each
Speed, knots:	14 surfaced 24-25 submerged
Complement:	30-40 officers; 50-90 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,050-1,312 (320-400)
Endurance:	80-90 days
Weapons:	16 R-29 R (NATO designation SS-N-18 Stingray) SLBMs; 12 torpedoes and/or Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes.
Comments:

NUCLEAR-POWERED ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSNs)

Project 945B Kondor (NATO name Sierra II)
Displacement, metric tons:	5,200-7,600 surfaced 9,100-10,400 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	370 x 36.7 x 28 (112.7 x 11.2 x 8.5)
Main machinery:	One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650B 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:	14-18 surfaced 32.8-36 dived
Complement:	31-32 officers and 28-38 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):	2,000-2,625 (610-800)
Endurance:	50-100 days
Weapons:	P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; RPK-6 Vodopad and Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:	The K-534 Nizhniy Novgorod is laid up, but could be returned to service

Project 945 Barrakuda (NATO name Sierra I)
Displacement, metric tons:	5,940-7,200 surfaced 6,800-10,100 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	351.6 x 40.3 x 31.6 (107.16 x 12.28 x 9.62 m)
Main machinery:	One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-650A 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:	12.1-18 surfaced 35-36 submerged
Complement:	31 officers, 28-30 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,970-2,625 (600-800)
Endurance:	50-100 days
Weapons:	P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn) ASW missiles; Type 86R Vodopad and 88R Vodoley (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles; Type 40 torpedoes fired from fired from four 21" (533 mm) tubes and four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes (total of 40 weapons, or 42 mines in lieu of torpedoes).
Comments:	One boat on active duty, arrived at Nerpa Shipyard for reactor refueling in late 2000.

Project 971/971U/971O Shchuka-B/Bars (NATO name Akula)
Displacement, metric tons:	8,632 surfaced; 12,770 dived (according to Jane's, 8,140 surfaced; 10,500 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):	361.6 x 44.6 x 45.2 (110.23 x 13.6 x 13.78 m)
Main machinery:	One VM-5 190 MW reactor; one OK-9VM or OK-650M.01 50,000 hp steam turbine
Speed, knots:	11.2 surfaced; 33.3 knots dived
Complement:	33 officers and 40 crew (according to Jane's, 31 officers and 31 crew)
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,968.5 (600)
Endurance:	100 days
Weapons:	RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles launched from four 21" (533 mm) tubes; four 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; mines; Improved Akulas (971U) and Akula IIs (971O) have six additional 533 mm external tubes in the bow
Comments:	The Akulas are the core of the Russian SSN force. Two additional Akula IIs are under construction at the Amurskiy Shipyard. The last two additional project numbers are included in Jane's.

Project 971/971U/971O Shchuka-B/Bars submarine

Sources:
Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 1 "RPKSN i mnogotselevyye PL" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print, 2002).
Yuriy Apalkov, Podvodnyye lodki, vol. 1, part 2 "Mnogotselevyye PL i PL spetsnaznacheniya" (St. Petersburg: Galea Print,
2003).
S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).
Combat Fleets of the World (2000-2001).
V. Demyanovskiy et al, Podvodnyy shchit SSSR, vol. 1 "Atomnyye mnogotselevyye podvodnyye lodki" (Rybnisk: Star, 2003).
Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 596.

Project 671RTMK Shchuka (NATO name Victor III)
Displacement, metric tons:	4,750 surfaced; 5670 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):	351.7 x 35.4 x 24.3 (107.2 x 10.8 x 7.4)
Main machinery:	Two VM-4P, 4T, 72 MW each; Two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:	10-11.7 surfaced; 30 dived
Complement:	23 officers and 76 men
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,312 (400)
Endurance:	80 days
Weapons:	Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, RK-55 Granat (NATO designation SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 36 mines in lieu of torpedoes
Comments:

NUCLEAR-POWERED CRUISE-MISSILE ATTACK SUBMARINES (SSGNs)

Project 885 Yasen (NATO name Granay)
Displacement, metric tons:	5,900-9,500 surfaced 8,600-11,800 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	364.2-393.7 x 39.4-49.2 x 27.5-32.8 (111-120 x 12-15 x 8.4-10)
Main machinery:	One 195 MW PWR reactor; 2GT3A turbines; 43,000 hp(m) (31.6 MW); 1 shaft; pump-jet propulsor; 2 spinners
Speed, knots:	17 surfaced; 28-31 submerged
Complement:	80-85 (30 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):	Information not available
Endurance:	Information not available
Weapons:	3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs, eight vertical launchers with 24 missiles; about 30 RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes fired from 21" (533 mm) and 25.6" (650 mm) torpedo tubes
Comments:	First of class, the Severodvinsk, is under construction at Sevmash

Sources:

Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 592.
"PLARK - Proyekt 885 'Yasen'," Rossiyskiy podvodnyy flot Website, http://submarine.id.ru/sub.php?885.

Project 949A Antey (NATO name Oscar II)
Displacement:	15,100 surfaced; 25,650 dived (according to Jane's, 13,900 surfaced; 18,300 dived)
Dimensions, ft (m):	507.5 x 59 x 31.2 (154.7 x 18 x 9.5)
Main machinery:	Two VM-4P PWR reactors, 75 MW each; two OK-300 steam turbines, 31,000 hp each
Speed, knots:	14.6 surfaced; 33.4 dived
Complement:	48 officers and 59 crew
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,970 (600)
Endurance:	120 days
Weapons:	Four 21" (533 mm) tubes with torpedoes, SS-N-19 Granit (NATO Name Shipwreck) SSMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS-N-27) SLCMs may be carried, and RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles; two 25.6" (650 mm) tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO designation SS-N-16 Stallion) ASW missiles and/or torpedoes; can carry 32 mines
Comments:	Jane's refers to this as Project 949B.

Diesel-Powered Submarines WITH AUXILIARY NUCLEAR REACTOR

Project 20120
Displacement, metric tons:	2,300 surfaced; 3,950 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	238 x 32.4 x 23 (72.6 x 9.9 x 7)
Main machinery:	Diesel generators, number and type unknown; one auxiliary nuclear reactor (sources conflict as to whether the reactor is a BWR or PWR; power level unknown)
Speed, knots:	10 surfaced 17 submerged
Complement:	52
Range, miles:	650 at 3 knots submerged 6,000 at 7 knots snorting
Diving depth, ft (m):	984 (300)
Endurance:	45 days
Weapons:	none
Comments:	The pilot boat, Sarov, launched in December 2007, is intended as a test-bed for Russia’s Northern Fleet. For more information, see Russia: General Naval Developments

Sources:
"Gorod Savor gotov vzyat shevstvo nad podvodnoy lodkoy 'Sarov,'" 6 September 2007, Sarov administration press release, reproduced at http://forums.airbase.ru/2007/12/21/topic-57544--Torpednaya-podvodnaya-lodka-proekta-20120-Sarov.html, 9 January 2008.
"Stoletiye podvodnykh sil Rossii," NIKIET Website, 2006, http://www.nikiet.ru/rus/publications/100years.html; "Dostizheniya," NIKIET Website, http://www.nikiet.ru/rus/milestones/index.html;
"Novyy Korabl Sevmasha," Sevmash press release, 14 December 2007, http://www.sevmash.ru/?id=3623&lg=ru.

Diesel-Powered Submarines (SSKs)

Project 667 Lada (Export class Amur)
Displacement, metric tons:	1,765 surfaced; 2,650 dived
Dimensions, ft (m):	223.1 x 23.6 x 14.4 (66.8 x 7.1 x 6.7)
Main machinery:	Two 3,499 hp (2.5 MW) diesel generators; one 5,576 hp (4.1 MW) motor
Speed, knots:	10 surfaced 21 submerged
Complement:	35
Range, miles:	650 at 3 knots submerged 6,000 at 7 knots snorting
Diving depth, ft (m):	820 (300)
Endurance:	45 days
Weapons:	Torpedoes: six 21" (533 mm) tubes. 18 weapons, or mines in lieu of torpedoes.
Comments:	The first of class, Sankt Peterburg, was launched by Admiralty Shipyards in October 2004. The export version of this boat is known as the Amur class. There are six different versions based on displacement.

Sources:
Admiralty Shipyard Website, http://www.admship.ru/ru/html/ships/sub_amur.
Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), p. 599.
"Proyekt 677 i 677E," http://www.deepstorm.ru.
Richard Scott, "Russia Launches First Project 677 Submarine," Jane's Defence Weekly, November 3, 2004.

Project 877K/877M/636 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo)
Displacement:	2,325 surfaced; 3,076 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	238.2; 242.1 (Project 636) x 32.5 x 21.7 (72.1; 73.8 x 9.9 x 6.6)
Main machinery:	Two 3,650 hp (2.68 MW) diesel generators; one 5,900hp (4.34 MW) motor
Speed, knots:	10 surfaced; 17 submerged; 9 snorting
Complement:	52 (13 officers)
Range, miles:	6,000 at 7 knots snorting; 400 at 3 knots submerged
Diving depth, ft (m):	790 (240)
Endurance:	52
Weapons:	Can be outfitted with Club-S missiles (NATO name SS-NX-27 'Alfa'), which can have supersonic 3M-54E or subsonic 3M-54EI antiship missiles, 3M-14E land attack cruise missiles or 91RE1 antisubmarine torpedoes. Six 21" (533 mm) tubes with 18 torpedoes, or 24 mines in lieu of torpedoes.

Project 877K/877M/636 Varshavyanka submarine

Sources:
Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005), 600.
"Proyekt 877," http://www.deepstorm.ru.
"Russia: Overview of Missiles Exported by Russia," CNS Nuclear and Missile Database, NTI Website, http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/general/expmsl.htm.

ACTIVE DUTY SUBMARINES
Name (Number)	Class	Base	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned
K-490 Voskresensk	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1975	1977	1977
K-496 (K44) Borisoglebsk*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1975	1977	1978
TK-208 Dmitriy Donskoy	Akula/ Typhoon SSBN	Nerpichya	Sevmash	1976	1979	1981
K-496 (K506) Zelenograd*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1975	1978	1979
K-506 (K211) Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1976	1979	1979
K-211 (K223) Podolsk*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1977	1979	1980
K-180 (K433) Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1978	1980	1980
B-248	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Pacific Fleet	Amurskiy	1979	1980	1980
B-260 Chita (ex-Razboynik)	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Pacific Fleet	Amurskiy	1980	1981	1981
K-444 (K433) Ryazan*	Kalmar/ Delta III SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1980	1982	1982
B-227	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Baltic Fleet	Amurskiy	1981	1982	1982
K-51 Verkhoturye	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1981	1984	1985
K-84 Yekaterinburg	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1982	1985	1986
B-871 Alrosa	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Black Sea	Krasnoye Sormovo	1983	1984	1984
TK-17 Arkhangelsk	Akula/ Typhoon SSBN	Nerpichya	Sevmash	1983	1986	1987
K-276 Kostroma	Barrakuda/ Sierra I SSN	Vidyayevo	Krasnoye Sormovo	1984	1986	1987
K-114 Tula	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1984	1987	1987
B-806	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Baltic Fleet	Krasnoye Sormovo	1985	1986	1986
K-132 Irkutsk	Antey/ Oscar II SSGN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1985	1987	1988
B-800 Kaluga	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Polyarnyy	Krasnoye Sormovo	--	--	1989
TK-20 Severstal	Akula/ Typhoon SSBN	Nerpichya	Sevmash	1985	1989	1989
K-117 Bryansk	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1985	1988	1988
B-292 Perm	Schuka/ Victor III SSN	Vidyayevo	Admiralty	1986	1987	1987
K-119 Voronezh	Antey/ Oscar II SSGN	Zaozersk	Sevmash	1986	1988	1989
K-442 Chelyabinsk	Antey/ Oscar II SSGN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1986	1990	1990
B-388 (may be renamed Petrozavodsk)	Schuka/ Victor III SSN	Zaozersk	Admiralty	1987	1988	1988
K-18 Kareliya	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1987	1988	1989
K-407 Novomoskovsk	Delfin/ Delta IV SSBN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1987	1990	1990
K-461 Volk	Bars/ Akula SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1987	1991	1991
B-401 Novosibirsk	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Polyarnyy	Krasnoye Sormovo	1988	1989	1990
B-402 Vologda	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Polyarnyy	Krasnoye Sormovo	1988	1989	1990
B-459 Vladikavkaz	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Polyarnyy	Krasnoye Sormovo	1988	--	1990
B-471 Magnitogorsk	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Polyarnyy	Krasnoye Sormovo	19988	--	1990
B-138 Polyarnyye zori (ex-Obninsk)	Schuka/ Victor III SSN	Zaozersk	Admiralty	1988	1989	1990
B-177 Lipetsk	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Northern Fleet	Krasnoye Sormovo	1989	--	1991
B-437?	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Northern Fleet	Krasnoye Sormovo	1989	1990	1991
K-266 Orel	Antey/ Oscar II SSGN	Zaozersk	Sevmash	1989	1992	1992
K-328 Leopard	Bars/ Akula SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1988	1992	1992
B-414 Daniil Moskovskiy	Schuka/ Victor III SSN	Vidyayevo	Admiralty	1989	1990	1990
K-331 Magadan	Bars/ Akula SSN	Rybachiy	Amurskiy	1989	1990	1991
K-154 Tigr	Bars/ Akula SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1989	1993	1993
K-336 Pskov	Kondor / Sierra II SSN	Vidyayevo	Krasnoye Sormovo	1989	1992	1993
K-157 Vepr	Bars/ Akula II SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1990	1994	1995
B-448 Tambov	Schuka/ Victor III SSN	Vidyayevo	Admiralty	1991	1991	1992
K-419 Kuzbass	Bars/ Akula SSN	Rybachiy	Amurskiy	1991	1992	1992
K-150 (K-526) Tomsk*	Antey/ Oscar II SSGN	Rybachiy	Sevmash	1991	1996	1997
K-335 Gepard	Bars/ Akula II SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1991	1999	2001
K-337 Kuguar	Bars/ Akula II SSN	Gadzhiyevo	Sevmash	1992	2004	2005
B-345	Varshavyanka/ Kilo SSK	Pacific Fleet	Amurskiy	1993	1993	1994
K-295 (K-267) Samara*	Bars/ Akula SSN	Rybachiy	Amurskiy	1993	1994	1995
K-152 Nerpa	Bars/ Akula SSN	Pacific Fleet	Amurskiy	1993	2007
S-100 Sankt Peterburg	Lada SSK		Admiralty	1997	2004	2005
Severodvinsk	Yasen/ Granay SSGN		Sevmash	1993
Yuriy Dolgorukiy	Borey SSBN		Sevmash	1996	2006	2008
Aleksandr Nevskiy	Borey SSBN		Sevmash	2004	2008	2009
Vladimir Monomakh	Borey SSBN		Sevmash	2006	2012

*Designation according to Jane's.

Sources:
S.S. Berezhnoy, Atomnyye podvodnyye lodki: VMF SSSR i Rossii (Moscow: Naval Kollektsiya, 2001).
Jane's Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
"Russian Warships," Global Security, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/ship.htm.

Information on submarine propulsion reactors in this file was complied by Ole Reistad, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. For information on the HEU enrichment of Russian submarine fuel, and other information on submarine reactors, please see Ole Reistad, Morten Bremer Mærli and Nils Bøhmer, "Russian Naval Nuclear Fuel and Reactors," Nonproliferation Review, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/index.htm, Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 2005.

This material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents. Copyright © 2008 by MIIS.