United States Submarine Capabilities

The United States submarine force consists of four operational classes – Ohio, Los Angeles, Seawolf, and Virginia – all of which are nuclear-powered.¹ The Ohio-class consists of 14 SSBNs that serve as the sea-based leg of the U.S. nuclear triad.² An additional four Ohio-class submarines are configured as SSGNs that possess both strike and Special Forces insertion capabilities. The other three operational classes — Virginia, Seawolf, and Los Angeles – are composed of SSN attack submarines tasked with engaging and destroying enemy vessels; supporting onshore operations and carrier groups; and carrying out surveillance.

Total Submarines in Fleet: 71³

• Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs): 14
• Nuclear-Powered attack submarines (SSNs): 53
• Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN): 4
• Diesel-electric attack submarines (SSKs): 0
• Air-independent propulsion submarines (AIPs): 0

In its current modernization drive, the U.S. Navy hopes to add two to three Virginia-class attack submarines annually to its fleet until the year 2043. However, achieving the current goal of 48 Virginia-class submarines will likely depend on budgetary accommodations from Congress. The U.S. has procured 40 total Virginia-class vessels through FY2024.^{4 5} Vice Admiral Michael Connor, former commander of US submarines forces from 2012 to 2015, wrote to the House Armed Services Committee in 2018 that he believes the U.S. needs 66 attack submarines to keep up with the increasing military demand for their underwater capabilities.⁶

The U.S. Navy is phasing out Ohio-class SSBNs in favor of the newly designed Columbia-class. In June 2018, a Congressional report noted that 12 Columbia-class submarines will replace the 14 Ohio-class vessels currently in service as the new underwater component of the U.S. nuclear triad.⁷ The first Ohio-class submarine is expected to retire in 2027.⁸

Each nuclear-powered Columbia-class submarine will carry up to 16 Trident II D-5 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The same Congressional report noted that, based on the projected procurement schedule, the first Columbia-class submarine will be delivered in October 2027 and become operational by 2031, at a total cost of $8.6 billion (excluding testing costs). The second submarine in the class will be delivered for testing in October 2030, with the following ten entering the fleet at a rate of one per year from 2032 to 2042, at a total remaining procurement cost of $112.7 billion.⁹ The Columbia-class submarines will be equipped with an electric-drive propulsion system rather than mechanical, increasing stealth and resilience.¹⁰

Ship Biographies

Ohio-class

14 Ohio-class SSBNs form the sea-based leg of the U.S. strategic deterrent triad. The vessels carry Trident II D5 SLBMs, though since 2017, the Navy has been replacing these with Trident II D5LE, a life-extended version equipped with a new guidance system for improved accuracy. Ohio-class submarines previously contained 24 launch tubes each, but the number was reduced to 20 to meet limits under New START.

Assuming an average of twelve operational submarines with 20 launch tubes each and four warheads per missile, these boats carry roughly 960 warheads. However, given that normally only eight to ten of the Ohio-class submarines are deployed at one time due to regular minor repairs, the actual number of warheads in the field is closer to 720. The Columbia-class SSBN program will begin to replace the Ohio-class SSBNs starting in the early 2030s. ¹¹

Los Angeles-class

The nuclear-powered Los Angeles-class SSN carries Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) and MK-48 torpedoes. The boat was primarily developed for anti-submarine warfare, but is also capable of inserting Special Forces and laying mines. The Los Angeles-class is considered the backbone of the US submarine fleet with 34 now in commission.¹² As a result of technical improvements over time, there are three variants of the Los Angeles-class. Beginning with the USS Providence in 1977, the vessels were equipped with 12 vertical launch tubes for Tomahawk missiles to complement the original Los Angeles-class’s four torpedo tubes. The USS San Juan, commissioned in 1988, was the first of the “improved” quieter Los Angeles-class submarines, fitted with an advanced BSY-1 sonar system, and capable of operating under ice.¹³ 27 of the Los Angeles-class submarines will be retired by the mid-2030s, and five will be refueled to extend their lifespan.¹⁴

Seawolf-class

The U.S. Navy also possesses three Seawolf-class vessels, based at Bangor Trident Base in Washington state. Originally developed to hunt Soviet SSBNs, this class of attack submarine runs significantly faster and quieter than the Los Angeles-class.¹⁵ The boat’s stealthy capabilities also make it well suited for the insertion of Special Forces. Although it does not possess a vertical launch capability, it can fire Tomahawk missiles through its torpedo tubes.¹⁶ While the original plan was to produce as many as 29 submarines, construction costs proved too high and the end of the Cold War meant that their primary function was no longer applicable. As a result, Congress decided to terminate the program at three boats in 1995.¹⁷

Virginia-class

The Virginia-class, designed by the Electric Boat Corporation of Connecticut, represents the next generation of U.S. nuclear attack submarines and a more cost-effective alternative to the Seawolf-class. With 22 vessels already commissioned, the Virginia-class will take over the Los Angeles-class’s operation role. The Virginia-class’s ability to operate effectively in littoral waters, primarily due to its “fly-by-wire” control system, gives it an advantage over the Los Angeles-class, while its unmanned undersea vehicles (UUV) and special force delivery vehicles make it suitable for intelligence gathering and special operation forces missions.¹⁸ Furthermore, unlike the Seawolf-class, the Virginia-class possesses vertical launch tubes for firing its land-attack Tomahawk missiles.¹⁹ Virginia-class submarines are currently being built at an approximate rate of one per year, but their introduction rate will likely depend in part on the retirement rates of the older Los Angeles-class vessels.²⁰ Most Virginia-class submarines procured in FY2019 and thereafter will be built with the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), a mid-body section equipped with vertical launch tubes. General Dynamics Mission Systems Progeny Systems announced in July 2024 that it was awarded an $11,996,038 contract to provide engineering and technical support for modernizing Virginia Class Block I/II submarines with the Common Weapon Launcher (CWL) system, as well as to pursue other ongoing modernization projects.²¹

Imports

The United States does not import submarines.

Exports

The United States does not export nuclear-powered submarines and no longer operates, produces, or exports diesel-powered submarines. The U.S. Navy has long opposed the export of diesel-electric submarines due to concerns about the impact of submarine technology proliferation on the ability of its forces to operate securely in coastal waters around the world.

Between 1945 and 1980, the United States provided roughly 25% of exported diesel-powered submarines globally. Apart from one sale of two submarines to Egypt in 1992 over objections from the U.S. Navy, the United States has not manufactured or exported any diesel-powered submarines since the Cold War.²² Congress did approved contracts for the sale of diesel-electric submarines to Egypt and Taiwan in 2001, but neither came to fruition.²³

On 15 September 2021, the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia announced a trilateral partnership called “AUKUS” to assist Australia in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines, among other topics of security cooperation.²⁴  In 2023, a statement from the White House proposed the sale of three U.S. Virgina Class Submarines, as authorized by Congress for the early 2030s.²⁵