Resource Collection
Submarine Proliferation Resource Collection
About the image
The NTI Submarine Proliferation Resource Collection details the submarine capabilities and import/export behavior of several representative countries around the world. The collection focuses on technological improvements to global submarine fleets, such as the spread of nuclear propulsion and Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) technologies, which increase the capability of submarines to deliver weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Additionally, the collection tracks conventional submarine proliferation in potential global flashpoints, particularly the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Begin with the Overview
Browse the database via the “Explore the Collection” below.
Explore the Collection
Australia Submarine Capabilities
Brazil Submarine Capabilities
Chile Submarine Capabilities
China Submarine Capabilities
France Submarine Capabilities
Germany Submarine Capabilities
Greece Submarine Capabilities
India Submarine Capabilities
Indonesia Submarine Capabilities
Iran Submarine Capabilities
Israel Submarine Capabilities
Italy Submarine Capabilities
Japan Submarine Capabilities
Malaysia Submarine Capabilities
Netherlands Submarine Capabilities
North Korea Submarine Capabilities
Pakistan Submarine Capabilities
Russia Submarine Capabilities
Singapore Submarine Capabilities
South Korea Submarine Capabilities
Sweden Submarine Capabilities
Taiwan Submarine Capabilities
United States Submarine Capabilities
Submarine Detection and Monitoring: Open-Source Tools and Technologies
Stay Informed
Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest on nuclear and biological threats.
More on
Australia Submarine Capabilities
A highlight of global trends in the sale and acquisition of diesel- and nuclear-powered submarines by country with capabilities, imports and exports. (CNS)
Submarine Detection and Monitoring: Open-Source Tools and Technologies
Using tools like commercial satellite imagery, radar, sensors, and media analysis, we can understand fleet details, construction, and potentially patrol patterns and behaviors.
Indonesia Submarine Capabilities
The Indonesian Navy, also known as Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), operates two classes of submarines: The older Cakra-class Type 209/1300 vessels and the Nagapasa-class Type 209/1400 vessels.
Glossary
- Air Independent Propulsion Technology (AIP)
- Air Independent Propulsion Technology (AIP): A propulsion system that uses liquid (or compressed) oxygen or hydrogen fuel cells, thereby allowing submarines to stay submerged for longer periods without the need for external sources of oxygen. This increased endurance also increases a submarine’s survivability.
- WMD (weapons of mass destruction)
- WMD: Typically refers to nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, though there is some debate as to whether chemical weapons qualify as weapons of “mass destruction.”