Fact Sheet

Russia Submarine Capabilities

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Russia Submarine Capabilities

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The Russian Navy commands one of the largest submarine fleets in the world with an estimated 58 vessels. It considers its 11 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) integral to its strategic deterrent.1 Despite budgetary hardships following the Soviet Union’s collapse, Russia has significantly modernized its submarine force in recent years.2

Capabilities at a Glance

Total Submarines in Fleet: 583

  • Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs): 11
  • Nuclear-Powered attack submarines (SSNs): 17
  • Nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines (SSGNs): 9
  • Diesel-electric attack submarines (SSKs): 21
  • Air-independent propulsion (AIP) enabled: 0

History

Russia’s submarine industry involves an expansive network of research, design, and production centers, which increasingly focused on export markets to stay afloat after the collapse of the Soviet Union.4 As economic prospects improved in the 2000s, the Russian government reincorporated the former Soviet naval industry as the state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC), consolidating over 60 shipyards, design bureaus, and repair facilities under company control.5 Major shipbuilding and designing units of USC include Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering, Malakhit Central Marine-Engineering Design Bureau, Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (Sevmash), and Zvezdochka State Machine-Building Enterprise. Currently, Russia’s submarines pose potential threats related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.6 There are concerns that they could be used to strike vital infrastructure in the North Atlantic, including unconfirmed reports that Russia used its submarines to attack the Nord Stream pipeline and cause significant damage.7

Modernization and Current Capabilities

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has embarked on multiple extensive projects to improve its submarine fleet. In 1993, Russia began construction on a Yasen-class submarine, the Severodvisnk (K-885), but did not commission this vessel until 2014.8 The Russian Navy plans to replace both its SSNs and SSGNs with the multirole Project 885-M Yasen-class submarines. In 2017, Russia launched its second Yasen-class submarine, the Kazan. This vessel is expected to enter service February 2021.9 In June 2019, Russia signed a contract with the shipbuilding company Sevmash for two Project 885-M Yasen-class nuclear-powered attack submarines.10

The Borei-class (NATO: Dolgorukiy) SSBNs are instrumental to Russia’s post-Cold War strategic arsenal. First launched in 1996, the Borei-class are set to replace the aging Typhoon-class, Kalmar-class (NATO: Delta III), and Delfin-class (NATO: Delta IV) submarines.11 Despite enlarging its defense budget, the Russian Navy faces a considerable backlog of modernization, maintenance, and dismantlement tasks. This has led to delays in the Borei-class construction program and forced the Russian Navy to retain two aging Kalmar-class (NATO: Delta III) boats in service.12 In 2017, Russia launched its first Borei-A class submarine, ‘Knyaz Vladimir,’ which features incremental upgrades to the original design. In 2021 the Knyaz Vladimir was deemed fully operational by the Russian military, and has since participated in unprecedented expeditions under the ice.13 While expenses mount, the Russian government remains committed to the modernization program—viewed as imperative to maintain its nuclear deterrent.14 In April 2019, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced plans to build two new Borei-K-class nuclear submarines. The first of these boats, the Knyaz Oleg, was laid down in July 201415 and finished sea trials and was commissioned to the Pacific fleet in late 2021.16 The second of these ships is the Generalissimo Suvorov, which was commissioned for service in late 2022. Reports say that as of early 2023 it is operating in Russia’s Northern fleet.17 These vessels are almost identical to the previous Borei-class submarines but are capable of firing long-range cruise missiles.18

In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced plans to upgrade and repair twelve existing Antey-class SSGN submarines. Their goal is to extend the service life of these vessels by twenty years as well as fit them with Kalibr cruise missiles.19 As of July 2019, the Irkutsk is the only Antey-class submarine to be upgraded.20 In 2022 the Irkutsk upgrades were completed, and the ship entered sea trials. It is thought that the next submarine to be upgraded is the Chelyabinsk, which has been out of service for the last 15 years.21

In 2015, a Russian media broadcast displayed plans for a new long-range nuclear-powered torpedo. The torpedo—referred to as the Status-6 or “Poseidon” in Russia and the “Kanyon” in the United States—is fitted with a 100-megaton nuclear warhead designed to create radioactive tsunamis.22 In his March 2018 speech, President Vladimir Putin confirmed that the torpedo was under development. Then, in April 2019, Russia launched the Project 9852 Belgorod, a submarine that can launch the Status-6 torpedo.23

In 2016, the Russian government signed a contract for the construction of six Project 636.3 (Varshavyanka) submarines. In March 2019, the Russian Navy launched its first Project 636.3 vessel, the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and laid down the second vessel, the Volkhov.24 The Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was delivered to the Russian Navy December 2019. SSK Volkhov entered the Russian pacific fleet in October 2020.25

In 2017, the Russian government announced a plan to replace several diesel-electric Kilo-class submarines with six Project 677 “Lada-class” (NATO: St. Petersburg) vessels.26 Although these will be the most advanced diesel-electric submarines in the Russian navy, they will not be fitted with AIP systems.27 The first ship of this class was launched in 2018 in St. Petersburg.28

Ship Biographies

Delfin-Class (NATO: Delta-IV)

The Russian Navy possesses six Project 667BDRM “Delfin-class” (NATO: Delta IV) SSBNs. These vessels were built between 1985 to 1992 and are all part of the Northern Fleet based at Yagelnaya Bay on the Kola Peninsula. These submarines are 167 meters long and can travel up to 22 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems are armed with R-29M Shtil SLBMs, torpedoes, and Type 86R Vodopad anti-submarine missiles.29 The Delta IV-class submarines have also been upgraded to carry modified SS-N-23 SLBMs known as Sinevas, each of which can carry up to four warheads. Four to five of the six Delta IV-class vessels are operational at any given time.30

Kalmar-Class (NATO: Delta-III)

After retiring two Delta III submarines in early 2018 (the Podolsk (K223) and the Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets (K433), the Russian Navy now possesses one Project 667BDR “Kalmar-class” (NATO: Delta III) SSBN, the Ryazan K-44. This submarine is 155 meters long and can travel up to 25 knots when submerged. Its weapons system is armed with R-29 R (NATO designation: SS-N-18 Stingray) SLBMs, torpedoes, and Type 86R Vodopad anti-submarine missiles.31 The Ryazan K-44 is operational with Russia’s Pacific Fleet on the Kamchatka Peninsula.32

Borei-Class (NATO: Dolgorukiy)

Russian Navy possesses three Project 955 “Borei-class” (NATO: Dolgorukiy) SSBNs. These submarines are 170 meters long and can travel up to 29 knots when submerged. Each vessel can carry 16 Bulava SLBMs, each of which contains multiple MIRVs. Featuring pump-jet propulsion and other acoustic improvements, the Borei-class submarines are considerably stealthier than their Soviet-era predecessors.33

Borei-K-Class

The Borek-K is the newest class in the Russian navy, with two of these boats already in service and six more on the way. They have the same displacement and length as the previous Borei Class submarines. The Borei-K-Class submarines are outfitted with a hydrodynamic hull that greatly reduces the boats’ acoustic signature.34 The major difference between the Borei-K-Class submarines and the past Borei models is that they are outfitted with cruise missiles instead of SLBMs.35

Antey-Class (NATO: Oscar II)

Russian Navy possesses eight Project 949B “Antey-class” (NATO: Oscar II) SSGNs. These submarines are 154.7 meters long and can travel 33.4 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems include four 533mm torpedo tubes, SS-N-19 Granite (NATO: Shipwreck) anti-ship cruise missiles, RPK-2 Tsakra (NATO: SS-N-15 Starfish) ASW missiles, two 650mm torpedo tubes with Type 86R Vodopad (NATO: SS-N-16 Stallion) anti-ship cruise missiles, and thirty-two mines. They can also be fitted with 3M51 Alfa (NATO: SS-N-27) SLCMs.36 While Russia has not indicated that these vessels can carry nuclear-tipped weapons, the Granite cruise missiles could be modified to carry nuclear payloads.37

Shchuka B-Class (NATO: Akula)

Russian Navy possesses ten Project 971 “Shchuka B-class” (NATO: Akula) SSNs. The Shchuka B-class submarines are tasked with both anti-submarine and anti-shipping missions.38 These submarines are 110.2 meters long and can travel 33.3 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems include RK‐55 Granat (NATO designation SS‐N‐21 Sampson) SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa (NATO designation SS‐N‐27) SLCMs, and RPK‐2 Tsakra (NATO designation SS‐N‐15 Starfish) anti-ship cruise missiles launched from four 533mm tubes. Additionally, these vessels carry four 650mm torpedo tubes with Type 86R Vodopad anti-ship cruise missiles and mines. Improved Akulas (971U) and Akula-IIs (971O) have six additional 533mm external tubes in the bow.39 While Russia has not indicated that these submarines carry nuclear-tipped weapons, the Shchuka B-class’ ‘Kalibr’ cruise missiles (a variant of the RK‐55 Granat SLCMs) could be modified to carry nuclear payloads.40

Project 945 and Project 945A (NATO: Sierra I and Sierra II)

Russian Navy possesses a total of four Project 945 and Project 945A (NATO: Sierra I and Sierra II) SSNs. The Sierra I-class submarines are 112.7 meters long while the Sierra-II class submarines are 107.16 meters long. Both submarines have a top speed of 36 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems include P-100 Oniks (NATO designation SS‐N‐22 Sunburn) anti-ship cruise missiles, RPK-6 Vodopad and Type 86R Vodopad anti-ship cruise missiles, and Type 40 torpedoes fired from four 533mm tubes and four 650mm tubes. In lieu of torpedoes, these vessels can carry 42 mines.41

Shchuka-Class (NATO: Victor-III)

Russian Navy possesses three Project 671RTM “Shchuka-class” (NATO: Victor III) SSNs. These submarines are 107.2 meters long and can travel 30 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems include four 533mm tubes with torpedoes, RK-55 Granat SLCMs, 3M51 Alfa SLCMs, RPK-2 Tsakra missiles, and two 650mm torpedo tubes with Type 86R Vodopad anti-ship cruise missiles. Additionally, the Shchuka-class vessels can carry thirty-six mines in lieu of torpedoes.42

Yasen-Class (NATO: Severodvinsk)

Russian Navy possesses one Project 885 “Yasen-class” (NATO: Severodvinsk) SSGN. The submarine is 119.8 meters long and can travel 31 knots when submerged. Its weapons system includes ten 533mm torpedo tubes armed with UGST-M heavyweight guided torpedoes and eight vertical launch silos for P-800 Oniks missiles.43

Project 877/636 Varshavyanka (NATO: Kilo)

Russian Navy possesses total of 21 Project 877 and the improved Project 636 (NATO: Kilo and Improved Kilo-class) vessels. The Project 877 submarines are 72 meters long while the Project 636 submarines are 73.8 meters long. Both submarines can travel up to 17 knots when submerged. Their weapons systems include 3M-14E land attack cruise missiles or 91RE1 antisubmarine torpedoes, six 533mm tubes with 18 torpedoes, and Club-S missiles (NATO: SS-NX-27 Alfa) which can have supersonic 3M-54E or subsonic 3M-54EI anti-ship missiles. In lieu of torpedoes, these vessels can carry 24 mines.44

Lada-Class (NATO: St. Petersburg)

Russian Navy possesses one Project 677 “Lada-class” (NATO: St. Petersburg) SSK. This submarine is 66.8 meters long and can travel up to 21 knots when submerged. Their weapons system includes six 533mm torpedo tubes or mines in lieu of torpedoes.45

Import and Export Behavior

Imports

Russia does not import submarines.

Exports

The Russian Federation, like its Soviet predecessor, is a major exporter of diesel-electric submarines. Soviet submarine exports peaked between 1960 and 1980, when they exported 60 Project 613 (NATO: Whiskey-class) submarines to 9 different countries; these countries included Albania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Egypt, Indonesia, China, North Korea, Poland, and Syria.46 Lately, Russia’s Kilo- and Improved Kilo-class have become an equally popular export commodity, finding customers in states such as China, India, Venezuela, Vietnam, and Indonesia.47

To date, neither the Soviet Union nor Russia have exported nuclear-powered submarines, preferring to furnish leases or provide technical assistance instead. The Soviet Union made its first nuclear-propulsion-related transfer in 1958, when it assisted China in constructing their first nuclear submarine.48 In 2012, the Russian Federation leased a nuclear-powered submarine for the first time, delivering an Akula-class submarine (Nerpa K-152) to India for a ten-year contract.49

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China Submarine Capabilities

Fact Sheet

China Submarine Capabilities

A highlight of global trends in the sale and acquisition of diesel- and nuclear-powered submarines by country with capabilities, imports and exports. (CNS)



Glossary

Deterrence
The actions of a state or group of states to dissuade a potential adversary from initiating an attack or conflict through the credible threat of retaliation. To be effective, a deterrence strategy should demonstrate to an adversary that the costs of an attack would outweigh any potential gains. See entries for Extended deterrence and nuclear deterrence.
SSBN
Ship, Submersible, Ballistic, Nuclear: A hull classification for a submarine capable of launching a ballistic missile. The "N", or nuclear, refers to the ship's propulsion system. SSBN's are generally reserved for strategic vessels, as most submarine launched ballistic missiles carry nuclear payloads. A non-strategic vessel carries the designation SSN, or attack submarine.
SSGN
Ship, Submersible, Guided, Nuclear: A hull classification for a submarine that carries guided cruise missiles. The "N", or nuclear, refers to the ship's propulsion system. Also known as attack submarines, SSGNs serve a conventional military support role and are often used for special forces transportation.
Diesel-electric submarine
Diesel-electric submarine: A submarine with a diesel-electric transmission. Diesel-electric transmissions require access to oxygen for the diesel generator to charge the submarine’s batteries or drive the motor. This type of submarine is thus louder and must surface more frequently than a nuclear-powered submarine. A diesel-electric submarine can fire conventional cruise missiles against land targets, and in theory, can also carry nuclear-tipped cruise missiles. Diesel-electric submarines are significantly cheaper to build and purchase than nuclear-powered vessels, which makes them the vessel of choice for smaller navies.
Air Independent Propulsion Technology (AIP)
Air Independent Propulsion Technology (AIP): A propulsion system that uses liquid (or compressed) oxygen or hydrogen fuel cells, thereby allowing submarines to stay submerged for longer periods without the need for external sources of oxygen. This increased endurance also increases a submarine’s survivability.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance that was formed in 1949 to help deter the Soviet Union from attacking Europe. The Alliance is based on the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington on 4 April 1949. The treaty originally created an alliance of 10 European and two North American independent states, but today NATO has 28 members who have committed to maintaining and developing their defense capabilities, to consulting on issues of mutual security concern, and to the principle of collective self-defense. NATO is also engaged in out-of-area security operations, most notably in Afghanistan, where Alliance forces operate alongside other non-NATO countries as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). For additional information, see NATO.
Dismantlement
Dismantlement: Taking apart a weapon, facility, or other item so that it is no longer functional.
Cruise missile
An unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. There are subsonic and supersonic cruise missiles currently deployed in conventional and nuclear arsenals, while conventional hypersonic cruise missiles are currently in development. These can be launched from the air, submarines, or the ground. Although they carry smaller payloads, travel at slower speeds, and cover lesser ranges than ballistic missiles, cruise missiles can be programmed to travel along customized flight paths and to evade missile defense systems.
Megaton (MT)
Megaton (MT): The energy equivalent released by 1,000 kilotons (1,000,000 tons) of trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive. Typically used as the unit of measurement to express the amount of energy released by a nuclear bomb.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity: The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha or beta particles, often accompanied by gamma rays, from the nucleus of an unstable isotope.
Multiple Independently-targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)
An offensive ballistic missile system with multiple warheads, each of which can strike a separate target and can be launched by a single booster rocket.
Silo
Hardened underground facility for housing and launching a ballistic missile.

Sources

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  2. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Russia to Upgrade 10 Nuclear Submarines by 2020,” The Diplomat, 24 March 2015, thediplomat.com; [8989] “Russia Military Power, 2017,” Defense Intelligence Agency, www.dia.mil.
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  4. IISS, “Russia,” The Military Balance 97, Issue 1, pp. 101-14; Clifford G. Gaddy, “No Turning Back: Market Reform and Defense Industry in Russia: Who’s adjusting to whom?” The Brookings Institution, 1 June 1996.
  5. “РФ в 2016 г. планирует увеличить расходы на ядерное оружие в 1,5 раза (RF v 2016 g. Planiruet uvelichit' rasxody na iadernoe oruzhie v 1,5 raza – In 2016 Russia Plans to Increase Spending on Nuclear Weapons by 1.5 Times),” RIA Novosti, 10 August 2013, http://ria.ru; “Russian Navy to Receive 24 Subs, 54 warships by 2020,” RIA Novosti, 11 March 2013, http://en.ria.ru.
  6. Christopher Woddy, “Russia’s troops are tied down in Ukraine, but some of its best subs are still holding the US ‘at risk,’ top US commanders say,” Business Insider, 18 January 2023, www.businessinsider.com.
  7. Katie Bo Lillis, Natasha Bertrand, Kylie and Atwood, “European security officials observed Russian Navy ships in vicinity of Nord Stream pipeline leaks,” CNN, 29 September 2022, www.cnn.com.
  8. Matthew Bodner, “Russia Adds ‘Kazan’ to Its Nuclear Attack Submarine Fleet,” Defense News, 8 August 2017, www.defensenews.com.
  9. Fahad Shabbir, “Russia’s New Nuclear Submarine Kazan Can Be Delivered to Navy on February 26 - Shipbuilder,” Urdu Point, 10 February 2021, www.urdupoint.com.
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  11. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Russia launches its most advanced ballistic missile sub,” The Diplomat, 22 November 2017, www.thediplomat.com.
  12. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Putin’s ‘Red October’: Russia’s Deadliest New Submarine,” The Diplomat, 4 March 2015, www.thediplomat.com; “Seventh Project 955 Borey submarine laid down,” Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, 18 December 2015, www.russianforces.org; “Russian Navy to get improved Borei-class nuclear submarine in 2019”, TASS Russian News Agency, 25 April 2018, www.tass.com; “Russia to build 6 more Borei-A strategic nuclear submarines — source,” TASS Russian News Agency, 21 May 2018, www.tass.com.
  13. “Three Russian submarines surface and break Arctic ice during drills,” Reuters, 26 March 2022, www.reuters.com.
  14. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  15. “Russia’s Sevmash shipyard lays down 5th Borey class SSBN and 4th Yasen class SSN,” Navy Recognition, 14 July 2014, www.navyrecognition.com.
  16. Thomas Nilsen, “Northern Fleet gets priority in receiving new ballistic missile subs,” Barents Observer, 15 May 2021, https://thebarentsobserver.com.
  17. “Project 955A Generalissimo Suvorov at Temporary Home of Severomorsk,” Sea Waves Press, January 2023, www.seawaves.com.
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  22. Steve Weintz, “Why Russia’s Status-6 Torpedo Is Really a 100-Megaton Cruise Missile,” The National Interest, 8 July 2018, https://nationalinterest.org.
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  25. “Project 636.3 diesel-electric submarine Volkhov entered service with Russian Navy,” Navy Recognition, 26 October 2020, www.navyrecognition.com.
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  27. Dorian Archus, “No Plans To Equip Russian Lada-Class Submarines With AIP-Constructor,” Naval Post, 17 December 2019, www.navalpost.com.
  28. “Russia’s second Lada-class submarine launched 13 years after construction start,” Naval Today, 20 September 2018, www.navaltoday.com
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  30. Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2019,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 2 (2019): 73-84.
  31. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Putin’s ‘Red October’: Russia’s Deadliest New Submarine,” The Diplomat, 4 March 2015, www.thediplomat.com.
  32. Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2019,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 2 (2019): 73-84.
  33. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005); Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2019,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 2 (2019): 73-84.
  34. “Russia’s Borei subs doubly quiet than US Virginia class,” Russia News Agency, Tass, 17 December 2018, www.tass.com.
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  36. Pavel Podvig, “Project 955 Submarines to Carry Long-range cruise missiles,” Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, accessed 27 January 2014, http://russianforces.org.
  37. “SSGN Oscar II Class (Project 949.A) (Kursk), Russia,” Naval-Technology.com, accessed 31 January 2014.
  38. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  39. Pavel Podvig, “Project 955 Submarines to Carry Long-range cruise missiles,” Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, accessed 27 January 2014, http://russianforces.org.
  40. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  41. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  42. “The might of Russias advanced nuclear submarine,” TASS Russian News Agency, 31 March 2017, http://tass.com.
  43. Kyle Mizokami, “Russias Newest Yasen-Class Attack Submarines Are the Equal of Americas Subs,” Foxtrot Alpha, 10 October 2018, https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com.
  44. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  45. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  46. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Russia’s ‘Mini-Red October’ Subs Will Lack Advanced Propulsion System,” The Diplomat, 17 August 2017, www.thediplomat.com.
  47. Roman Volkov and Andrew Brichevsky, “Middle Submarines: Project 613,” Russian-Ships.info, accessed 28 March 2014.
  48. Jane’s Fighting Ships (2004-2005).
  49. Truong Minh Vu and Nguyen The Phuong, “The Modernization of the Vietnam People’s Navy: Grand Goals and Limited Options,” Asia Maritime Transparency Institute Blog, 6 April 2017, www.amti.csis.org; “Sindhughosh (Kilo) Class,” World Navies—India, Jane’s IHS Markit, 21 July 2017, www.janes.ihs.com; Pavel Kachur, “Sindhuvir Operational Again,” Military Parade, (September-October 1999), p. 32.

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