Submarine Proliferation

Greece Current Capabilities

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The Hellenic Navy currently employs a submarine flotilla of eight German Type 209/1100 and 209/1200 vessels, which were ordered from Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) in 1967 and 1975. The first four of these boats have been recently modernized; three further vessels will be refitted with air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems as part of the general modernization program of the Greek Armed Forces. A batch of four new Type 214 Katsonis-class submarines has been ordered; the first of class will be built in Kiel, and the rest at Hellenic Shipyards, which was acquired by HDW in 2001. These vessels will feature AIP systems as well.[1,2]

The Hellenic Navy presides over an archipelago that includes about 2,000 islands. Its headquarters is at Salamis, near Athens; another major base is at Suda Bay, on the isle of Crete. Since a significant share of Greek commerce is maritime, the Hellenic Navy is chiefly concerned with the security of its sea lines of communication. Control over the Aegean Sea is increasingly important as it may become a passageway for oil and gas from the Caspian region.[3] The Hellenic Navy has also increasingly been involved in supporting peacekeeping operations, including the EU intervention force.[4]

Greek security concerns are heightened by unresolved maritime, territorial, air, and boundary disputes with Turkey, particularly over Cyprus and the Aegean Sea. If Turkey is admitted into the European Union in the future (accession negotiations are scheduled to begin in October 2005), these tensions may ease. However, if Turkey is denied admittance, its relations with Greece could deteriorate further. While both Turkey and Greece are NATO members, NATO has been called both a restraining influence as well as a contributor to heightened tensions between the two nations.[5] In this context, Athens views the deterrent capability provided by its submarines as ensuring stability, security, and peace.[6]

Katsonis (Type 214)
Displacement, tons:	1,700 surfaced 1,980 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	213.3 x 20.7 x 19.7 (65 x 6.3 x 6)
Main machinery:	hybrid diesel-electric/fuel cell AIP (2)
Speed, knots:	12 surfaced 20 submerged
Range, miles:	12,000 at 6 kt surfaced; 420 at 8 kt submerged; 1,248 at 4 kt on fuel cells
Complement:	27 (5 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):	1,300 (400)
Endurance:	50 days
Weapons:	16 SSMs and torpedoes; eight 21" (533 mm) tubes, four of which can launch SSMs

Sources:
"Katsonis (Type 214) Class (SSK)," Jane's Fighting Ships online edition, http://www.janes.com, August 8, 2003.
"U212/214 Attack Submarine, Germany," Naval Technology Website, http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/type_212.
"Type 214," Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems online edition, http://juws.janes.com, September 5, 2003.

Glavkos (Type 209/1100 & 1200)
Displacement, tons:	1,100 surfaced 1,285 submerged
Dimensions, ft (m):	183.4 x 20.3 x 17.9 (55.9 x 6.2 x 5.5)
Main machinery:	diesel-electric
Speed, knots:	11 surfaced 21.5 submerged
Range, miles:	not available
Complement:	31 (6 officers)
Diving depth, ft (m):	820 (250)
Endurance:	50 days
Weapons:	14 SSMs and torpedoes; eight 21" (533 mm) tubes, four of which can launch SSMs; alleged mining capability
Comments:	The Type 209/1200 is also referred to as the Poseidon-class.

Glavkos (Type 209/1100 & 1200) submarine

Sources:
"Glavkos Class (209 Types 1100 and 1200) (SSK)," Jane's Fighting Ships 2001-2002 online edition, http://www.janes.com. 13 February 2001.
"S-113," Hellenic Submarines Website, http://users.otenet.gr/~confryd/subs.htm.
"Hellenic Navy," European Defense Website, http://www.european-defence.co.uk/directory/armedforces/grcenavy.html.

ACTIVE DUTY SUBMARINES
Name (Number)	Class	Base	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned
Glavkos (S110)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1100)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	September 1968	September 1970	September 1971
Nereus (S111)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1100)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	January 1969	7 June 1971	February 1972
Triton (S112)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1100)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	June 1969	October 1971	August 1972
Proteus (S113)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1100)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	October 1969	February 1972	August 1972
Poseidon (S114)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1200)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	January 1976	March 1978	March 1979
Amphitrite (S117)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1200)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	April 1976	June 1978	September 1979
Okeanos (S118)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1200)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	October 1976	November 1978	November 1979
Pontos (S119)	Glavkos-class (Type 209/1200)	Salamis	HDW, Kiel	January 1977	March 1979	April 1980
Papanikolis (S120)	Katsonis-class (Type 214)		HDW, Kiel	February 2001	December 2003	October 2005
Pipinos (S121)	Katsonis-class (Type 214)		HS, Skaramanga	February 2003	November 2005	July 2008
Matrozos (S122)	Katsonis-class (Type 214)		HS, Skaramanga	February 2004	November 2006	July 2009
(S123)	Katsonis-class (Type 214)		HS, Skaramanga	2005	2007	2010

Sources:
"Glavkos Class (209 Types 1100 and 1200) (SSK)," Jane's Fighting Ships 2001-2002 online edition, http://www.janes.com. 13 February 2001.
"Katsonis (Type 214) Class (SSK)," Jane's Fighting Ships online edition, http://www.janes.com, 8 August 2003.
"S-113," Hellenic Submarines Website, http://users.otenet.gr/~confryd/subs.htm.
"Type 214," Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems online edition, http://juws.janes.com, 5 September 2003.
"U212/214 Attack Submarine, Germany," Naval Technology Website, http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/type_212.

Sources:
[1] Aminesthai, October 16, 2003; in "Greek defense supplement on Navy's submarine command," FBIS Document GMP20031022000255.
[2] "Millionenauftrag fuer HDW aus Griechenland," Associated Press Worldstream, 3 June 2002; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.
[3] Timothy Scott Baxter, "Keeping a fragile peace," United States Naval Institute Proceedings, March 2000, Vol. 126, No. 3, pp. 78-79; in ProQuest Information and Learning Company, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.
[4] "Modern navies: a force for good," Jane's Navy International, April 1, 2005; Jane's Website, http://www.janes.com.
[5] Ronald R Krebs, "Perverse institutionalism: NATO and the Greco-Turkish conflict," International Organization, vol. 53, no. 2 (Spring 1999), pp. 343-77; in PAIS International; in FirstSearch, http://firstsearch.oclc.org.
[6] Interview with Hellenic Minister of National Defense Apostolos-Athanasios Tsohatzopoulos, Military Technology, May 2001, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 61-62; in ProQuest Information and Learning Company, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.

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